Types Of Testers Research Articles

HIV Testing Patterns Among Recently Self-Tested Russian Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Qualitative Study.

Most qualitative research to date on HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been devoted to questions related to perceptions of HIVST among various groups of men who have sex with men (MSM) in different countries. However, little is known about HIV testing patterns of HIVST testers. Thrity-two Russian MSM, 10 with HIV and 22 without, from five cities were interviewed about their HIV testing and risk behaviors. Five types of testers "maintenance testers," "risk-based testers," "convenience testers," "test avoiders," and "HIVST-only testers" were identified in the study. Three dimensions of HIV testing patterns-testing motive, frequency, and mode-were proposed to improve existing typifications. Almost all informants practiced condomless sex with their primary partners; HIV testing or condom negotiation in primary partnerships before proceeding to condomless sex was rare. Increase in HIVST availability at no cost for MSM and targeted prevention efforts for MSM on both individual and dyadic level are urgently needed.

Scientometric and Methodological Analysis of the Recent Literature on the Health-Related Effects of Tomato and Tomato Products.

The health benefits of tomato, a vegetable consumed daily in human diets, have received great attention in the scientific community, and a great deal of experiments have tested their utility against several diseases. Herein, we present a scientometric analysis of recent works aimed to estimate the biological effects of tomato, focusing on bibliographic metadata, type of testers, target systems, and methods of analysis. A remarkably variable array of strategies was reported, including testers obtained by standard and special tomatoes, and the use of in vitro and in vivo targets, both healthy and diseased. In vitro, 21 normal and 36 cancer human cell lines derived from 13 different organs were used. The highest cytotoxic effects were reported on cancer blood cells. In vivo, more experiments were carried out with murine than with human systems, addressing healthy individuals, as well as stressed and diseased patients. Multivariate analysis showed that publications in journals indexed in the agriculture category were associated with the use of fresh tomatoes; conversely, medicine and pharmacology journals were associated with the use of purified and formulate testers. Studies conducted in the United States of America preferentially adopted in vivo systems and formulates, combined with blood and tissue analysis. Researchers in Italy, China, India, and Great Britain mostly carried out in vitro research using fresh tomatoes. Gene expression and proteomic analyses were associated with China and India. The emerging scenario evidences the somewhat dichotomic approaches of plant geneticists and agronomists and that of cell biologists and medicine researchers. A higher integration between these two scientific communities would be desirable to foster the assessment of the benefits of tomatoes to human health.

A Review on Mechanisms and Testing of Wear in Slurry Pumps, Pipeline Circuits, and Hydraulic Turbines

AbstractThis paper presents an overview about particulate wear that occurs in various components of slurry pumps, pipeline systems, and hydraulic turbines due to the mechanical action caused by the flow of solid–liquid mixtures. Three most common wear problems, namely, erosion, erosion–corrosion, and abrasion occur in different industries like thermal and hydro power plants, mining, chemical, and marine industries. Therefore, the efficiency of these industries and power plants highly depends on the wear damages. So, it becomes necessary to govern the wear phenomenon. In this paper, the various properties of particles and target are discussed on which the particulate wear depends. Present overview explains the experimental methods of measuring the particulate wear at in situ and ex situ conditions by using the different types of testers, rigs, and pilot plant test loops. Moreover, the empirical and analytical correlations or models for the prediction of particulate wear in pumps, piping circuits, and hydraulic turbines are also discussed in present literature review. By studying the all possible advantages and disadvantages, the gaps in knowledge of wear prediction methods and models are highlighted. At the end, a “think-model” for the prediction as well as reduction of wear in the various components is presented on the basis of different experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based simulation work. Further investigations can be carried out to develop the more accurate and flexible models that can be used to predict the particulate wear in a wide range of applications.

Influence of Ti and REE on Primary Crystallization and Wear Resistance of Chromium Cast Iron

The article presents the results of primary crystallization, wear resistance and SEM studies of chromium cast iron inoculated with ferrotitanium and rare earth elements as a mischmetal inoculating mixture. Thermal-derivative analysis method was used to conduct studies of primary crystallization in two types of testers, namely ATD-C and ATD-Is, reflecting two different cooling speeds. Wear resistance tests were performed with the use of modified pin-on-disk method on Tribotester 3-POD device, where the samples were moving in circular motion in metal-mineral friction system. Silicon carbide was used as a counter sample. The studies allowed to determine the influence of selected inoculants on the microstructure and wear resistance of the studied samples. All characteristic crystallization temperatures of samples casted into ATD-Is testers increased, as well as wear resistance of each inoculated samples compared to the non-inoculated sample. It was proven that TiC and REE compounds are effective inoculants for chromium carbides and that REE compounds can work as underlay for TiC crystallization.

Spatial decision support systems: Exploring differences in pilot-testing with students vs. professionals

This study explores the implications of engaging students, versus professionals/experts, in pilot-testing of SDSS, and discusses likely differences in terms of expected outcomes for the given pilot-test.To this end we use data collected during two pilot tests of a novel SDSS that was developed by members of our project team. The pilot-tests were done with two different groups; one made of 13 doctoral students, while the other of 12 professionals/stakeholders. The pilot-test served to gather feedback on SDSS usability and other aspects of interest to the development team. On the basis of the outcomes obtained we develop an analytical framework meant to summarise what we come to notice as key aspects distinguishing how different types of testers will engage in an SDSS pilot-test, and the type of feedback these will consequently provide. These key aspects include expertise, stage of life, and institutional context (ESI). This framework could offer some help to other teams in planning, organizing, and delivering pilot-test, and processing the assessments received.

<i>In Situ</i> Tester Research and Development of Control Stick Force Sensor

Based on the practical need for control stick force sensor test of a certain type of aircraft, corresponding design method of control stick force sensor tester is propoesd, its basic testing principle and course are analyzed,in th end this type of tester is made and tested practically.The result shows that the control stick force sensor tester possesses the characteristics of easy manipulation, perfect function, high intelligence,fast and exact test, provides a scientific testing means for the performance of aircraft control stick force sensor,and has a good application value and popularizing prospect.

某型发射架检测仪方案设计与实现

某型发射架检测一直是与武器系统联机后加电进行检测，本方案设计使某型发射架能够在脱离实装武器系统情况下进行独立检测。不受场地、环境限制，并能够快速定位发射架故障通路，检测一个发射架所需时间约是过去的1/8，使用方便，安全可靠。按本方案研制的某型发射架检测仪，通过实际使用，取得较好的效果。 The missile launcher needs to be connected to the weapon system on helicopter if a test for the launcher is performed by an old tester. This scheme designs a new type of tester which is able to test the missile launcher without connecting the real weapon system. The testing is not subjected to the constraints of sites and environment. It can quickly locate the fault pathway of launcher. The required time for testing is about 1/8 of the past. It is easy to use, safe and reliable. According to this design, a new launcher tester is developed and has achieved the good effect through practice.

HIV testing patterns among black men who have sex with men: a qualitative typology.

BackgroundBlack men who have sex with men (MSM) in the Southeastern United States are disproportionately affected by HIV. Black MSM are more likely to have unrecognized HIV infection, suggesting that testing may occur later and/or infrequently relative to current recommendations. The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the HIV testing behaviors of Black MSM in Atlanta, Georgia, who were participants in the HIV Prevention Trials Network Brothers Study (HPTN 061).Methods and FindingsWe conducted 29 in-depth interviews and four focus groups with a community-recruited sample. Modified grounded theory methodologies were used to guide our inductive analysis, which yielded a typology comprised of four distinct HIV testing patterns. Participants could be categorized as: (1) Maintenance Testers, who tested regularly as part of routine self-care; (2) Risk-Based Testers, whose testing depended on relationship status or sexual behavior; (3) Convenience Testers, who tested irregularly depending on what testing opportunities arose; or (4) Test Avoiders, who tested infrequently and/or failed to follow up on results. We further characterized these groups with respect to age, socioeconomic factors, identity, stigma and healthcare access.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the heterogeneity of HIV testing patterns among Black MSM, and offer a framework for conceptualizing HIV testing in this group. Public health messaging must account for the diversity of Black MSM's experiences, and multiple testing approaches should be developed and utilized to maximize outreach to different types of testers.

The Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis and Its Severity Instrument

To develop and test the validity and interrater reliability of the Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis and its Severity Instrument, a novel tool describing incontinence-associated dermatitis and its severity. Investigators consulted 2 certified WOC nurse experts to determine face validity of the instrument. Seven additional certified WOC nurses evaluated the tool for content validity. The instrument was tested for interrater reliability by attendees at the 2007 WOCN Society National Conference and employees at a health care system in Minnesota. Criterion validity was determined by comparing IAD severity scores of testers with those of the 2 WOC experts and PI. Consultants determined that the instrument had face and content validity. Two hundred forty-seven attendees at the WOCN Society's National Conference (mean nursing experience 25±9 years [mean±SD]), 100 nursing staff in Minnesota: 84 staff nurses (mean nursing experience 17±12 years), and 16 nursing assistants (mean nursing experience 7±7 years) determined that the instrument has content validity. There were no significant differences in scores of IAD severity for the 4 cases among the 3 types of testers (P>.05). Overall agreement between the 347 raters and the experts using intraclass correlation was 0.98 (P=.006). The Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis and its Severity Instrument demonstrated good validity and interrater reliability and its development fulfills an unmet need in both research and clinical practice settings.

Hybrid maize breeding with doubled haploids: II. Optimum type and number of testers in two-stage selection for general combining ability

Optimum allocation of test resources is of crucial importance for the efficiency of breeding programs. Our objectives were to (1) determine the optimum allocation of the number of lines, test locations, as well as number and type of testers in hybrid maize breeding using doubled haploids with two breeding strategies for improvement of general combining ability (GCA), (2) compare the maximum selection gain (DeltaG) achievable under both strategies, and (3) give recommendations for the optimum implementation of doubled haploids in commercial hybrid maize breeding. We calculated DeltaG by numerical integration for two two-stage selection strategies with evaluation of (1) testcross performance in both stages (BS1) or (2) line per se performance in the first stage followed by testcross performance in the second stage (BS2). Different assumptions were made regarding the budget, variance components (VCs), and the correlation between line per se performance and GCA. Selection gain for GCA increased with a broader genetic base of the tester. Hence, testers combining a large number of divergent lines are advantageous. However, in applied breeding programs, the use of single- or double-cross testers in the first and inbred testers in the second selection stage may be a good compromise between theoretical and practical requirements. With a correlation between line per se performance and GCA of 0.50, DeltaG for BS1 is about 5% higher than for BS2, if an economic weight of line per se performance is neglected. With increasing economic weight of line per se performance, relative efficiency of BS2 increased rapidly resulting in a superiority of BS2 over BS1 already for an economic weight for line per se performance larger than 0.1. Considering the importance of an economic seed production, an economic weight larger than 0.1 seems realistic indicating the necessity of separate breeding strategies for seed and pollen parent heterotic groups.

Real time digital waveform control for magnetic testers

An algorithm is presented, that uses data from the FFT analysis of all relevant signals. It is based on inverting and adding the harmonic distortions induced by the magnetising system. The algorithm is robust and operates in various types of testers and materials in real time and minimises the form factor error and total harmonic distortion.

Simplified method for analyzing nanoindentation data and evaluating performance of nanoindentation instruments

Nanoindentation is a simple and effective means for evaluating the mechanical properties of thin films. In such circumstances, nanoindentation testers have been developed and commercialized by some companies. In this study, we tested the standard four specimens using six different types of testers and established a method to evaluate the nanoindentation data. The method requires only two correction factors; one is the frame compliance, Cf, of the testers, and the other is the error of the detection of the original surface which includes both the truncation of the indenter apex and the damage of the surface caused by the preloading of the indenter. The latter correction is conducted by adding a correction length, ΔhC, to the measured penetration depth, h. It was found that the values ΔhC increase with decrease in the hardness of material and are very sensitive to the performance of the testers.

A Correlation Study Among Various CSS Testers

A correlation study is performed on three types of contact start/stop (CSS) testers: a spin-stand tester, a drive tester with an aluminum strain arm, and a drive tester with a brass strain arm. The measured stiction values are different, up to 78% for the same type of head/media combination on these three types of testers. It is found that strain arm resonant frequency, electrical filter, and system dynamics are the major factors for different stiction values. For a drive motor with back-cogging, the back-cogging acceleration also affects the measured stiction value. If these effects are considered properly, good correlation is obtained among various types of CSS testers. Presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting in Detroit, Michigan May 17–21, 1998

A Comparison of Five Types of Testers in Evaluating the Relationship of Stalk Rot Resistance in Corn Inbred Lines and Stalk Strength of the Lines in Hybrid Combinations1

Crop ScienceVolume 1, Issue 6 cropsci1961.0011183X000100060004x p. 393-393 Article A Comparison of Five Types of Testers in Evaluating the Relationship of Stalk Rot Resistance in Corn Inbred Lines and Stalk Strength of the Lines in Hybrid Combinations1 W. A. Russell, W. A. Russell Assoicate Professor, Agronomy Department, Iowa State University.Search for more papers by this author W. A. Russell, W. A. Russell Assoicate Professor, Agronomy Department, Iowa State University.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1961 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1961.0011183X000100060004xCitations: 14 1 Contribution from the Iowa Agr. and Home Econ. Exp. Sta. and the Crops Research Divisions, ARS, USDA. Journal Paper No. J-4037 of the Iowa Agr. and Home Econ. Exp. Sta., Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1140. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume1, Issue6November–December 1961Pages 393-393 RelatedInformation

Random Tumble Pilling Tester

A new type of tester for pilling tendency is described in which apparel fabric speci mens are tumbled inside a rubber-lined cylinder in the presence of a small amount of cotton lint. The fuzz and pills formed in this process correlate well both in amount and appearance with those formed during wear on garments from the same fabrics.

Winding-Fault Detection and Location by Surge-Comparison Testing

Surge-comparison methods of testing insulation were investigated with the objective of locating as well as detecting faults. Experience of other investigators was confirmed and limitations of methods and equipment studied. Supplementary methods and equipment were devised to extend the field of usefulness of this basic type of tester, especially to the testing of very large machines with multiple-parallel windings. Apparatus studied included a-c motors from fractional-horsepower single-phase to very large three-phase types; a large variety of d-c armatures; and numerous armature, stator, and magnet coils. This surge-comparison tester has proved to be suitable for use by electrical manufacturers and by service and repair shops, as it can be used for testing most common types of electric windings.

The Abrasion Question. Some Factors in the Deterioration of Rubber When Exposed to Frictional Contacts with Other Materials

Abstract If we accept the proposal that the fundamental effect produced by the machines diagrammed in Fig. 1 is that of dragging a series of saw-toothed paddles across the surface of rubber specimens, we must accept as fact the theorem that the results recorded by these types of machines is a summarization of values rather than a fundamental value. If we accept the evidence that relations cannot be varied on any type of present abrasion testers to duplicate the conditions existing in all situations where rubber is exposed to frictional contacts with other materials, we must accept the fact that some fundamental factor is absent, or is over- or under-emphasized as these relations are varied. Whether these missing reactions can be supplied by evaluating other characteristics which will properly modify the results obtained on any given abrasion tester is an open question. It can be safely stated, however, that results obtained from any type of tester discussed can only be considered as evaluating rubber compositions at or near the point of optimum cure under one particular set of wear conditions. With one exception these conditions may safely be considered as approximating the conditions obtaining between a tire tread and the road under normal operating conditions. The Sproul-Evans tester may safely be considered as more closely approximating sand-blast hose conditions than tire-road conditions. It is the thought of the author that the most promising field of future endeavor lies in the direction of studying the possibility of reproducing more fundamental effects, rather than attempting to add more reactions to the already complex set of conditions present in the known types of abrasion testers. The suggestion is also offered that a most promising field of study lies in the direction of studying the modifying effect of distortion upon the fundamental characteristics of rubber, and attempting to establish the extent of distortion present when rubber is exposed to frictional disintegration in actual service conditions.