Type Of Support Material Research Articles

Kinetics and Mechanism Study of Different Types of Surface‐Imprinted Polymers for CO2 Adsorption

ABSTRACTThe increased level of CO2 in the atmosphere has led to global warming and climate change. To mitigate these problems, solid adsorbents have become attractive materials for capturing excess CO2 in the post‐combustion method. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) can be applied to prepare highly selective adsorbents that could capture CO2 molecules. The MIP was prepared using the surface imprinted polymer technique in this preliminary work. Only two types of support materials were used (graphite and silica gel) to screen the best support material that could enhance the CO2 adsorption capacity of the resulting adsorbent, which was analyzed using a fixed‐bed column reactor. Graphite‐imprinted polymer (GMIP) was found to be a good potential for CO2 adsorption. The Avrami model best described the adsorption system, while the fixed‐bed curve data fit the Yoon–Nelson model well. The semi‐empirical method was used to assess the interaction mechanism of the molecularly imprinted polymer with CO2 during adsorption. This investigation involved testing four different ratios of the template complex to functional monomers. The ratio of 1:4 (CO2:Allylthiourea) demonstrated the highest binding energy, with a higher formation of hydrogen bonds. Film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion were the main rate‐limiting steps that played vital roles at different stages of CO2 adsorption. This preliminary work has enhanced the development of MIP for CO2 adsorption and showcased the integration of computational approaches in tailoring specific MIPs.

Bioinspired Synthesis of Novel Different Nanoparticles and its Utility in Biodiesel and Animals Applications

Because of its ability to speed up the reaction, the catalyst is critical to its success. Most catalysts are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. It has been shown that utilizing a heterogeneous catalyst, which is easier to remove from the product after the reaction has been finished. Because of the large surface area of the Nano-catalyst results in high catalytic efficiency. To enhance the performance of catalysts a range of various types of support materials have been used. SO42--ZnO and So42-/TiO active acid catalyst was prepared and characterized. ZnO nanoparticles catalyst synthesized by precipitation of zinc nitrate for comparison with supported catalyst. Sulphated zinc oxide (SO42--ZnO) and sulphated titania (SO42-/TiO) catalysts were synthesized using impregnation methods, to test their efficacy in biodiesel production. Various waste oils from different wastes such as mutton or beef tallow, chicken fat, and methanol are preferred to use during the esterification of waste animal fat oils using solid acid catalysts to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel synthesis generates a substantial amount of glycerol as a byproduct. Effect of optimum parameters such as temperature 60 degree centigrade (°C) shown 90% yield, time 1 hour resulted in 85% yield, catalyst dose 2wt% resulted in 80% yield, stirring speed 250rpm resulted in 80% yield, methanol to oil ratio12:1 resulted as 85.5% yield for transesterification of waste fat oil. It is valuable that the supported acid catalysts showed more yield than simply synthesized ZnO nanocatalyst similarly sulphated zinc oxide showed more FAME yield than sulphated titania.

Compensation mechanics application of NPR anchor cable to large deformation tunnel in soft rock

NPR anchor cable is a new type of support material with negative Poisson's ratio effect, which is widely used in mine support because of its superb compensating mechanical effect. In order to study more deeply the support effect of NPR anchor cable in soft rock large deformation tunnel, indoor test, numerical simulation and field monitoring were used to study the strong weathering carbonaceous slate tunnel in Min County. The study shows that NPR anchor cable has extraordinary compensating mechanical behavior for soft rock large deformation tunnel, which can control the deformation of tunnel surrounding rock below 300 mm and keep the constant resistance value around 350 kN, which has obvious effect on the control of broken rock. To provide a basis for other research on support for large deformation tunnels in soft rock.

Development and Application of Equipment for Anchor Cable with C-Shaped Tube Tension-Shear Test System

Based on the phenomenon of serious tensile-shear failure of bolts and cables, domestic and foreign scholars’ research on the mechanical properties of bolts and cables has gradually changed from pure tensile to tensile-shear performance. To reduce the long-term bolt and cable breakage accidents in deep soft rock tunnels in coal mines, we independently developed a new type of support material—anchor cable with C-shaped tube and a corresponding tensile-shear test system. The system parameters are set through theoretical derivation, and the three main structures of the test system are designed with ANSYS: shear box, vertical loading reaction frame, and horizontal loading reaction frame. The numerical simulation results show that when the thickness of the shear box steel plate is 20 mm, the maximum strain is about 2.7‰. When the diameters of the vertical column and the horizontal bar are 220 mm and 80 mm, respectively, the maximum strains of the column and the horizontal bar are about 0.17‰ and 0.04‰, respectively. The strength and deformation of the three main structures meet the design requirements. The developed test system was tested on-site. The test results show that the system can perform tensile test and two different modes of the double shear test. The main structure has no obvious deformation during the test, meeting the design requirements. In addition, the rational design of the shear box eliminates the error caused by the shear block. The results show that the shear resistance of anchor cable with C-shaped tube is better than that of pure anchor cables. The research results can provide a reference for developing other similar test systems.

Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity of Electrospun Titanium Oxynitride Carbon Composite Nanofibers.

Titanium oxynitride carbon composite nanofibers (TiON/C-CNFs) were synthesised with electrospinning and subsequent heat treatment in ammonia gas. In situ four-probe electrical conductivity measurements of individual TiON/C-CNFs were performed. Additionally, the TiON/C-CNFs were thoroughly analysed with various techniques, such as X-ray and electron diffractions, electron microscopies and spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis and chemical analysis to determine the crystal structure, morphology, chemical composition, and N/O at. ratio. It was found that nanofibers were composed of 2–5 nm sized titanium oxynitride (TiON) nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix with a small degree of porosity. The average electrical conductivity of a single TiON/C-CNF was 1.2 kS/m and the bulk electrical conductivity of the TiON/C-CNF fabric was 0.053 kS/m. From the available data, the mesh density of the TiON/C-CNF fabric was estimated to have a characteristic length of 1.0 µm and electrical conductivity of a single TiON/C-CNF was estimated to be from 0.45 kS/m to 19 kS/m. The electrical conductivity of the measured TiON/C-CNFs is better than that of amorphous carbon nanofibers and has ohmic behaviour, which indicates that it can effectively serve as a new type of support material for electrocatalysts, batteries, sensors or supercapacitors.

Mesoporous Silica Materials Loaded with Gallic Acid with Antimicrobial Potential.

This paper aimed to develop two types of support materials with a mesoporous structure of mobile crystalline matter (known in the literature as MCM, namely MCM-41 and MCM-48) and to load them with gallic acid. Soft templating methodology was chosen for the preparation of the mesoporous structures—the cylindrical micelles with certain structural characteristics being formed due to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic intermolecular forces which occur between the molecules of the surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide—CTAB) when a minimal micellar ionic concentration is reached. These mesoporous supports were loaded with gallic acid using three different types of MCM—gallic acid ratios (1:0.41; 1:0.82 and 1:1.21)—and their characterizations by FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET and drug release were performed. It is worth mentioning that the loading was carried out using a vacuum-assisted methodology: the mesoporous materials are firstly kept under vacuum at ~0.1 barr for 30 min followed by the addition of the polyphenol solutions. The concentration of the solutions was adapted such that the final volume covered the wet mesoporous support and—in this case—upon reaching normal atmospheric pressure, the solution was pushed inside the pores, and thus the polyphenols were mainly loaded inside the pores. Based on the SBET data, it can be seen that the specific surface area decreased considerably with the increasing ratio of gallic acid; the specific surface area decreased 3.07 and 4.25 times for MCM-41 and MCM-48, respectively. The sample with the highest polyphenol content was further evaluated from a biological point of view, alone or in association with amoxicillin administration. As expected, the MCM-41 and MCM-48 were not protective against infections—but, due to the loading of the gallic acid, a potentiated inhibition was recorded for the tested gram-negative bacterial strains. Moreover, it is important to mention that these systems can be efficient solutions for the recovery of the gut microbiota after exposure to antibiotics, for instance.

A Brief Review: Immobilization of TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalyst Materials on Supporting Surfaces for Degradation of Organic Pollutants

The process of final disposal of industrial wastewater is an important issue to avoid contamination. Photocatalyst technology can be a solution to waste control by degrading organic pollutants. The synthesis process of TiO2 catalyst immobilized with supporting materials has been proven more efficient in photocatalyst activation. This gives a high UV adsorption power and does not require further handling of the final purification process because it does not produce a catalyst suspension. Immobilization methods are simplest but still produce high efficiency, namely, the thermal milling method and the sol-gel method. Both methods can produce 97% efficiency. Immobilization using thermal milling can take quickly and only through one step but requires a long time in the degradation process. Besides, immobilization using the sol-gel method requires several steps, but the process of degradation is fast. The method used must be by the type of support material, the pollutants to be degraded, and the operating system like coating time. This paper focuses on the immobilization method suitable to support materials to maximize the degradation process.

One‐dimensional nanomaterial supported metal single‐atom electrocatalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and applications

AbstractMetal single‐atom catalysts (MSACs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to their maximized atomic utilization, high activity, and superior selectivity. As a class of supported catalyst, the type of support material plays a key role in stabilizing metal single atoms (MSAs) and improving the overall catalytic performance. One‐dimensional (1D) nanomaterials are regarded as ideal supports for MSACs owing to many of their unique advantages, such as controllable surface physicochemical properties, large specific surface area, efficient electron transfer pathway, and great flexibility in element selection. Therefore, recently developed MSACs supported by various types of 1D nanostructured substrates have shown fascinating electrocatalytic performance towards a wide range of electrochemical reactions and demonstrated great potential in practical applications. In this review, we summarize recent progress of 1D nanomaterial supported MSACs, from material synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculation to their performance in five different kinds of electrochemical applications. In particular, the major synthetic strategies of these advanced MSACs and their catalytic performance and mechanisms in various electrocatalytic reactions are extensively discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future prospects of 1D nanomaterial supported MSACs are provided.

Metal-support interactions in designing noble metal-based catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction: Recent advances and future perspectives

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers a practical solution to current global greenhouse effect by converting excessive CO2 into value-added chemicals or fuels. Noble metal-based nanomaterials have been considered as efficient catalysts for the CO2RR owing to their high catalytic activity, long-term stability and superior selectivity to targeted products. On the other hand, they are usually loaded on different support materials in order to minimize their usage and maximize the utilization because of high price and limited reserve. The strong metal-support interaction (MSI) between the metal and substrate plays an important role in affecting the CO2RR performance. In this review, we mainly focus on different types of support materials (e.g., oxides, carbons, ligands, alloys and metal carbides) interacting with noble metal as electrocatalysts for CO2RR. Moreover, the positive effects about MSI for boosting the CO2RR performance via regulating the adsorption strength, electronic structure, coordination environment and binding energy are presented. Lastly, emerging challenges and future opportunities on noble metal electrocatalysts with strong MSI are discussed.

Effect of titanium dioxide properties and support material on photocatalytic oxidation of indoor air pollutants

Indoor air purification through photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) has been demonstrated to be an effective technique; nevertheless, further research is needed to address some of the existing shortcomings of PCO systems. In the present study, the influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) features and the type of support material on the performance of PCO air purifiers are investigated. TiO2 photocatalysts are prepared via hydrothermal route followed by a calcination step (300–800 °C). Calcination temperature offers a good control over the characteristics of titania, in particular crystallinity and surface area, enabling fabrication of TiO2 with the most desirable set of properties. Two support materials with distinct adsorption properties, namely nickel foam filter (NFF) and activated carbon fiber (ACF) are examined for deposition of TiO2. The developed photocatalytic filters are evaluated by the removal efficiency of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and the amount of generated by-products. The photocatalyst calcined at 300 °C exhibited the highest activity, which was roughly 1.6 times higher than that of commercial P25. This can be attributed to the fact that at 300 °C the best trade-off between degree of crystallinity, crystal phase/size, surface area, and surface hydroxyl groups population was reached. The steady-state MEK removal efficiency and amount of by-products were 62.2% and 180 ppb for TiO2/ACF and 36.3% and 217.5 ppb for TiO2/NFF, respectively. This synergistic effect of TiO2/ACF and the concept of in-situ regeneration of ACF are also discussed.

Impact of support material type on performance of dynamic membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater

AbstractBACKGROUNDMembrane bioreactor (MBR) applications have been limited by high cost of membrane modules and fouling problems. Dynamic membrane (DM) technology can be a solution for these problems. Low‐cost filters can be used as support materials for dynamic (cake) layer formation. The characteristics of support material play an important role on dynamic layer formation behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of support material type on dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) performance for municipal wastewater treatment. Hollow fiber support materials, made of polyester fabrics and glass fiber materials, were used for DM formation.RESULTSSimilar treatment performances were obtained with each membrane achieving high removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (>97%) and total suspended solids (>99%) parameters. Higher transmembrane pressure (TMP) was observed for glass fiber material in comparison to polyester material. Based on morphological analyses, dynamic layers formed on both support materials had similar composition, organic and inorganic materials. A homogeneous layer was formed on polyester support material, while fine particles were deposited between the filaments of glass fiber support material, which caused clogging.CONCLUSIONBased on TMP results and morphological analyses, polyester support material provided better formation of DM layer. Thus selection of proper support material type is very important to achieve stable DM layer in DMBRs. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

Treatment of synthetic wastewater and cheese whey by the anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor.

The aim of this study was to develop a laboratory-scale anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) for the treatment of high-strength synthetic and real cheese whey wastewater. We determined the appropriate pore size for a convenient type of support material (nylon mesh) to optimize cake layer formation. The performance of the AnDMBRs was measured in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and solids removal efficiencies. During high-strength synthetic wastewater treatment, the 70-μm pore size AnDMBR achieved COD removal efficiencies of 78% and 96% with COD loading rates of 4.03 and 2.34kgm-3day-1, respectively, while the 10-μm pore size AnDMBR achieved 66% and 92% COD removal efficiencies at COD loading rates of 5.02 and 3.16kgm-3day-1. The 10μm pore size AnDMBR was operated in two periods: first period and second period (before and after physical cleaning) during high-strength synthetic wastewater treatment. The 10-μm pore size AnDMBR removed 83% and 88% of suspended solids during period 1 and period 2, respectively. Furthermore, using a pore size of 10μm retained 72% of solids (973mgL-1) in the reactor outlet. The 10-μm pore size AnDMBR performed better than the 70-μm pore size AnDMBR in terms of cake layer formation. The 10-μm pore size AnDMBR was used to treat real cheese whey wastewater, resulting in COD removal efficiencies ranging from 59% (4.32kgm-3day-1) to 97% (5.22kgm-3day-1). In addition, 85% of suspended solids were removed from real cheese whey wastewater after treatment. The results show that dynamic membrane technology using a pore size of 10μm can be used to treat real industrial wastewater.

Cassava Wastewater Treatment in Fixed-Bed Reactors: Organic Matter Removal and Biogas Production

The process of cassava starch extraction is associated with the generation of a large volume of liquid wastes from root washing and starch extraction (5 to 7 L.kg-1root). In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment of cassava starch wastewater in a horizontal anaerobic fixed bed reactor to the removal of organic matter and generation of biogas. For this purpose, two fixed bed reactors filled with two different types of support materials were used: bamboo rings and flexible PVC rings. The reactors were constructed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with 90 cm length and 15 cm diameter. The working volume of R1 (bamboo as support material) and R2 (PVC as support material) were 6.0 and 8.0 L, respectively. In the operation of the reactors, 13 assays (A1 to A13) were carried out with an increase in the organic loading rate (OLR: 1.7 to 15.0 g COD.L-1.d-1) and a decrease in the hydraulic retention time (HRT: 4.0 to 0.8 days). Biogas production followed a similar pattern in both reactors. The highest biogas productions of 1.5 L.L-1.d-1 (R1) and 1.1 L.L-1.d-1 (R2) were verified in the assay 6 in which were applied highest affluent concentration (15,122 mg.L-1), intermediates organic loading rate (5.6 g.L-1.d-1) and hydraulic retention time (2.7 d). The removal of COD increased with the increase of OLR resulting in COD removal values of up to 99%. Total solids removal efficiencies of 79 and 87% were achieved in R1 and R2, respectively. In both reactors, the contact surface of bamboo (132 m2.m-3) and PVC (191 m2.m-3) supported biomass attachment even in highest OLR (15 g.L-1.d-1) and low HRT (0.8 d). The both support material provided conditions to the reactors withstand the variations and reestablish the equilibrium after possible hydraulic and load shocks, constituting a robust system for the treatment of cassava starch wastewater. In these conditions the COD and solids removal remained satisfactory. After a 450-day reactor running, no changes were observed in the composition and structure of the support material, an indication that bamboo and PVC are possible cheap and efficient alternatives for biomass immobilization.

Nanocarbon-Edge-Anchored High-Density Pt Atoms for 3-nitrostyrene Hydrogenation: Strong Metal-Carbon Interaction

SummaryStrong metal-support interaction (SMSI) has been widely used to improve catalytic performance and to identify reaction mechanisms. We report that single Pt atoms anchored onto hollow nanocarbon (h-NC) edges possess strong metal-carbon interaction, which significantly modifies the catalytic behavior of the anchored Pt atoms for selective hydrogenation reactions. The strong Pt-C bonding not only stabilizes single Pt atoms but also modifies their electronic structure, tunes their adsorption properties, and enhances activation of reactants. The fabricated Pt1/h-NC single-atom catalysts (SACs) demonstrated excellent activity for hydrogenation of 3-nitrostyrene to 3-vinylaniline with a turnover number >31,000/h, 20 times higher than that of the best catalyst for such selective hydrogenation reactions reported in the literature. The strategy to strongly anchor Pt atoms by edge carbon atoms of h-NCs is general and can be extended to construct strongly anchored metal atoms, via SMSI, onto surfaces of various types of support materials to develop robust SACs.

Polyaniline–polypyrrole nanocomposites using a green and porous wood as support for supercapacitors

Wood is an ideal type of support material whose porous structure and surface functional groups are beneficial for deposition of various guest substances for different applications. In this paper, wood is employed as a porous support, combined with two kinds of conductive polymers (i.e., polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy)) using an easy and fast liquid polymerization method. Scanning electron microscope observations indicate that the PANI–PPy complex consists of nanoparticles with a size of ~20 nm. The interactions between oxygen-containing groups of the wood and the nitrogen composition of PANI–PPy were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The self-supported PANI–PPy/wood composite is capable of acting as a free-standing supercapacitor electrode, which delivers a high gravimetric specific capacitance of 360 F·g⁻¹ at 0.2 A·g⁻¹.

Investigating the behaviour of fibre reinforced polymers and steel mesh when supporting coal mine roof strata subject to buckling

To improve ground skin support in highly stressed underground mines, new types of thin spray-on liners (TSL) are currently under development to replace steel mesh. To test these products, three different types of support material were tested for their ability to resist buckling failure, a mode of failure typically experienced by strata in highly stressed mine roadways. Steel mesh, as currently used for skin support, and two types of glass fibre-reinforced polymeric TSL materials were tested and compared. One of the TSL materials FRP Y was specifically designed for coal mining application. Four hydrostone slabs, cast to promote buckling, were bolted together to mimic laminated roof strata, coated with each material and tested in compression. Test results indicated that due to the strong bond, specimens reinforced with TSL materials had greater stiffness and peak strength than specimens with no support or those supported with steel mesh. On average, the specimens supported with steel mesh were approximately 1.7 times stronger than the unsupported control specimens while the specimens supported with FRP X and FRP Y were 3.2 and 2.3 times stronger, respectively. Experiments clearly indicate that the bonding characteristics of the TSL material formed a composite layer with the rock skin thus increasing the specimen’s ability to resist rock skin failure.

Nanotechnology – Materials and Techniques for Safeguarding Cultural Heritage

The presented project aims to provide practical solutions for ceramic and paper artifacts, based on new antifungal recipes, in order to reduce the impact of biodegradation of cultural heritage artifacts. The developed recipes, specific for each type of support material (ceramic and paper), will be based on the use of soft nanomaterials, applicable in the form of xerogels or spraying. The recipes will take into consideration the interaction between the developed materials and the support materials.

A hybrid PSO–BFO evolutionary algorithm for optimization of fused deposition modelling process parameters

Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a well known 3D printing technology is widely used in various sorts of industrial applications because of its ability to manufacture complex objects in the stipulated time. However, the proper selection of input process parameters in FDM is a tedious task that directly affects the part performance. Here, in this work, the research efforts have been made to optimize the FDM process parameters in order to find out the best parameter setting as per the mechanical and surface quality perspectives by using hybrid particle swarm and bacterial foraging optimization (PSO–BFO) evolutionary algorithm. Taguchi L18 orthogonal array was used for the development of acro-nitrile butadiene styrene based 3D components by considering layer thickness, support material, model interior and orientation as a process parameters. Further, the relationships among selected FDM process parameters and output responses such as hardness, flexural modulus, tensile strength and surface roughness were established by using linear multiple regression. Then, the effects of individual process parameters on selected response parameters were examined by signal to noise ratio plots. Finally, a multi-objective optimization of process parameters has been performed with hybrid PSO–BFO, general PSO and BFO algorithm, respectively. The overall results reveal that the layer thickness of 0.007 mm, support material type sparse, part orientation of 60\({^\circ }\) and model interior of high density helps in achieving desired performance level.

A General Overview of Support Materials for Enzyme Immobilization: Characteristics, Properties, Practical Utility

In recent years, enzyme immobilization has been presented as a powerful tool for the improvement of enzyme properties such as stability and reusability. However, the type of support material used plays a crucial role in the immobilization process due to the strong effect of these materials on the properties of the produced catalytic system. A large variety of inorganic and organic as well as hybrid and composite materials may be used as stable and efficient supports for biocatalysts. This review provides a general overview of the characteristics and properties of the materials applied for enzyme immobilization. For the purposes of this literature study, support materials are divided into two main groups, called Classic and New materials. The review will be useful in selection of appropriate support materials with tailored properties for the production of highly effective biocatalytic systems for use in various processes.

The Hydroloysis of ammonia borane by using Amberlyst-15 supported catalysts for hydrogen generation

Resin catalysts have the advantage of having various properties and long lifetime due to their ability to be regenerated easily, which makes them attractive supports. In this paper, a comparative study was conducted to optimize the dehydrogenation reaction condition using two different types of support materials: alumina (Al2O3), and Amberlyst-15 and to improve the catalytic activity as well as preparing an efficient and low-cost system for practical application, ruthenium metal catalyst was incorporated on Amberlyst-15 resin (a sulfonic acid type based upon a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer) to release H2 via hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane. Using ruthenium (Ru) catalysts based on Amberlyst-15 support material and comparing the results with Al2O3 as the common supporting material is considered to be studied for the first time. The effect of temperature (20–50 °C), the initial ammonia borane concentration (0.05–0.5 %wt), and catalyst amount (0.2–0.5 g) on the produced H2 yield was also investigated. Ru@Amberlyst-15 nanoparticle was discovered to be an effective catalyst for hydrogen evolution via the hydrolysis of ammonia borane with a turnover frequency value (TOF) of 343.3 min−1, while Ru@Al2O3 yielded a TOF of 87.5 min−1 at the room temperature. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Amberlyst-15 supporting effect on ruthenium metal leads an increase in the hydrogen production rate.