Spark Plug Type Research Articles

PERBANDINGAN UNJUK KERJA EMPAT JENIS BUSI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CDI UNLIMITER PADA SEPEDA MOTOR BENSIN EMPAT LANGKAH

This study aims to determine how much influence the modification of the ignition on a four stroke motorbike on vehicle performance, specifically power, torque and specific fuel consumption produced by a special 125 x supra motorcycle on the replacement of spark plug components. Can know the maximum power and torque and the best value of fuel consumption produced by the motorcycle. The method used is an experimental method. Four different types of spark plugs are standard spark plugs, copper spark plugs, platinum spark plugs and iridium spark plugs. Each fuel is tested alternately via a motorcycle connected to the chassis dynamometer with eddy current brake. The testing process is by turning the gas handle from 3000 RPM engine speed to 8000 RPM engine speed. This is done to get power, torque and fuel consumption data from the motorcycle. The result of the experiment is that iridium spark plugs are the best at the highest engine power and torque. Based on testing on the iridium spark plug type dynamometer produces the highest peak power, which is 4.2 kW at 7000 RPM engine rotation speed. Then based on the ratio of torque on the type of copper and platinum spark plugs increased to 6.6 NM at 6000 RPM engine speed. Bigger than the standard 6.5 NM spark plugs at 6000 RPM engine speed and the best results at the iridium spark plugs at 6.7 NM at 6000 RPM engine speed. As for the specific fuel consumption, the best value for iridium spark plugs is at 6000 RPM engine speed which is 0.311 kg / kW.

Optimasi Penggunaan Jenis Busi, Oli, Dan Campuran Ethanol Bensin Terhadap Peningkatan Suhu Dan Jarak Tempuh Sepeda Motor 4 Langkah Dengan Metode Taguchi

This study will look for optimal results from using the type of spark plug, oil, and gasoline ethanol mixture to increase the temperature and mileage of a 4 stroke motorcycle using the Taguchi method, which this research can also be used as a reference for further researchers. The object of research in this study is a Yamaha Vega ZR 2010 modified injection system. Data collection is done directly, such as the temperature test is carried out with an engine speed of 5000 rpm with a span of 2 minutes each run, while for the mileage test using the full to full method. Based on the results of the research that has been done, the increase in temperature gets an optimal response, namely A1 (Nickel Spark Plug) SNR response (36.2803), B3 (Shell Advance Oil) SNR response (37.8012), C2 (Ethanol gasoline 75%: 25 %) SNR response (36,4388). As for the optimal response to mileage, the factors are A2 (Iridium Spark Plug) SNR response (28.5501), B2 (Federal Racing Oil) SNR response (28.5446), C3 (Ethanol Gasoline 80%:20%) SNR response (28, 5446).

THE EFFECT OF SPARK PLUG GROUND ELECTRODE ON SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PERFORMANCE

Motorcycle performance is influenced by many factors, including combustion chamber dimension, fuel characteristic, type of spark plug, spray flame, ignition timing, and the combustion chamber's cooling system to avoid incomplete combustion and knocking processes. The spark plug is an essential component of SIE. Several studies, such as spark plug gap, material type, multiple-ground Electrode, roughness, etc., have been conducted to examine the effect of spark plug modifications on the combustion process. Some previous research investigates the impact of a multiple-ground electrode spark plug in biofuel combustion. However, a study about the effect of multiple-ground electrode spark plugs on the gasoline combustion process has not been conducted. This research was conducted to determine the impact of multiple-ground electrode on Supra 125 cc performance. The data displayed in this study are power, torque, BHP, and BMEP in single, double, and triple ground electrode. The results showed that the double ground electrode spark plug produced better performance than other variations.

Effect of performance generator set 1.5 PK 4 stroke with variations in load and type of spark plugs

Energy is one of the most important needs for humans, and electricity is one of the energy needs needed to support various human activities both day and night. One source of electrical energy is obtained by using a generator as a power plant. The generator set is used as a backup when the electricity supply from PLN is cut off.Efforts to get a good performance generator set are made by improving the combustion quality to increase efficiency. Tests carried out on a four-stroke one cylinder generator capacity of 1.5 PK with variations in load and type of spark plugs are standard, platinum, and iridium, which at 3000 rpm engine speed with a load of 350, 700 and 1050 Watt pertalite fuel with a volume of 10 ml. The value of Torque and power has increased along with the increased engine load. The optimum generator performance is obtained at a load of 700 watts when using this type of platinum spark plug. The maximum engine power generated is 1,092 HP. Torque of 2.59 Nm and the lowest fuel consumption (SFC) of 0.484 kg/hp.hour.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN FERRITE BEAD DAN VARIASI JENIS BUSI TERHADAP TORSI DAN DAYA PADA SEPEDA MOTOR YAMAHA SOUL GT TAHUN 2012

<p><em>The purpose of this research was to determine: (1) The effect of Ferrite Bead on Torque and Power on the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. (2) the effect of use variations of spark plug type on Torque and Power on the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycles. (3) The effect of Ferrite Bead and variations of spark plug on Torque and Power on the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. This research is a quantitative type using experimental methods. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. The research was conducted using a DYNOJET tool. The population in this research was the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle.</em><em>From this results of the research, it can be concluded: (1) The use of Ferrite Bead can increase a Torque and Power on Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. The results without the use of Ferrite Bead produces a torque of 9,77 N.m at 4502 rpm and power of 7,23 HP at 6107 rpm, while testing using a Ferrite Bead in the middle of the spark plug wire produces a torque of 10,22 N.m at 4660 rpm and power of 7,33 HP at 5438 rpm. There was an increase in torque of 4,61% and an increase of power in 1,38 %. (2) The use of variations of the spark plugs type can increase a torque and power on Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. The highest increase in torque and power occurs in the use of Platinum spark plugs. Test result using a Standar spark plug (C7HSA) produce a torque of 9,77 N.m at 4502 rpm and power of 7,23 HP at 6107 rpm, while testing using a Platinum spark plug (CR7HGP) obtained torque of 10,21 N.m at 4650 rpm and power of 7,33 HP at 6209 rpm, and testing using a Iridium spark plug (NGK CR6HIX) obtained torque of 10,04 N.m at 4632 rpm and power of 7,27 HP at 6466 rpm. An increase in torque on the use of platinum spark plugs by 4,5 % and power by 1,38 %. While the increase in torque on the use of iridium spark plugs is 2,76 % and the power is 0,55 %. (3) Interaction of the use of Ferrite Bead and variations of spark plugs type can increase a Torque and Power on Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. The test results show the highest Torque and Power namely the use of Ferrite Bead in the middle of spark plugs wire and the use of Platinum spark plugs with a Torque value of 10,38 N.m at 4664 rpm and a power of 7,4 HP at 6294 rpm. There was an increase in torque by 6,24% and an increase in power by 2,4 % from standard conditions.</em></p>

Experimental Study of the Effect of a Non-Oxygenated Additive on Spark-Ignition Engine Performance and Pollutant Emissions

In this study, effects of adding butene, homopolymer to gasoline on the performance of a four-stroke spark ignition (SI) engine and pollutant emissions have been investigated. This additive increases the octane number of gasoline. In this research, the additive was combined with a non-leaded gasoline. Also, in addition to fuel changes and the use of additives, engine spark plugs were replaced and three types of spark plugs were used for this study. These include single electrode spark plug, dual electrode spark plug and Platinum+4 spark plug. The results of experimental tests showed that with the addition of additive to gasoline, the brake torque and braking power were increased with the use of each of the three spark plug type. The results revealed that by combining gasoline and additive, carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions were increased. On the other hand, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions from the engine were reduced. In addition, it was concluded that changing the spark plugs had slight effect on engine performance and pollutant emissions, and that the results of experimental tests using all three types of spark plugs were almost identical.

Comparison of The Use of Number and Type of Spark Plugs on One Cylinder Gasoline Machine Performance

<p class="Judul">The basic concept of a combustion motor is to convert chemical energy into heat energy and then convert it to mechanical energy. Heat energy is produced from the combustion process between a mixture of fuel and air with a pressure difference triggered by spark (flame). The objective is to determine the difference in power, torque, and average effective pressure by adding the number of spark plugs and using the standard type of spark plug and iridium on a single-cylinder engine. The engine performance testing method uses P-max to get power, while the analysis uses experimental design, the data processing method uses DOE-factorial and the Minitab application 18. Power test for a standard spark plug resulted in 7.93 HP, 0.89 kgm torque and 1207.66 kPa average effective pressure. For iridium spark plug the test produced 9.02 HP, it is 0.91 kg.m for torque and average effective pressure is 1226.32 Kpa. For two standard spark plugs, the power was 9.38 HP, torque was 0.93 kg.m, and the average effective pressure was 1269.96 kPa. Whereas the two iridium spark plugs produced 9.59 HP, 0.91 kg.m torque, and 1277.78 kPa average effective pressure.</p>

Variation of spark plug type and spark gap with hydrogen and methanol added gasoline fuel: Performance characteristics

In this study, the performance of different spark plugs was tested with varied spark gap sizes in a spark-ignited engine. Gasoline fuel was enriched with hydrogen and methanol to evaluate how much they affect the performance of the engine. The engine tests were performed with a four-stroke, single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, variable compression ratio (VCR) spark ignition engine. 1500 rpm engine speed and MBT for spark timing were applied throughout all experiments. Iridium, platinum and conventional (copper) spark plugs were tested using 3 different spark plug gaps (SPG) (0.6 mm, 0.8 mm, 1 mm). Depending on the experimental condition, hydrogen was added with 3 l/min of flow rate and methanol was used with 10% of volume fraction in the total liquid fuel. As for performance criteria, brake power (BP) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values were obtained from the test engine. According to the findings, platinum and iridium spark plugs had shown better performance than conventional spark plugs. The increment of SPG size improved the performance of the engine, too. On the other hand, despite methanol addition to gasoline fuel reduced performance, this loss could be compensated by hydrogen enrichment. Additionally, multiple linear regression (MLR) technique was applied through experimental results to obtain a linear relationship between explanatory variables (inputs) and response variables (outputs). An MLR model was set with four selected input variables (spark plug type, hydrogen flow rate, methanol ratio, and spark gap) to estimate BP and BSFC. Prediction equations showed that experimentally obtained results were in good agreement with MLR results.

Effect of Side Gapping Spark Plug on Engine Performance and Emission

Gasoline ignition system in automobiles is still one of the world's main fuel consumption today. The spark plug is one of the key features of a gasoline engine during the combustion process. The incompatibility between the width of the plug and the combustion engine fuel used causes a backfire and a knock. The spark plug gap had therefore been investigated in order to improve the engine's performance by controlling the combustion process. The main objective of this study is to analyze the effect of side gapping spark plug engine performance and emission. The selected type of spark plug being used for this study is cooper spark plug. This study has examined the parameters of side gapping spark plug gap (0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.2 mm) and of revolution per minutes RPM (1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000rpm, 3500 rpm, 4000 rpm, 4500 rpm and 5000 rpm) also the emission effect in term of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and oxygen (O2). In this test, performance and power are showed an increment of side gapping spark plug. Other than that, this study is also showed positive results where the reduction in the percentage of opacity is demonstrated. Since the result has obtained for engine performance and emission showed positive outcome, this study can be used in future and highly recommended for continue with different type of spark plug.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of a Double Spark Plug to Improve the Performances of Combustion Engines: Pressure Measurement and Plasma Investigations

The ignition sparks provided by the conventional spark plug (CSP) do not always ensure a fast and complete combustion of the hydrocarbon–air mixture. For this reason, we offer a new type of spark plug with two simultaneous discharges generated by a pulsed high voltage–power supply. First, we present results concerning geometrical and electrical characteristics of plasmas produced in air and in engine combustion chamber. A more important volume of plasma is highlighted. The larger surface of interaction of plasma with the air-to-fuel mixture promotes the initiation of a greater number of chemical reactions thus increases the rate of propagation of the combustion. In addition, for long pulse durations the energy delivered by the double spark plug (DSP) to the discharge is 20% higher, as compared to a CSP. The current rise rate is more important for the DSP, which allows better ionization of the mixture. Afterwards, we present a study of two four-strokes engines ignited by this DSP, one powered with gasoline and the second one with propane. The pressure into the cylinder, measured as a function of the crankshaft angle, allowed to compute the IMEP, COVIMEP, and PPP, for both tested engines. In the case of the gasoline engine, when the ignition and flame development conditions are difficult—a high ignition angle was considered—the DSP can offer an almost 3.5 times better operation stability (considering the coefficient of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure as main indicator) and a faster development of the combustion flame (defined by the means of the pressure peak position). A study was also performed as a function of the equivalence ratio for the propane-powered engine, which confirmed the results regarding the DSP performances obtained with the first engine. In addition, this study highlighted that for very lean mixtures, the DSP can provide a better stability in operation (COVIMEP, COVPPP) is assured even for equivalence ratios in the range of 0.65, where the use of CSPs involves misfires and very high engine vibrations.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN FERRITE BEAD DAN VARIASI JENIS BUSI TERHADAP TORSI DAN DAYA PADA SEPEDA MOTOR YAMAHA SOUL GT TAHUN 2012

<p><em>The purpose of this research was to determine: (1) The effect of Ferrite Bead on Torque and Power on the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. (2) the effect of use variations of spark plug type on Torque and Power on the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycles. (3) The effect of Ferrite Bead and variations of spark plug on Torque and Power on the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. This research is a quantitative type using experimental methods. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. The research was conducted using a DYNOJET tool. The population in this research was the Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. From this results of the research, it can be concluded: (1) The use of Ferrite Bead can increase a Torque and Power on Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. The results without the use of Ferrite Bead produces a torque of 9,77 N.m at 4502 rpm and power of 7,23 HP at 6107 rpm, while testing using a Ferrite Bead in the middle of the spark plug wire produces a torque of 10,22 N.m at 4660 rpm and power of 7,33 HP at 5438 rpm. There was an increase in torque of 4,61% and an increase of power in 1,38 %. (2) The use of variations of the spark plugs type can increase a torque and power on Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. The highest increase in torque and power occurs in the use of Platinum spark plugs. Test result using a Standar spark plug (C7HSA) produce a torque of 9,77 N.m at 4502 rpm and power of 7,23 HP at 6107 rpm, while testing using a Platinum spark plug (CR7HGP) obtained torque of 10,21 N.m at 4650 rpm and power of 7,33 HP at 6209 rpm, and testing using a Iridium spark plug (NGK CR6HIX) obtained torque of 10,04 N.m at 4632 rpm and power of 7,27 HP at 6466 rpm. An increase in torque on the use of platinum spark plugs by 4,5 % and power by 1,38 %. While the increase in torque on the use of iridium spark plugs is 2,76 % and the power is 0,55 %. (3) Interaction of the use of Ferrite Bead and variations of spark plugs type can increase a Torque and Power on Yamaha Soul GT 2012 motorcycle. The test results show the highest Torque and Power namely the use of Ferrite Bead in the middle of spark plugs wire and the use of Platinum spark plugs with a Torque value of 10,38 N.m at 4664 rpm and a power of 7,4 HP at 6294 rpm. There was an increase in torque by 6,24% and an increase in power by 2,4 % from standard conditions.</em></p>

Selection of ion sensor operating parameters in quasi-static conditions

Evaluating combustion quality using sensors that allow continuous assessment of the process is one of the modern methods of engine sensory diagnostics. The proper calibration of such systems is a task that requires many studies to determine the conditions and quantities affecting the process. The analysis of significance of quantities related to the ionization signal was carried out in the article. The magnitude of the voltage generating the electric field, the type of spark plug used, the distance of the spark plug electrodes and the dynamic factor – spark plug operating temperature – were all tested. The tests were carried out using a CNG burner (with an excess air ratio of lambda = 1) and four spark plugs. As a result of the ionization signal research, the following relationships were obtained: regarding the impact of the sensor position on the amount of generated voltage (the smaller the distance the greater the value of the signal), the effect of temperature on the sensor resistance (non-linear relationship: increase in temperature decreases resistance, with R2 = 0.9997) effect of system voltage on the ionization signal (linear relationship: voltage increase increases the ionization current signal with a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.9803). In addition, it was found that using an iridium electrode candle had the best effects on the ionization current, regardless of the electrode’s geometrical parameters.

Influence of Fuel System, Fuels Types and Spark Plug Types on CO Gas Exhaust of Motorized Vehicles

Fuel system, type of fuel and type of spark plug, are the determining variables in producing exhaust gas in motorized vehicles. Pollutants produced by motor vehicle emissions include Carbon Monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Monoxide (NOX), Hydrocarbons (HC), Lead Particles (PB), smoke and ash. These pollutants can cause interference in humans, animals, plants and other objects. The study was conducted to determine the effect of the main variables of the fuel system variables (Carburetor and EFI), type of fuel (Premium octane 88 and Pertamax octane 92) and the type of spark plugs (standard spark plugs and spark plugs Iridium) on CO gas exhaust. The test tool used to determine the value of the percentage of vehicle exhaust is a Gas Analyzer and the test vehicle used is a 4-step motorcycle. The research method uses factorial design and variable analysis using Yates's algorithm. The test results show that the effect of the fuel system is -1,272 (Carburetor), the effect of fuel type is -0,268 (Premium), and the type of spark plug is -0,018 (standard spark plug), so the most influential variable on CO gas output is the fuel system using the Carburetor.

Investigation of hydrogen usage on combustion characteristics and emissions of a spark ignition engine

In this study, initially, a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, spark ignition engine was loaded with AC engine dynamometer and a spark plug type engine transducer was used to obtain in-cylinder pressure. The test engine was operated with gasoline fuel at full load and different engine speeds (3100, 3200, 3300, 3400 and 3450 rpm). Secondly, using obtained engine performance, emission values and in-cylinder pressure, a one dimensional engine model was built and validated by an engine performance and emission analysis software (AVL-Boost). After the validation of single dimensional theoretical engine model, a comparison was made between the emission, performance and combustion (in-cylinder pressure, rate of heat release) values of operations with pure hydrogen fuel and such values of the operations with unleaded gasoline. The emissions of CO and total hydrocarbons (THC) were negligible with using hydrogen as fuel in SI engine. A dramatic increase in NOx emissions was obtained with using hydrogen as fuel. However, by using hydrogen in lean conditions, NOx emissions were taken under control by means of wide flammability limits of hydrogen.

Effects of spark plug type and ignition energy on combustion performance in an optical SI engine fueled with methane

Increasing thermal efficiency and reducing cycle-to-cycle variations are the main challenges for modern natural gas engines. In this study, the role of different spark-ignition methods in improving engine performance was investigated in an optical engine fueled with methane, and cycle-to-cycle variations and flame evolutions were addressed under lean combustion conditions. The experimental results show that there are close correlations between spark plug types and ignition energy with combustion stability: under medium ignition energy conditions, multi-claw spark plugs behave the optimal performance in combustion stability and thermal efficiency, whereas different spark plug types show almost identical capability in combustion performance under both low and high ignition energy conditions. Meanwhile, compared with spark plug types, high ignition energy has a greater influence on combustion stability improvement. Optical flame images show that the improved combustion stability is contributed by faster flame development. To identify the fundamental reasons, an empirical criterion of mass fraction burned was adopted to quantify early flame evolutions. It shows that multi-claw spark plug and high ignition energy mainly promote initial flame propagation, manifesting lower cycle-to-cycle variations in this combustion stage. The results shall give insights into the application of multi-claw spark plug and high ignition energy on the improvement of natural gas engine performance while controlling cyclic variation.

Effect of different levels of ethanol addition on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine

In this study, a four-stroke, naturally aspirated, single-cylinder, spark ignition engine was operated with neat gasoline fuel. In-cylinder pressure, performance, and emission values were obtained at full load and 2400-r/min constant engine speed. Using these values, a single-dimensional theoretical model was calibrated. A Kistler spark plug–type pressure sensor was used to obtain in-cylinder pressure. After validation of this single-dimensional theoretical model obtained by the help of a commercial engine analysis software (AVL-Boost), different levels of ethanol addition (2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) into gasoline were analyzed and compared with neat gasoline fueled conditions. According to obtained results, NO x emissions increased with incremental amount of ethanol. The CO and total hydrocarbons emissions decreased; however, they can be controlled using after-treatment systems such as three-way catalyst.

Impact of spark plug number of ground electrodes on engine stability

There are many different spark plug designs available in the market nowadays. Understanding the differences between them is beneficial in helping the engine to run properly and efficiently.In the present study, a group of four spark plugs with different number of ground electrodes were chosen to explore their impact on the engine performance and especially the combustion instability.The results showed that the amount of crossover of the ground strap, the dimensions of the ground strap and the gap width are the primary factors affecting the spark onset, flame initiation and kernel growth.The plug that performed the best was a plug with no ground electrode where the amount of heat loses was the lowest and there was no obstacles affecting the flame growth. The coefficient of variation (COV) of this spark plug type was the lowest of the four main test spark plugs.

Development of sodium leak detectors for PFBR

The 500MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is under advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam near Chennai in India. The wide and high operating temperature, highly chemically active nature of sodium and its reaction with air make the sodium instrumentation complex over the conventional instrumentation. Over the years, traditional instruments such as wire type leak detectors, spark plug type leak detectors were developed and used in different sodium systems. The redundant and diverse leak detection method calls for development of special instrumentation for sodium systems which include sodium ionization (leak) detector for detecting minute sodium leak in addition to those systems based on mutual inductance principle. For detection of sodium leak from reactor Main Vessel (MV), diverse methods are used such as miniature, remotely locatable, Mutual Inductance type Leak Detector(MILD) and specially modified spark plug type leak detector. The design of MILD is suitably modified for detecting leak in double wall pipes and Diverse Safety Rod drive Mechanism (DSRDM). Steam/water leak in steam generator produces hydrogen and leads to high pressure and temperature in the system. Rupture disc is used as a safety device which punctures itself due to sudden pressure rise. To detect the discharge of sodium and its reaction products at the downstream of the rupture disc due to bursting of the rupture disc, cross wire type leak detector has been designed, developed and tested. The selection of the leak detection system depends on the location where leak has to be detected. This paper describes the recent developments carried out in leak detector systems to meet the challenges involved in developing robust sensors for PFBR including miniaturization of leak detectors and the ability to locate or withdraw them remotely through a long guide tube with complex profile.

Development of In-cylinder Mixture Distribution Measurement Device using Flame Luminescence with Spark Plug Type Sensor

Development of In-cylinder Mixture Distribution Measurement Device using Flame Luminescence with Spark Plug Type Sensor

Design and characterization of a shock wave generator using canalized electrical discharge: Application to lithotripsy

During recent years, much work has focused on breaking urinary and biliary stones using extracorporeal shock wave devices. Up to now, in terms of fragmentation efficacy, the ‘‘electrohydraulic’’ principle is the gold standard. In an electrohydraulic shock wave generator, a plasma is created by a high-voltage electrical discharge between two underwater electrodes. This kind of shock wave generator has a significant drawback because of the large variations of pressure pulses. Moreover, the wear of the electrodes is considerable, leading to nonconstant electrical discharge conditions all along the treatment. A new method to canalize the plasma between the electrodes, using highly conductive liquid, was investigated. Based on this principle a new spark plug was designed. This paper deals with the description and the characterization of this new type of spark plug. The electrical and geometrical parameters are presented. Measurements of the focal point pressure amplitude, of the spatial pressure distribution using different voltage settings, are reported. The acoustic energy in the focal zone is computed. We show that using this principle, the wear of the electrodes has been tremendously reduced. A comparison of in vitro results with other shock wave technologies shows that this new spark plug represents a significant breakthrough in terms of stone fragmentation efficacy. This spark plug is not only useful in the medical field, but it should also be of great interest to laboratories.