Abstract
In recent years, enzyme immobilization has been presented as a powerful tool for the improvement of enzyme properties such as stability and reusability. However, the type of support material used plays a crucial role in the immobilization process due to the strong effect of these materials on the properties of the produced catalytic system. A large variety of inorganic and organic as well as hybrid and composite materials may be used as stable and efficient supports for biocatalysts. This review provides a general overview of the characteristics and properties of the materials applied for enzyme immobilization. For the purposes of this literature study, support materials are divided into two main groups, called Classic and New materials. The review will be useful in selection of appropriate support materials with tailored properties for the production of highly effective biocatalytic systems for use in various processes.
Highlights
Enzymes are well-known as highly effective and efficient catalysts of a wide variety of processes characterized by high selectivity and activity
Classic materials used for enzyme immobilization of both inorganic and organic origin have been described in the above sections
Inorganic support materials, such as inorganic oxides, minerals or carbon-based materials, are characterized mainly by good thermal and chemical stability as well as by excellent mechanical resistance. These materials are known for their good sorption properties which are a result of their well-developed porous structure and usually high surface area that ensures numerous contact sites for effective enzyme immobilization
Summary
Enzymes are well-known as highly effective and efficient catalysts of a wide variety of processes characterized by high selectivity and activity. Various immobilization techniques have been developed, including adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, encapsulation and cross-linking [7] These differ in the type and character of the interactions formed and in the form and type of the support materials used. It should be remembered that the appropriate selection of a matrix is directly related to the type of enzyme and to the process in which the biocatalytic system will be used. The latter type is currently used in materials, which offer especially desirable properties (Section 3) The latter type is currently used immobilization and allow effective enzyme binding and increase the applicability of the resulting biocatalytic systems.
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