Type Of Union Research Articles

Introduction to Possibility Plithogenic Soft Sets

Plithogenic sets are versatile in nature, and they are widely applied in decision making. However, the generalization of Plithogenic sets is essential to make the process of deriving optimal solutions more comprehensive. Hence, this paper introduces the concept of Possibility Plithogenic Soft Sets (PPSS) with the aim of developing a generalized form of Plithogenic soft sets. The types of PPSS,union and intersection operations, and similarity measures with possibility degrees are discussed. A practical application of Possibility Plithogenic Soft Sets is also presented in this research work to illustrate the advantages of PPSS in constructing solutions to decision-making problems.

The effect of enterprise unions on employment adjustment speed in Japanese firms

AbstractUsing 20‐year dynamic panel data, we analysed the difference in employment adjustment speed and behaviour between unionized and non‐unionized firms, whether continuous or discontinuous, to investigate the effects of enterprise unions on job security in Japan. We confirmed that unionized firms were more reluctant to downsize and continue to offer stronger job security than non‐unionized firms. However, the unions’ influence on job security has gradually weakened. The primary contribution of this study is its clarification that unions in Japan played the role of guardians of job security under increasing globalization and technological innovation over the 20‐year sample period. Our clarification provides evidence that a different type of union, distinct from those in Western countries aiming for wage increases, is deeply embedded in the Japanese stakeholder system.

Consanguinity, complex diseases and congenital disabilities in the Souss population (Southern Morocco): a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundSeveral studies showed that the perpetuation of consanguinity increases homozygosity and homogenizes the population's gene pool. This allows the expression of recessive deleterious mutations and increases the prevalence of genetic disorders and birth defects. Despite the reported negative health effects, consanguinity is still practiced in Morocco. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and socio-demographic determinants of consanguinity in the Souss region and to assess the association of this type of union with congenital disabilities and complex diseases. To meet this aim, a survey based on a cross-sectional approach was conducted between January 2019 and January 2020 among 520 randomly selected participants in the Souss region.ResultsThe findings revealed a high prevalence of consanguinity of 28.46%, with first-cousin unions accounting for 16.15% of all marriages. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, early age at first marriage, men’s occupation, endogamy, and parental consanguinity were predictive factors for consanguineous unions in the study population. Moreover, the results revealed a significant association between consanguinity and the incidence of physical disabilities (OR = 3.753; [95% CI 1.398–10.074]), mental retardation (OR = 5.219; [95% CI 1.545–17.631]), deafness-mutism (OR = 4.262; [95% CI 1.004–18.089]) and cardiovascular diseases (OR = 2.167; [95% CI 1.036–4.530]). However, no significant association was found between consanguinity and diabetes, cancer, asthma, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders.ConclusionOverall, our results suggest a high practice of consanguinity in the Souss population, associated with social, economic, and cultural factors. Consanguineous unions were associated with a high incidence of mental retardation, physical disabilities, deafness-mutism, and cardiovascular diseases. In this population, where marriage between relatives is highly preferred, awareness programs are not sufficient, and genetic studies on consanguinity-related diseases are necessary to provide specific premarital screening and thus increase the efficiency of genetic counseling.

Perceived social support and the experience of intimate partner violence among married and cohabiting young women in urban slums, Ibadan, Nigeria: a descriptive study

BackgroundSocial support is an important factor for improving the outcome of intimate partner violence (IPV) among abused women. Gaps exist on the role of social support among young women who...

Do municipal unions improve cost efficiency for the social function? A quasi‐experimental endogenous stochastic frontier approach

AbstractHomogeneous national policies can generate heterogeneous effects on the territory. This paper aims to verify the impact of the entry of single Italian municipalities into an inter‐municipal association on the unitary costs of the social services supplied to the local communities. Panel cost stochastic frontier model in the presence of endogeneity has been introduced based on two pillars: a counterfactual setting to verify the aggregation effects concerning a set of similar municipalities and the use of a cost efficiency estimation methodology which considers the endogeneity of output with respect to cost. The results of our analysis show that the effects of adopting associated forms of service delivery can be very multifaceted and diversified according to the typology and the degree of implementation of the Municipal Union itself. The analysis sheds light on the effects of municipalities' organisational choices, addressing the consolidation of small municipalities not in binary terms but also—and above all—suggesting that it is the type of union that impacts the possibility of convergence towards greater cost efficiency.

Characterization of alginate from Antarctic Himantothallus grandifolius (Phaeophyceae) and preparation of polyelectrolyte complexes with chitosan

AbstractHydrogels are three‐dimensional polymeric materials with applications in various areas such as biomedicine, tissue engineering, pollutant capture systems, and so forth. However, its application is limited due to the reproducibility of its properties. Factors such as the composition of the constituents, the type of union between the polymer chains, and the crosslinking time play a crucial role in ensuring its reproducibility. In this study, the objective is to prepare a matrix with well‐defined properties that ensure controlled release processes. Treatment of Himantothallus grandifolius with Na2CO3 aqueous solution afforded in 18.9% yield alkaline extract. Hydrogels were prepared by ionic complexation of alginate from H. grandifolius, and polyguluronate enriched alginate from Desmarestia ligulata with chitosan stabilized by immersion in 0.1 M CaCl2 solution; better swelling ratio in water was found for hydrogels with low molecular weight chitosan (MW 125,000 g/mol) than those with medium molecular weight chitosan (MW450,000–500,000 g/mol). Liberation of the model drug metformin hydrochloride from alginates: chitosan complexes (3:1) at pH 1.5 was especially low for hydrogel from H. grandifolius during the first 2 h; 70% of metformin was released at pH 6.5 after 24 h. This polyelectrolyte complex constitutes a good material for potential application in biomedicine considering its cationic and anionic characteristics.

Levirate Marriage – An Overview of an Ancient Matrimonial Custom

This paper utilizes historical-critical analysis to elucidate the ancient institution of levirate marriage, a type of marital union attested in Assyria, Ugarit, Hatti, ancient Israel, and beyond. It investigates the socio-cultural logic underlying levirate practices as well as their ramifications upon communal dynamics. Through examination of biblical episodes concerning Judah and Tamar along with Boaz and Ruth, two illuminating case studies emerge that reveal the complex interplay of kinship ties, lineage preservation, inheritance rights, and evolving cultural mores governing this marital custom over time. Expanding the historical lens, the study explores post-antiquity manifestations of levirate ideals resurfacing during the Middle Ages and modern period. Yet despite sporadic echoes across human civilization, levirate marriage remains an almost extinct phenomenon today – one largely confined to antiquity. By training a spotlight on ancient Near Eastern sources alongside salient biblical narratives, this investigation unveils the once prominent but now obscure levirate tradition which empowered past generations while also spurring social tensions, informing timeless tropes of sexuality and widowhood, and catalysing legal reforms over successive epochs.

Position of Live-In Relationship (India & World)

Rakshasa marriages, and Paisacha marriages are all attested to in the Vedas. One of the eight types of Hindu marriages, Gandharva marriage, involves events that are strikingly comparable to those in a live-in relationship . The Gandharva form of marriage was the most common during the Vedic era. A type of marriage known as a "Gandharva marriage" allows the couple to live together because of love and consent, finally becoming married consensually. Shakuntala and Dushyanta are a well-known couple that chose this type of union. Gandharva marriage is a type of union in which the woman selects her own spouse. According to Apastamba Grhyasutra, an ancient Hindu literature, Gandharva marriage is the method of marriage where the girl selects her own husband. They meet each other of their own accord, consensually agree to live together, and their relationship is consummated in copulation born of passion. This form of marriage did not require consent of parents and The Gandharva marriage method is defined by the ancient Hindu text Apastamba Grhyasutra as the marriage when the girl chooses her own husband. They meet on their own, decide to live together amicably, and then consummate their relationship through passionate copulation. The consent of the parents and anyone else was not necessary for this type of marriage. This was one of the earliest and most common type of marriage during the Rig Vedic period, according to Vedic records. In the Mahabharata, one of the two great Hindu epics, Rishi Kanva, Shakuntala's foster father, suggests the Gandharva union, saying that it is the best union possible between a desiring woman and a desirous man, without the use of rituals.

Union formation of the children of immigrants: Does the ethnic composition of the childhood neighbourhood matter?

AbstractThis paper examines whether first union formation behaviour of children of immigrants varies according to the ethnic composition of the neighbourhood in which they grew up. Growing up surrounded by large shares of majority‐group members may influence union formation behaviour of children of immigrants in later life. However, the local residential contexts during childhood have been overlooked in previous studies. Using full‐population data from Dutch registers, we estimate multinomial event‐history models to examine the timing and type of first union (direct marriage or unmarried cohabitation) as a function of the proportion of majority‐group residents in the neighbourhood at age 15. We focus on Turkish, Moroccan, and Surinamese second‐generation individuals born in the Netherlands between 1986 and 1990, follow their union formation into young adulthood and compare it to that of their Dutch peers. We find limited support for the influence of the childhood neighbourhood's ethnic composition on union formation; moreover, this influence seems to vary across origin groups.

On the Relationship between a Student Association’s Endeavors to Foster a Social–Academic Climate on Campus, Students’ Self-Efficacy, and Academic Motivation

The current study is a case study examining a student association’s endeavors to foster a social–academic climate on campus, grant students a sense of self-efficacy, and even contribute to students’ motivation. The research literature lacks empirical knowledge on the activity of student associations and their contribution to institutions of higher education and their students. Moreover, academic institutions see student associations at times as a burden, a type of labor union to be placated by the faculty and the academic institution. The research sample consisted of 122 students from a university in Israel (38 men and 84 women; mean age 25). Several questionnaires were administered to the respondents: a questionnaire on the social–academic climate on the academic campus, a questionnaire on students’ academic motivation, a questionnaire on students’ self-efficacy, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. From the research findings, it is evident that the activities of the student associations on the academic campus play a meaningful role in fostering students’ academic motivation and self-efficacy. The research findings indicate that the scope of student association activities is positively related to the students’ academic motivation and self-efficacy. Moreover, students living in student dorms were found to evaluate the activities of the student association as higher than did students who were not living in student dorms. These findings constitute a preliminary foundation for future studies on the importance of student associations in academic institutions and their contribution to the students. Furthermore, these findings highlight the need to boost and increase student associations’ activities to provide students with adapted and efficient solutions to their challenges. The student association can be transformed from a burden to an asset for the academic institution.

Risk Factors for Chronic Malnutrition in Children Aged 6 to 23 Months in BOPA, Southwest Benin

During the first two years of a child's life, nutritional status is crucial for his or her well-being and growth. This study explains the risk factors of chronic malnutrition during the first two years of life in south west Benin. The methodological approach uses the construction of Food Consumption Score (FCS), Reduced Coping Strategies Index (rCSI), Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), and Livelihood Coping Strategies (LCS). The Chi2 test helps to examine the dependency between the variables. The simple binary logit model is used to explore the effects of the explanatory variables on the dependent variable. The results show that about 27% of children aged 6-23 months are chronically malnourished. The age range of the child, the type of union, the average monthly income of the head of the household, the food consumption score, and the size of the family determine the chronic malnutrition. During difficult times, households rely on atypical coping strategy mechanisms by disposing of their productive assets. 20.3% of households can marginally cover their minimum food needs using crisis or emergency coping strategy mechanisms.

The Management Guidelines to Strengthen the Education and Knowledge of Members of a Cooperative Credit Union in South Thailand

The aim of this paper is to study the key points of managing cooperative credit unions in south Thailand and how to strengthen the education and knowledge of the management team, staff and members. This paper is based on a qualitative method via in-depth interviews and a focus group with members and committees of cooperative credit unions in south Thailand; data were analyzed using content and descriptive analysis. Results showed that the most problematic issue is a lack of transparency in the management and patronage systems, leading to corruption. In addition, the key points for developing guidelines for this type of credit union include members’ understanding and knowledge about the objectives of the cooperative system; updated regulations and legal measures concerning a deposit protection system; revised rules and regulations for loan policies, human resources, and information technology; government policies for strengthening cooperative credit unions; and allocating more budget to educate their staff and members, such as a training course and a visit to another cooperative credit union. In addition, the Cooperative Promotion Department and Cooperative Auditing Department of Thailand should improve the law and auditing method to strengthen and clarify the organization’s operations.

Fertility patterns and sex composition preferences in immigrant–native unions in Sweden

Intermarriage between immigrants and native individuals highlights the need to study childbearing as a joint decision of couples, because fertility preferences are likely to differ for the two partners involved. This study focuses on Sweden, where the majority population holds a relative preference for daughters but many immigrants come from countries with son preferences. Using longitudinal registers for the period 1990–2009, I analyse third-birth risks according to the sex composition of previous children and type of union. Doing so allows the study of preferences from behavioural data: couples with a daughter preference, for example, are more likely to have another child if their two previous children were boys. Results show that third-birth risks tend to be higher in unions between Swedish women and immigrant men, whereas unions between Swedish men and immigrant women tend to exhibit lower third-birth risks. Son preferences are rarely realized in intermarriages.

The Tidal Wave of New Unions during the Hong Kong Resistance Movement of 2019–20: Toward Social Movement Trade Unionism

During the Anti-extradition Movement in Hong Kong, a wave of new unions surfaced—18 newly registered unions in 2019 and 491 in the first half of 2020. This article examines and analyzes the factors behind this upsurge in new union activism and asks how protesters acquired trade union consciousness. Previously, in the throes of an earlier protest movement in 2014 led by young people who valued individualism, self-activism, spontaneity, and post-materialism, hierarchically structured institutions were distrusted and scorned, including trade unions. Yet half a decade later, during the 2019–20 protest movement, many thousands of participants joined forces to form the new unions. These took the shape of a new type of union known in labor studies as “social movement unionism.” Despite having little experience, the new unions were able to sustain themselves, and some began to engage not only with political activism but also with management-labor issues and worker rights. This article draws on extensive interviewing during 2020–22 with labor activists and trade union organizers from old and new unions.

The changing social gradient of marriage and cohabitation in seven Latin American countries

While research shows that cohabitation has increased significantly among highly educated individuals in Latin America, much less is known about how the relationship between educational attainment and first union formation has changed over time and across the region's countries. Accordingly, this paper describes the changes across cohorts in the type of first union (marriage or cohabitation) entered by women from seven Latin American countries. It also analyzes trends in the relationship between women's education and the type of first union within and between these countries. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, life tables, discrete-time event history models, and predicted probabilities were estimated to analyze the changing determinants of first-union formation. The results pointed to an overall increase in first-union cohabitation over time, with some important differences across countries. The multivariate analysis suggested that women's education influences the type and sequencing of the first union, with socioeconomically disadvantaged women increasingly likely to transition to early unions and enter cohabitation rather than marriage.

Analysis of TOPSIS techniques based on bipolar complex fuzzy N‐soft setting and their applications in decision‐making problems

AbstractA novel model termed a bipolar complex fuzzy N‐soft set (BCFN‐SS) is initiated for tackling information that involves positive and negative aspects, the second dimension, and parameterised grading simultaneously. The theory of BCFN‐SS is the generalisation of two various theories, that is, bipolar complex fuzzy (BCF) and N‐SS. The invented model of BCFN‐SS helps decision‐makers to cope with the genuine‐life dilemmas containing BCF information along with parameterised grading at the same time. Further, various algebraic operations, including the usual type of union, intersection, complements, and a few others types, are invented. Certain primary operational laws for BCFN‐SS are also invented. Moreover, a technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach is devised in the setting of BCFN‐SS for managing strategic decision‐making (DM) dilemmas containing BCFN‐SS information. Keeping in mind the usefulness and benefits of the TOPSIS approach, two various types of TOPSIS approaches in the environment of BCFN‐SS are devised and then a numerical example for exposing the usefulness of the devised TOPSIS approach is interpreted. To disclose the prominence and benefits of the devised work, the devised approaches with numerous prevailing work are compared.

Relationship between health insurance enrolment and unintended pregnancy in Ghana.

The effect of health insurance coverage on sexual and reproductive health, especially unintended pregnancy, has scantly been researched. Using the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, the study examined the links between women's health insurance enrolment on unintended pregnancy in Ghana. The sample consisted of 9,396 women aged 15-49 years, but the analysis was limited to the 4,544 women who were pregnant in the two years preceding the survey. The effects of health insurance enrolment on unintended pregnancy was examined with the propensity score matching. The health insurance enrolment was the treatment variable and unintended pregnancy as the outcome variable. This study showed that 66.0% of all women surveyed had health insurance coverage and 31.8% of all women of childbearing age who were currently or had previously been pregnant reported having at least one unintended pregnancy. Thirty percent of insured women had an unintended pregnancy, compared to 37% of uninsured women. The results showed that education, household wealth index, religion, and type of marital union were significant predictor of health insurance coverage among Ghanaian women. The PSM split the women based on their health insurance status. After matching, the difference between the insured and uninsured women reduces significantly. Results demonstrated that, the probability of unintended pregnancy was 0.312 among insured women and 0.351 among those not insured in Ghana. This implies that having health insurance coverage will help in reducing the likelihood of women experiencing unintended pregnancy. Results highlight the importance of the target of universal health coverage under the sustainable development goal 3 and demonstrate that expanding existing health insurance schemes within Ghana could contribute to reducing the number unintended pregnancies experienced each year.

Gender roles and domestic power in energy-saving home improvements

The importance of considering gender aspects in studies on residential energy consumption has been acknowledged. However, an important topic is still ignored in gender and energy transitions research: domestic power for men and women differs depending on the type of couple to which they belong. According to Pierre Bourdieu, the chances of each spouse to exercise legitimate power in domestic affairs depend on their respective economic and symbolic capital. In other words, spouses-matching matters, and practices, gender domestic roles and social representations on energy-saving home improvements are influenced to a great extent by the type of union that matches both spouses’ respective socio-economic characteristics into homo- or heterogamic unions. This mixed-method research is based on extensive data collected in multiple efforts over 18 years, comprising: (1) several sets of in-depth interviews with adults married or in union realised between 2006 and 2021; and (2) three large quantitative surveys realised in 2004, 2014 and 2016. Results indicate that traditional gender roles and male domestic power are mostly challenged in hypogamous unions both in considering and in carrying energy-saving home improvements. <em><strong>Practice relevance</strong></em> A one-size-fits-all retrofit framing and energy policy does not work. In this case, it is not the technical conditions but rather a couple’s power relationships in the home. The male territory of energy-saving home improvements is being eroded, especially by wives who are more educated than their husband. Domestic power is key to apprehend the marital dynamics around retrofit. Recognising these marital dynamics, a variety of values can be mobilised to support the execution of energy retrofits, including, for example, more feminine values such as equality, and care for children. Policy instruments and media messages should be designed accordingly, and not mainly as financial benefits. Practitioners would be well-advised to take a more gender-neutral attitude with less stereotyping of male and female potentials. This also means treating homeowners in couples as a team rather than interacting only with the male partner: gender-neutral interactions would better avoid causing or reinforcing embarrassing situations for one partner or for the couple itself in their marital struggle for domestic power in deciding on or executing energy-saving home improvements.

Local violence and transitions to marriage and cohabitation in Mexico

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether local violence is associated with the timing and type of women's first union formation.BackgroundLocal violence may cause disruptions to marriage markets and psychological and behavioral changes that may affect union formation patterns.MethodThe authors exploited the variation in homicide rates caused by a shift in national drug‐enforcement policy in Mexico in December 2006. Competing‐risks Cox models and union histories from a nationally representative survey of women (N = 33,292) were used to assess whether a recent increase in violence was associated with the timing of the first union transition, which could be either marriage or cohabitation. Analyses were conducted separately by education level.ResultsA recent increase in the local homicide rate was associated with delayed first marriage formation for less educated women. Supplementary analyses suggested that a decrease in the number of employed men per women, as well as reduced social interaction due to fear of victimization could be plausible causal mechanisms. No statistically significant associations were found between a recent increase in violence and transitions to first cohabitation for the less educated, or with any first union transition for the moderately and more educated.ConclusionAmong less educated women, a recent increase in violence was associated with a delayed entrance into marriage as a first union transition.ImplicationsBy increasing their barriers to marriage, local violence may contribute to the accumulation of disadvantage among disadvantaged women and families.

Consanguinity in the Chaouia population (Morocco): prevalence, trends, determinants, fertility, and spontaneous abortions

BackgroundOne of the aspects that helps to understand the genetic structure of a population throughout its biological history is the description of its matrimonial practices. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore consanguinity, one of these practices, to its full extent by identifying the prevalence, determinants, and trends of a consanguineous marriage, as well as its impact on fertility and spontaneous abortions in the Chaouia population, a region located in the western center of Morocco. Therefore, a survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and January 2020. The sample was collected by province using a stratified random sampling approach, yielding a sample of 788 people. The association between consanguinity and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, as well as reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes, was described using chi-square and ANOVA analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of a consanguineous marriage.ResultsOur findings revealed a consanguinity rate of 25.38%. The mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.012214. The most common type of union was between first cousins. This practice was strongly associated with an early age at marriage for both genders and with endogamy and immobility of couples, according to their place of birth. Consanguinity was significantly associated with fertility (p < 0.001) and spontaneous abortions (p = 0.029). The average number of pregnancies and spontaneous abortions was higher in consanguineous unions (5.18 ± 0.20/0.47 ± 0.08) compared to non-consanguineous unions (4.33 ± 0.10/0.31 ± 0.03).ConclusionsConsanguinity is a deeply rooted social and cultural tradition in this population, providing individuals with a sense of social-economic stability while assuring their attachment to the group. Despite being highly associated with fertility, this practice has a significant influence on pregnancy outcomes, namely spontaneous abortions. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the impact of consanguinity on various aspects of reproductive health and its association with numerous genetic abnormalities and diseases.