Tower Type Research Articles

RELATION OF ANCIENT MATARAM TEMPLE BASED ON NORTH INDIA AND SOUTH INDIA’S CHARACTERISTICS: FROM THE FIGURE-TECTONICS, MASS-SPACE STUDY, AND ORNAMENTATION

Abstract- Hinduism is a religion that was born in India and has developed rapidly into the archipelago with evidence of Sanskrit inscriptions and Pallava. The religion had a significant influence on Java which changed the political, economic, social and cultural life which at that time was still a kingdom. The arrival of Indians to Indonesia affected by the reverse flow between Indonesia and India and India and Indonesia. This can be seen by the presence of Indonesian dormitories in Nalanda (North India) and Nagapattinam (South India). The influence of North and South India can be seen from the existence of Hindu-Buddhist temples in the Archipelago which was built in one of the Hindu kingdoms, namely the Kingdom of Ancient Mataram which had areas of authority from Central Java to East Java. The temples that were built are thought to have an identity with temples in North and South India in terms of figure, inner space tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, and ornamentation. This identity is thought to be a close relationship between North India and South India with Indonesia, especially in the era of Ancient Mataram.
 The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship or relationship of Ancient Mataram era temple architecture to North and South Indian temple architecture. The analysis method used is the comparative – qualitative method. Work plans, plans, pieces, site plans, and block plans of 28 Hindu-Buddha tower types in Central Java will be compared in terms of similarities and differences and then analyzed regarding the position of the laying, and elements of the temple so that the relationship between the two countries is found. Data obtained from literature studies and field surveys. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there is a closer relationship with South India than North India. The influence of North India and South India is only limited to the external appearance in the study of figure and ornamentation, while in the study of mass and spatial planning and inner space tectonics is more developed by the people of Ancient Mataram which is adjusted to traditional values and natural influences.
 
 
 Key Words: figure, tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, ornamentation, North and South India, Ancient Mataram

Classification of high-voltage power line structures in low density ALS data acquired over broad non-urban areas.

Airborne laser scanning (ALS) has gained importance over recent decades for multiple uses related to the cartography of landscapes. Processing ALS data over large areas for forest resource estimation and ecological assessments requires efficient algorithms to filter out some points from the raw data and remove human-made structures that would otherwise be mistaken for natural objects. In this paper, we describe an algorithm developed for the segmentation and cleaning of electrical network facilities in low density (2.5 to 13 points/m2) ALS point clouds. The algorithm was designed to identify transmission towers, conductor wires and earth wires from high-voltage power lines in natural landscapes. The method is based on two priors i.e. (1) the availability of a map of the high-voltage power lines across the area of interest and (2) knowledge of the type of transmission towers that hold the conductors along a given power line. It was tested on a network totalling 200 km of wires supported by 415 transmission towers with diverse topographies and topologies with an accuracy of 98.6%. This work will help further the automated detection capacity of power line structures, which had previously been limited to high density point clouds in small, urbanised areas. The method is open-source and available online.

Research on probability estimation of critical threshold kernel density of icing tension for transmission lines with different tower types

Tension sensor plays an important role in anti-icing work of transmission line, but in the process of back calculating ice thickness, it needs to accurately calculate important parameters such as vertical span, horizontal stress and vertical load, which leads to cumbersome work procedures. Therefore, in this paper, the wavelet decomposition algorithm is used to correct the tension value during non-icing period. The results show that the modified tension value can effectively improve the accuracy of icing thickness calculation by 28.88%; secondly, the pulling force values under the conditions of icing ratio of 0.3 and 0.5 are calculated. Finally, the kernel density function is used to give the thresholds of issuing ice melting warning and starting ice melting pulling force for the straight-line tower and tension tower lines. The conclusion of this paper is simple and accurate.

Exergy and Energy Analysis of Wind-Thermal System

Current wind systems are intermittent and cannot be used as the baseload energy source. The research on the concept of wind power using direct thermal energy conversion and thermal energy storage, called wind powered Thermal Energy System (WTES), opened the door to a new energy system called Wind-thermal, which is a strategy for developing baseload wind power systems. The thermal energy is generated from the rotating energy directly at the top of the tower by the heat generator, which is a simple and light electric brake. The rest of the system is the same as the tower type concentrated solar power (CSP). This paper’s results suggest that the energy and exergy performance of the WTES (62.5% and 29.8%) is comparable to that of conventional wind power, which must be supported by the backup thermal plants and grid enhancement. This cogeneration nature of the WTES system makes this system suitable for using wind power as a direct heat source in several heat-demanding processes such as chemical production. Also, the light heat generator reduces some issues of wind power, such as noise and vibration, which are two main bottlenecks of the wind power technology.

Recorded acceleration responses of inverted Y-shaped towers in long span cable-stayed bridges during moderate earthquakes

Cable-stayed bridges have been constructed with different type of towers (pylons) in the World, namely H-shaped, A-shaped, inverted Y-shaped, single column, diamond-shaped. More than half of the cable-stayed bridges utilised the towers with inclined legs. The dynamic response of inclined tower legs can be extremely complicated during earthquakes. Real earthquakes provide an excellent opportunity to gain insight into the performance of the towers. The present paper focuses on the real dynamic responses of inverted Y-shaped towers in long span cable-stayed bridges by using monitoring data recorded during moderate earthquakes. Nissibi cable-stayed bridge with two inverted Y-shaped towers constructed in Adıyaman, Turkey is selected for the application. Samsat (Adıyaman) earthquake with magnitude 5.5 (Mw) occurred near the bridge site. The dynamic responses of the bridge towers during the earthquake have been recorded using 3 D accelerometers. Vertical and horizontal spatial variations of the acceleration responses recorded during the earthquake at the foundation, deck and top levels of the two towers in longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions are evaluated and compared with each other. Significantly acceleration amplifications along the height of the towers and arrival time delays between the tower foundations are observed on the selected cable-stayed bridge.

Study on Type Selection and Head Layout of Zhangzhou Long Crossing Tower

By comparing the schemes of combined angle steel and steel tube tower, the tower type of Zhangzhou long crossing tower was optimized, and through different tower head layout, the tower head types of long crossing tower and anchor tower were compared from the technical and economic aspects, in order to provide a certain practical significance for the design and application of long crossing tower.

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Cooling Tower Type Structures Under Wind and Thermal Loads

Soğutma kuleleri, başta doğalgaz işletme tesisleri, nükleer enerji ve elektrik santralleri, petrol rafinerileri olmak üzere endüstriyel tesislere soğutma suyu sağlamak amacıyla tasarlanan yapılardır. Ülkemizin ekonomik ve siyasi durumu dikkate alındığında endüstriyel tesislere duyulan ihtiyaç her geçen gün artmaktadır. Çok yüksek ve büyük çapa sahip yapılar oldukları için rüzgâr kuvvetine maruz kalan büyük bir yüzey alanına sahiptir. Farklı iklim koşulları ve soğutma kulesinin içinde dolaşan sıcak su dikkate alındığında termal etki de soğutma kulelerinde etkin bir rol oynar. Bu bağlamda yapılan bu çalışmada soğutma kulesi model parametresi olarak 120, 160, 200 m yüksekliğe sahip beton kabuğa 18 m olarak seçilen çelik kolonlar 37.5 m s-1 rüzgâr hızıyla birlikte tüm kabuğa +20 °C, +40 °C, -40 °C ve hava akışına bağlı olarak 30-60 °C arasında değişen sıcaklıklar kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak rüzgâr yükü ile kombine edilen sıcaklık yüklerinin kule kabuğunda kayda değer bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür.

The comparison study of the monopole tower foundation using CPT and laboratory data in Gresik district, East Java-Indonesia

In the millennial era, the development of information and communication technology is very fast, one of the telecommunications infrastructure is a monopole type telecommunications tower. This type of tower is one of 3 types of telecommunication towers whose main construction is made of steel. The monopole structure is supported by a tread foundation, which is one type of shallow foundation. The main factor in the design of the tread foundation is the bearing capacity factor. Calculation of foundation bearing capacity can be done directly in the field using Sondir data (CPT) and indirectly using laboratory data. In this study a study was conducted to compare the carrying capacity of monopole foundations between field data methods in the form of Sondir data or CPT with result data. Soil tests in the laboratory calculated with the Terzaghi formula. The research location was carried out in Gresik Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia at 3 sites, namely: Mojosarirejo, Kembangan Kebomas and Setromenganti. The results of the comparison of the calculation of the bearing capacity of the foundation (Q) at the Mojosarirejo site with the type of sandy soil. value of QSondir < 9.58 % of Qterzaghi. At the Krembangan Kebomas site with brown clay and gravely clay, the Q value was < 69.93 % of the Qterzaghi and at the Setromenganti site with brown clay soil type with the influence of water level depth – 1 m, the Q value was < 27, 62% of Qterzaghi. From the comparison of the average calculation in the 3 study locations, the bearing capacity of QSondir treads foundation is 26.50 % smaller than Qterzaghi, so the use of Sondir data is more accurate for use in tread foundation planning and provides greater security assurance for the tower foundation structure. monopole type

Seismological Monitoring of Rockfalls as a Tool to Study Weathering Processes at the Geoheritage Site Žebračka Mine in Mining District of Zlaté Hory (Czech Republic)

Mining cultural monuments are very popular in the Czech Republic, and after the period of the mining activity reduction in the 1990s, when tens of mines were permanently closed, mining monuments are the last witnesses to mining activities in the areas. These are monuments of types of mine buildings, mining towers, and galleries. However, a monument that is beyond this list is the Žebracka Mine—a local sinkhole located in the Moravian-Silesian Region in the cadastral area of the municipality of Heřmanovice, but historically belonging to Zlate Hory. It is not an old monument, but since it is a local sinkhole, it is changing as a result of weathering when the rock falls from the overhang and the side of the mine. Since 2013, the mine has been monitored by 3D laser scanning, and since 2003 by seismological monitoring. This monitoring proves that it is still a living monument. The study evaluates a unique data series of registered seismic events related to the effect of the rockfalls covering the period of 16 years. The mutual confrontation of seismological data with atmospheric conditions, namely, outside air temperatures and precipitation, enabled to reveal the long-term development of the rockfall activity and to determine the influence of specific atmospheric parameters. The results show that the most extensive rockfall activity occurs at temperatures oscillating around the freezing point and is thus primarily related to the freezing and thawing of water in fissures of weathered parts of the rock mass. Understanding these processes is essential for forecasting the possible development of the sinkhole in the coming decades and for all other planned activities at the site related to its opening to tourists. In addition, the knowledge gained from the research will provide valuable information for educational purposes for visitors to the site, to understand the weathering processes taking place there, and to understand the behaviour of the geological environment in the given climatic conditions. Moreover, visitors will learn about current methods of monitoring the stability of the rock mass in situ. The planned opening of the sinkhole to tourists will be reflected in the increasing attractiveness of the region and will attract many enthusiasts in the field of mining history and geology, not only from the Czech Republic but also from nearby Poland.

Tower Configuration Impacts on the Thermal and Flow Performance of Steel-Truss Natural Draft Dry Cooling System

In recent years, the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling technique has received attention owing to its advantages in better aseismic capability, shorter construction period, and preferable recycling. For cooling towers generating the draft force of air flow, its configuration may impact the thermal and flow performance of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system. With regard to the issue, this work explored the thermal and flow characteristics for the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with four typical engineering tower configurations. By numerical simulation, the pressure, flow, and temperature contours were analyzed, then air mass flow rates and heat rejections were calculated and compared for the local air-cooled sectors and overall steel-truss natural draft dry cooling systems with those four tower configurations. The results present that tower 2 with the conical/cylindrical configuration had slightly lower heat rejection compared with tower 1 with the traditional hyperbolic configuration. Tower 3 with the hyperbolic/cylindrical configuration showed better thermo-flow performances than tower 1 at high crosswinds, while tower 4 with the completely cylindrical configuration appeared to have much reduced cooling capability under various crosswind conditions, along with strongly deteriorated thermal and flow behaviors. As for engineering application of the steel-truss natural draft dry cooling system, the traditional hyperbolic tower configuration is recommended for local regions with gentle wind, while for those areas with gale wind yearly, the hyperbolic/cylindrical integrated cooling tower is preferred.

$${\mathbb {P}}$$-subnormal subgroups and the structure of finite groups

Let G be a finite group. A subgroup H of G is called a $${\mathbb {P}}$$ -subnormal subgroup whenever $$H=G$$ or there exists a chain of subgroups $$H=H_0\le H_1\le \cdots \le H_t=G$$ such that $$|H_i:H_{i-1}|$$ is a prime for every $$i\in \{1, 2, \ldots t\}$$ . In the present paper, we study finite groups in which some 2-maximal subgroups or cyclic subgroups are $${\mathbb {P}}$$ -subnormal subgroups. Several conditions for G to possess an ordered Sylow tower of supersolvable type are given.

Frost-Heave Deformation and Prevention Technology of Power Transmission and Transformation Foundation under Extreme Boundary Temperature

Freezing and thawing disasters in seasonal frozen soil areas seriously affect the safety of power transmission and transformation projects. Studying the distribution of soil temperature and deformation under thermal insulation foundations is an important basis for the analysis of foundation stability in seasonal frozen soil areas. The thermal protection structure is closely related to the thickness of the insulation layer and the external thermal field. This dissertation takes the typical tower foundation of the 750 kV Hexi Power Grid Project and the geological conditions of the Shule River area in Gansu as the research objects. The theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods are used to consider the impact of different thermal protection structures on the tower foundation and surrounding soil under extreme boundary temperatures. The influence of body deformation, stress, and temperature changes was analyzed. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the optimized structural form can effectively increase the temperature of the soil in extreme environments, avoid frost heave, and meet the design requirements for bearing capacity. In addition, the thermal-mechanical coupling analysis of the foundations of the initial temperature fields of different boundaries is carried out, and the applicability of the insulation foundation under different boundary conditions is discussed.

Design and Development of Simulator for Molten Salt Tower Solar Thermal Power Station

Introduction In order to solve the problem that the control logic is difficult to verify and the operating personnel lack experience during the construction and daily operation of the molten salt tower solar thermal power station. Method A simulator for tower type molten salt solar thermal power station was developed The virtual DPU technology and softwareized object configuration technology were adopted in the logic configuration， the same numerical model and design parameters as the actual power station were utilized. Result The simulation test results show that the simulator had a good realization of power plant production process simulation and simulation operation， and can meet the requirements of logic configuration verification. The main function of the simulator had been demonstrated by real instances. Conclusion The research findings provides effective methods and means for design optimization， engineering verification and confirmation， operator training in the construction of molten salt tower solar thermal power station.

Experimental study on dynamic effect of freestanding tower of sea-crossing bridge under wave load

There is a debate over whether the sea-crossing bridges undergo dynamic motions when exposed to wave loads. In order to verify the dynamic effect of the tower of sea-crossing bridge under wave load, an experimental study on dynamic effect of a freestanding tower of sea-crossing bridge is accomplished in this paper. Firstly, a test model for a typical bridge tower of pile group foundation under wave load is established by using a scale of 1:100. Secondly, a typical sea condition is designed for the response test of the bridge tower under wave load. The test results indicated that obvious vibration of top the tower occurs when the wave load period is close to the natural vibration period of the structure, and both displacement and base shear are amplified. The results in this paper will provide an important reference for whether the dynamic effect of wave load should be considered in the designs of bridge structure under wave load.

Assessment and Fragility of Byzantine Unreinforced Masonry Towers

The seismic response of five cultural heritage towers erected between the 10th and 19th century AD are investigated herein. Firstly, their architectural and modal characteristics were studied in the light of seismic events that hit the monuments. There exist several historical reports of strong earthquakes, as well as damaged structures and collapses. The limit analysis is adopted to examine the post-elastic behavior of the towers up to collapse due to out-of-plane failure. Recurrent damage modes were collected from recent earthquakes and a classification of four possible collapse mechanisms in towers and slender masonry structures is here proposed: overturning, separation of perpendicular walls, diagonal cracking, and dislocation of the belfry. A thorough examination of the towers under investigation verified the proposed damage classification. The capacity curves were derived combining the capacity curves of each of the collapse mechanisms. Damage thresholds were defined on these curves in correspondence with damage states. The studied group of structures is representative of a wider typology. A statistical approach was adopted to describe damage with seismic intensity, and vulnerability curves were generated. The results of this study will improve the understanding of the performance and the collapse mechanisms of slender masonry structures under seismic loading and provide a characterization of seismic vulnerability for the studied cultural heritage types of towers.

A Multi-dimensional Analysis Method for the Tripping Risk of Lightning Winding Across the Transmission Line

Trip to cope with the lightning strike caused around power grid, this paper proposed a transmission line based on the mechanism of lightning strike around all lightning strike tripping around risk analysis method. This method needed to detour lightning tripping thunderstorms and risk analysis of transmission lines tower size, proportion of topography, altitude, insulation configuration data were collected, calculated in turn hit distance, distance and exposure correction of line pressure level and single-base tower above factors lightning strike risk. Based on the calculation model, the lightning wind characteristics under different tower shout height, lightning day and terrain were studied to identify the weak links along the line. Select the composition condition calculation of typical tower lightning strike tripping around risk, based on the same area across the terrain and tower usage of extract weight coefficient calculation all lightning strike tripping around risk, through the typical combination of the weighted average of all lightning strike tripping around risk was analyzed. Through the example analysis, verified the feasibility of this method to improve the reliability of transmission lines.

Rüzgar Türbin Kulesi Alternatiflerinin Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri İle Değerlendirilmesi

One of the biggest natural energy sources in renewable energy is undoubtedly wind energy. Huge-sized wind turbine towers are used for wind energy. In some cases, tribune towers of 10 meters can be used to meet smaller needs. These towers can be composed of structures such as steel, hybrid and reinforced concrete. Within the scope of this study, three different types of wind turbine towers was selected using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (BAHS) method which is one of the multi-criteria decision making methods. In addition to the analysis of installation and maintenance costs, criteria such as recycling rates and economic life are taken into account in this study. According to these criteria, different most suitable wind turbine was analyzed with BAHS method and the most suitable tower type was selected. As a result of the study, the hybrid type tower came to the fore in terms of recycling, maintenance, operation and installation convenience, as well as displacement and stress values.

Analysis of Temperature, Stress and Displacement Distribution under Freeze-Thaw Considering the Influence of Initial Boundary and Insulation Layers

The freeze-thaw disaster in seasonally frozen soil area are challenging the operation safety of power transmission and transformation projects. The distribution of soil temperature and deformation laying below the foundation is significant to the soil stability in seasonally frozen soil area. The temperature distribution of the foundation is closely related to the external temperature, the thermal field of bottom boundary and the materials of insulation layers. In this paper, the typical tower foundation of 750 kV Gansu Hexi power grid project and the geological conditions of Shulehe area in Gansu Province were selected as the investigation site, and the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods are used to analyze the thermal-mechanical coupling considering different boundaries. The deformation, stresses and temperature changes of tower foundation and surrounding soil under different thermal protection structures were discussed. Through comparative analysis, it was found that the optimized structure can effectively improve the soil temperature in extreme environment, avoid frost heave, and meet the design requirements of bearing capacity.

Assessment on effectiveness of a shower type cooling tower

In the conventional cooling tower, filling is used to split water into small droplets in order to maximise heat transfer owing to the fungus deposited over it, the filling should be replaced regularly. The fungus accumulated over the filling will limit the free flow of water leading to poor heat transfer. A small change of the conventional pact type cooling tower to the shower type cooling tower by removing the filling material and by rotating the feed nozzle 180° upwards may increase the heat transfer zone by increasing the water flow height. The present study investigates by means of a counter-flow mathematical model the difference in height, temperature, relative humidity, change in water droplet diameter and change in air-water mixture enthalpy. The performance of the cooling tower is studied with the conventional cooling tower type.

Calculation of Transmission Lines and Electrical Equipment of 150kV Main Guluk- Guluk Madura Island East Java, Indonesia

Guluk-Guluk is supplied by a 20 kV system from the Pamekasan GI and Sumenep GI, resulting in a voltage drop of 5 kV. The fall in the voltage on the load side cannot be overcome through the regulation of transformer tapping or the use of bank capacitors, so the possible way is to build a new GI. The construction of GI Guluk-Guluk requires a new transmission line. A good electric power transmission has a low voltage drop, high efficiency and high surge impedance loading (SIL) values. Efforts to improve the voltage by changing the tapping in the power transformer located at the nearest substation only produce a voltage of 166.07 kV. The provision of bank capacitors in Guluk-Guluk produces a voltage of 17,542 kV. The construction of GI Guluk-Guluk requires a new transmission line that connects Pamekasan to Guluk-Guluk, Sampang to Guluk-Guluk and Guluk-Guluk to Sumenep. The construction of a 150 kV network line requires calculations to determine network configurations, conductors, isolators, tower types, and electrical equipment supporting 150 kV transmission systems such as current transformers, voltage transformers, power breakers, and arresters. In this final project, simulation is done with the help of ETAP 12.6 software. The results of calculations and simulations of the transmission line toward Guluk-Guluk give a voltage drop of 4.89 kV, with an efficiency level of 96.74% and a SIL value of 41.225 MW. so these results are sufficient to be used as a reference for GI development in Guluk-Guluk.