Types Of Soil Management Research Articles

Controlled Traffic Farm: Fuel Demand and Carbon Emissions in Soybean Sowing

Soil compaction between crop rows can increase a machine’s performance by reducing rolling resistance and fuel demand. Controlled Traffic Farm (CTF) stands out among modern techniques for increasing agricultural sustainability because the machines continuously travel along the same path in the field, reducing plant crush and compacting the soil in the traffic line. This study evaluated fuel consumption and CO2 emissions at different CTF intensities in different soil management strategies for soybean crop. The experimental design involved randomized blocks in a split-plot scheme with four replications. The plots constituted the three types of soil management: conventional tillage, no-tillage with straw millet cover, and no-tillage with brachiária straw cover. The subplots constituted for agricultural tractors were passed over in traffic lines (2, 4, and 8 times). We evaluated agricultural tractor fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and soybean productivity. The straw cover and tractor-pass significantly affected the fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of the soybean cultivation. Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions were reduced due to the machine-pass increase, regardless of soil management. Thus, a CTF reduces rolling resistance and increases crop environmental efficiency. Bare-soil areas increased by 20.8% and 27.9% with respect to fuel consumption, compared to straw-cover systems. Brachiária straw and millet reduce CO2 emissions per hectare by 20% and 28% compared to bare soil. Lower traffic intensities (two passes) showed (13.72%) higher soybean yields (of 4.04 Mg ha−1). Investigating these effects in other types of soil and mechanized operations then becomes essential.

Insights into the abundance, expression and diversity of key denitrification genes in an ecologically managed greenhouse agricultural soil

Understanding the bacteria associated with nitrification and denitrification is crucial for comprehending the processes that lead to nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural greenhouse soils. Therefore, it is important to determine their abundance and expression to gain insight into these processes.The aim of this study was to explore the bacterial communities associated with denitrification in a greenhouse agricultural soil amended with crop residues and manure for six years. For this purpose, we proceeded to detect and quantify the genes nirK and nirS and the gene nosZ through clone library construction, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Sequence analysis based on the clone library revealed that many of the nirS or nirK genes detected were not closely related to known denitrifier bacteria, but some of the nosZ sequences were related to the genera such as Pseudomonas, Halomonas, and Marinobacter. Furthermore, the qPCR revealed a high abundance of DNA copies in nirK, 6.08 × 109 ± 1.16 × 109, while nirS and nosZ showed lower values, 9.05 × 106 ± 1.65 × 106 and 8.71 × 106 ± 1.44 × 106, respectively. However, the highest expression rate was observed for nirS (mRNA/DNA ratio = 3.10 × 10− 3), while nirK and nosZ showed 10-fold lower expression rates (4.4 × 10− 4 and 3.5 × 10− 4, respectively). The results of this work provide a preliminary overview of the diversity, abundance and expression of key genes associated with the denitrification process in this type of soil and are a starting point for further studies to understand how this type of soil management can influence the denitrification process.

Cover crop management systems improves soil quality and mitigate water erosion in tropical olive orchards

The production of olive trees in shallow soils in hillslopes requires adequate soil and water conservation systems. In this context, soil use and management besides vegetation cover contributes to better soil quality and the sustainability of the olive cultivation system. Thus, the objective was to determine the physical and chemical properties that are indicative of soil quality in areas of Dystrudepts, under different soil cover management systems in olive cultivation in tropical region. Olive tree culture field experiment was established in 2015, where soil was sampled over three years (2016, 2017 and 2021). The effect of five cover management systems were compared for each agricultural year, namely BS: bare soil in 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2021; OBS: olive trees on bare soil in 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2021; OSV: olive trees intercropped with mowed spontaneous vegetation in 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2021; OJB: olive trees intercropped with jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis L.) in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, and olive trees crowned intercropped with mowed spontaneous vegetation in 2017/2021; OMI: olive trees intercropped with millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in 2015/2016, olive trees intercropped with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) in 2015/2017 and olive trees with spontaneous vegetations treated with herbicide (Roundup) in 2017/2021. The soil quality indices (SQI) proved to be sensitive to variations in different types of soil management from the second year of assessment, regarding water erosion. OSV and OJB showed the highest SQI, while OBS showed the lowest values. The SQI demonstrated an inverse correlation with soil and water losses starting from the second year of assessment. This highlights its efficacy in assessment the effects of adopted management on soil quality in the context of water erosion. Moreover, it reinforces the importance of vegetation cover in maintaining soil fertility, resulting in increase of soil organic matter and improving the structuring of Dystrudepts. The attributes that most correlated with the SQI were soil organic matter, effective cation exchange capacity, sum of bases, geometric mean diameter of aggregates, pH and unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity. These attributes collectively provide valuable insights into soil health and water erosion susceptibility within the olive tree production system.

Modeling future carbon stock in melon cultivation agroecosystems under different climate scenarios

Intensive melon cultivation is based on conventional monoculture models that can inefficiently use natural resources, which, combined with inadequate management, contribute to climate change. The main objective of this study was to model the future carbon stock in melon cultivation agroecosystems under different climate scenarios. The study was conducted at the Bebedouro Experimental Field of Embrapa Semi-arid, Petrolina/PE, Brazil, in an area cultivated with yellow melon cv. Gladial, and eight cultivation cycles were considered. The experimental design was composed of two types of soil management (with and without tillage), two treatments using green manures consisting of 14 species with different proportions of legumes, grasses and oilseeds, and spontaneous vegetation, containing four replications divided into randomized blocks. After 70 days of development, the plants were cut and placed in the soil. Temperature and precipitation data were acquired from the BCC-CSM, MIROC5, CESM1-BGC, IPSL-CM5B-LR, and HadGEM2-AO climate models, following the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 climate scenarios. The carbon (C) stock was estimated until the year 2071 using the RothC model.

Análise multivariada como ferramenta na seleção de agroecossistemas sustentáveis de cultivo de meloeiro no Semiárido

ABSTRACT Soil management systems, including tillage and green manuring, are important for the control of nematodes and for the sustainable production. The objective was to select, through multivariate analysis, sustainable agroecosystems for yellow melon cultivated under irrigated conditions in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The long-term experiment is set up in Argissolo Vermelho- Amarelo (Ultisol) with six multifunctional agroecosystems, composed of the combination of three mixtures of cover crops (1 - 75% legumes + 25% grasses and oilseeds; 2 - 25% legumes + 75% grasses and oilseeds and 3 - spontaneous vegetation) and two types of soil management (no tillage-NT and tillage-T). The purpose was to evaluate the nutritional status of plants, soil fertility, nematode population in roots and soil, and the yield. Data were analyzed with multivariate techniques, allowing the grouping of the agroecosystems based on their similarities and complexity of functions. The incorporation of plant residues to the soil reduces nematode population, but their maintenance on the surface allows the improvement of fertility and yield, even under larger nematode populations. The agroecosystems that associate the nonincorporation of residues from cover crops with larger species diversity in composition constitute the most complex model, allowing different environmental functionalities. Thus, it is recommended not to incorporate the plant residues, planting the melon seedlings directly in the straw. However, considering that the results obtained with the non-incorporation of spontaneous vegetation were similar to those obtained with the incorporation of commercial cover crops, it is concluded that this practice is also viable and adapted to the semi-arid conditions.

The microbiome structure of decomposing plant leaves in soil depends on plant species, soil pore sizes, and soil moisture content.

Microbial communities are known as the primary decomposers of all the carbon accumulated in the soil. However, how important soil structure and its conventional or organic management, moisture content, and how different plant species impact this process are less understood. To answer these questions, we generated a soil microcosm with decomposing corn and soy leaves, as well as soil adjacent to the leaves, and compared it to control samples. We then used high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the ITS and 16S rDNA regions to characterize these microbiomes. Leaf microbiomes were the least diverse and the most even in terms of OTU richness and abundance compared to near soil and far soil, especially in their bacterial component. Microbial composition was significantly and primarily affected by niche (leaves vs. soil) but also by soil management type and plant species in the fungal microbiome, while moisture content and pore sizes were more important drivers for the bacterial communities. The pore size effect was significantly dependent on moisture content, but only in the organic management type. Overall, our results refine our understanding of the decomposition of carbon residues in the soil and the factors that influence it, which are key for environmental sustainability and for evaluating changes in ecosystem functions.

Is just considering texture enough to define compaction on the basis of soil density?

The bulk density values indicative of compaction in clayey soils correspond to a wide range of values (1.30-1.47 Mg m-3), due to the diverse types of soil management. Our hypothesis is that if we consider bulk density values within similar management groups (those that fall to the ground and those that do not fall), the values will be more accurate within each management group. Our objective in this work was to analyze using the concepts of (Yates & Cochran, 1938; Whitehead, 2002) what is a suitable statistical way of grouping these results to reach a consensus regarding a tested hypothesis, the greatest number of density values surveyed between 1977 and 2021, considered for the study of compaction in clayey Oxisols under different managements, to verify whether our hypothesis will be confirmed. We selected 1,521 studies with bulk densities in the literature, corresponding to 44 years (1977 and 2021), which were analyzed by a statistical technique that integrates the results of two or more independent studies on the same subject and combines them into a summary measure (portion forestry). From the data collected in the literature, it was possible to separate two groups of bulk density and management in clayey soils indicative of compaction: the managements that perform little or no manipulation of the soil, such as pasture and no-tillage, densities between 1.41-1.45 Mg.m-3 (average 1.43 Mg m-3), and for the others, such as conventional plowing and minimum tillage, soil densities between 1.31-1.38 Mg.m-3 (average 1.35 Mg m-3). Finally, we conclude that compaction must be analyzed considering the texture and type of soil management.

Effects of Different Types of Soil Management on Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Contents and the Stability Index of a Durum Wheat–Faba Bean Rotation under a Mediterranean Climate

Soil quality, nitrogen, and organic matter content are increasingly being researched due to their impact on the environment. We assessed the effects of different soil management practices on the distribution and accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in a durum wheat–faba bean rotation system cultivated in a Mediterranean-type area of Southern Italy, over six years. The effects of three levels of soil disturbance—conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (RT), and no tillage—(NT) on the SOC and nitrogen (N) content at soil depths of 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm were compared in a long-term experiment starting in the 2009–2010 growing season. The three soil management systems showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the surface layer (0–15 cm depth) in SOC content and total nitrogen, with the largest accumulation occurring in the conservation system (NT). In the deep layers (30–60 and 60–90 cm), however, no significant differences were found between the three tillage systems. The ascending order of the tendency to accumulate SOC and N in the soil in the 0–15 cm layer was NT > CT > RT. In addition, the C/N ratio showed a more equilibrated rate in the NT system. The conservation tillage (NT) gave the best results in terms of the physical characteristics of the soil, showing a higher stability index compared to CT and RT. Conservation tillage is therefore recommended for wheat cultivation in the dry areas of Southern Italy, due to its benefits in terms of both crop yield improvements and environmental protection.

Anthropogenic soil management performs an important role in increasing soil organic carbon content in northeastern China: A meta-analysis

The black soil region of northeastern China stores large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC), so understanding the changes of SOC content and its influencing factors is necessary for understanding the global carbon cycle. These changes, however, vary with tillage, fertilization, cropping system and other soil management methods. Synthesizing and evaluating these studies is necessary to understand the mechanism of change in SOC content and for predicting future SOC content in cropland ecosystems in this region. We therefore used a meta-analysis of 666 observations from 91 publications to clarify the effects of type of soil management (tillage, fertilization and cropping system) on SOC content. The results indicated that soil management significantly increased SOC content by 8.3% compared to the initial content. SOC content increased significantly by 16.2% with organic fertilizer (OF) and by 19.6% with organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer but decreased significantly by 3.9% without fertilization compared to the initial experiments (P < 0.05). SOC content increased significantly by 9.3% and 5.6% under conventional and deep tillage, respectively. SOC content increased significantly by 13.5% and 4.0% under crop monoculturing and crop rotation, respectively. The effect size of SOC content was significantly correlated with mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, the contents of clay and soil nutrients. The results will help us to understand the responses of SOC content to various types of soil management and to identify the most suitable soil management type in northeastern China.

Disentangling the mixed effects of soil management on microbial diversity and soil functions: A case study in vineyards

Promoting soil functioning by maintaining soil microbial diversity and activity is central for sustainable agriculture. In viticulture, soil management often includes tillage, which poses a multifaceted disturbance to the soil environment and has direct and indirect effects on soil microbial diversity and soil functioning. However, the challenge of disentangling the effects of different soil management practices on soil microbial diversity and functioning has rarely been addressed. In this study, we investigated the effects of soil management on soil bacterial and fungal diversity as well as soil functions (soil respiration and decomposition) using a balanced experimental design with four soil management types in nine vineyards in Germany. Application of structural equation modelling enabled us to investigate the causal relationships of soil disturbance, vegetation cover, and plant richness on soil properties, microbial diversity, and soil functions. We could show that soil disturbance by tillage increased bacterial diversity but decreased fungal diversity. We identified a positive effect of plant diversity on bacterial diversity. Soil respiration showed a positive response to soil disturbance, while decomposition was negatively affected in highly disturbed soils via mediated effects of vegetation removal. Our results contribute to the understanding of direct and indirect effects of vineyard soil management on soil life and aids designing targeted recommendations for agricultural soil management.

Soil Microbial Community Responses to Different Management Strategies in Almond Crop.

A comparative study of organic and conventional farming systems was conducted in almond orchards to determine the effect of management practices on their fungal and bacterial communities. Soils from two orchards under organic (OM) and conventional (CM), and nearby nonmanaged (NM) soil were analyzed and compared. Several biochemical and biological parameters were measured (soil pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, organic material, total phosphorous, total DNA, and fungal and bacterial DNA copies). Massive parallel sequencing of regions from fungal ITS rRNA and bacterial 16 S genes was carried out to characterize their diversity in the soil. We report a larger abundance of bacteria and fungi in soils under OM, with a more balanced fungi:bacteria ratio, compared to bacteria-skewed proportions under CM and NM. The fungal phylum Ascomycota corresponded to around the 75% relative abundance in the soil, whereas for bacteria, the phyla Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota and Bacteroidota integrated around 50% of their diversity. Alpha diversity was similar across practices, but beta diversity was highly clustered by soil management. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSE) identified bacterial and fungal taxa associated with each type of soil management. Analyses of fungal functional guilds revealed 3-4 times larger abundance of pathogenic fungi under CM compared to OM and NM treatments. Among them, the genus Cylindrocarpon was more abundant under CM, and Fusarium under OM.

Productivity and Quality Sugarcane Broth at Different Soil Management

The quality of sugarcane broth can be affected by soil management. In compacted soils the productivity is reduced, and the raw material is poor. This research aimed to evaluate productivity and quality of sugarcane for four soil management types: (CT) heavy harrow + light harrow; (CTI) Subsoiler + light harrow; (MT) Subsoiler and (NT) no soil movement. The variables investigated were resistance to soil penetration (SPR), the chemical raw material quality (broth) and crop yield. In crop rows, SPR did not reach severe levels up to 0.3 m for sugarcane root development. However, below this layer, MT, NT, and CTI reached SPR limiting values of 2.50, 2.35 and 1.95 MPa, respectively. In inter-crop rows, compaction was concentrated in soil surface layers (0–0.3 m). In addition, all adopted managements presented SPR above the critical value (2 MPa). The soil preparation forms qualitatively affected the sugarcane broth, showing higher fiber and protein contents in NT, MT, and CT. The PS, Brix, TRS, and Pol were not affected by soil management. Still, higher absolute values were found in the NT, indicating an increase in broth quality when applying conservation management. The highest yields were obtained by reduced tillage (MT), surpassing the lowest yield management (NT) with an increase of 10.5 Mg ha−1.

Impacto do manejo do solo nas propriedades físicas de um latossolo vermelho da região de ‘Campos de Cima da Serra’, Rio Grande do Sul

The expansion of cultivation areas, especially in the last decade, has changed the landscapes of ‘Campos de Cima in Serra’ ofRio Grande do Sul state, where livestock activity has been developing for 300 years. The introduction of silviculture, grain crops, andorchards, in addition to the cultivation of vegetables, have imposed different managements on the soils, ranging from direct planting to the use of rotary hoes. This work sought to evaluate the impact of different types of soil management on the physical properties and water infiltration capacity of a ferralsol, typical of this region of the north of Rio Grande do Sul state. The soil under the management of native grazing fields showed lower particle and bulk densities and resistance to penetration, while soil planted on garlic crops showed greater resistance to penetration, particle and bulk densities, and lower total porosity and macroporosity. The average infiltration speed was 29.2 mm∙h-1 for the native field under grazing (T1), 65.4 mm∙h-1 for planting on soybean straw (T2), and 20.0 mm∙h-1 for planting on garlic crop (T3). It was observed that intensive management, such as the use of the rotary hoe, had a considerable negative impact on the physical properties and the speed of water infiltration in the soil and, consequently, potential damage to the replenishment of underground deposits, when compared with direct planting and the native field.

Carbon storage potential and its distributions in the particle size fractions in Harran Plain, Turkey

In recent years, there has been increasing international interest in increasing and sustainably managing soil C stocks to contribute to combating climate change and support food security. In this context, determining the C storage capacity of soils and examining the distribution of soil C based on fractions is of great importance for a better understanding of C dynamics. The present study investigated the storage potential of soil organic carbon (SOC), inorganic carbon (SIC) and total carbon (TC) in 16 selected profiles, and SOC and SIC distribution in five different particle size fractions (2000-425μm, 425-150 μm, 150-106 μm, 106-75 μm, <75 μm) of the Harran plain in Turkey. The results revealed that the particle size distribution in the surface layer varied in the following order depending on soil weight: 850-250> 2000-850> 250-150> 150-75> 75 μm. The organic C content of the soils is low due to the semi-arid climate conditions. Fraction-based soil SOC distribution was in the following order: 11% at 2000-850 μm, 15% at 850-250 μm, 21% at 250-150 μm, 23% at 150-75 μm and <75 μm 30%. Organic matter fractions differed according to the particle size distribution and the applicable soil management system. Stable organic matter content was significantly related to clay content and greatly influenced by the type of soil management used.

Occurrence of epigeic groups, with emphasis on the families of beetles (Coleoptera) in various types of soil management

Occurrence of epigeic groups, with emphasis on the families of beetles (Coleoptera) in various types of soil management

Soil use in pre‐Hispanic and historical crop fields in the Guatacondo Ravine, northern Chile (2400 years BP): A geoarchaeological and paleobotanic approach

AbstractIn one of the most arid places on Earth, the Atacama Desert in northern Chile (18–21° S), pre‐Hispanic cultures developed different types of tillage and irrigation systems in the Guatacondo Ravine. Their agrarian production, based on a summer precipitation regime, enabled the formative villages of Ramaditas (2300–2600 years BP) and Guatacondo (2400–2800 years BP) to emerge, along with seasonal agriculture. Despite the insight gained into their agricultural technology, we know very little about how this type of soil management affected the soils' plant nutrient status. Thus, our main objective was to determine if the different tillage systems affected the soils' properties. We analyzed the soils and the pollen composition of different tillage systems and carried out direct radiocarbon dating (14C) of sediments. The soils' chemical properties (total nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon contents) indicate greater nutrient retention in the square bed system, associated with a higher silt content and the use of organic fertilizers. Pollen analyses show the presence of crop, weed, and riparian species. In conclusion, the analysis of ancient soils gives us valuable information about the innovations and changes implemented in ancient times in the Guatacondo Ravine.

Mapping Soil Quality in Various Land Uses as a Basis for Soil Management in Wonogiri, Indonesia

Soil quality is closely related to environment because soil is not only viewed as a growing media for plants but also encompasses various environmental and health functions. It is important to know the quality of soil in order to keep it healthy, productive, and optimally functioning. This research aims to evaluate soil quality status in various land uses and to learn the land factors that are related to soil quality. Soil quality index (SQI) represents the soil quality status. SQI will then be used as the basis for soil management. A descriptive explorative research study was carried out in the Giritontro Sub-district, Wonogiri District, Indonesia. SQI indicators were obtained from 12 existing Land Mapping Units (LMU). SQI was obtained by determining the Minimum Data Set (MDS) with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) test. Then SQI was mapped and statistically analyzed to determine the influence of land use and the determinant factors of SQI. Results showed that SQI in all area is class 3 or moderate. SQI was significantly influenced by land use. SQI in paddy field is 9.09% higher than crop fields and 2.27% higher than of plantations. Indicators which are significantly related to SQI are bulk density, porosity, cation exchange capacity, available P, available K and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The type of soil management that can be implemented to improve soil quality includes addition of organic or inorganic fertilizer and adoption of an agroforestry system.

Interactive impacts of boron and organic amendments in plant-soil microbial relationships

Water shortage and low organic carbon content in soil limit soil fertility and crop productivity. The use of desalinated seawater is increasing as an alternative source of irrigation water. However, it has a high boron (B) content that could cause toxicity in the plant-soil microbial system. Here, we evaluated the responses of the soil microbiota and lemon trees to 3 irrigation B doses (0.3, 1, and 15 mg L-1) under two types of soil management (conventional, CS; and organic, OS) in a 180-days pot experiment. High B doses promoted B accumulation in soil, reaching harmful concentrations that affected soil biodiversity. Our results suggest a close interaction between B and organic labile fractions that increased B availability in soil solution. Besides, B addition to soil impacted on microbial biomass. The bacterial community showed sensitivity to the B dose. Organic amendment did not increase B soil adsorption but it favored B plant uptake. The highest B dose had a detrimental impact on plant physiology, finally resulting lethal for the plants. Our study provides a comprehensive assessment of the microbes-plant interactions in soils irrigated with water with high B content. This will be fundamental in the design of future fertirrigation strategies.

Physical indicators after mechanical scarification in a Yellow Oxisol under no-tillage

Scarification improves soil physical conditions, resulting in suitable conditions for root growth in crops and water infiltration. This study evaluates the effects of mechanical scarification on the physical attributes of a Yellow Oxisol cultivated with soybean under no-tillage in the Savanna of Piaui state, Brazil. Three areas under soybean cultiva­tion were chosen, namely: one in the second year of cultivation under no-tillage (CS2); one cultivated for ten years under no-tillage (CS10); one area with soybeans identical to the previous one, but with scarification for a year (ESC); and a native Savana vegetation (CV), used as control. Density, macroporosity, microporosity, total poros­ity, and soil resistance to penetration at depths between 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m were evaluated. The CS area showed decreased physical indicator values compared to the other management systems. Scarification was efficient in improving soil density, total porosity, and soil resistance to penetration at depths between 0.00 and 0.20 m. CS2 and CV areas showed more favorable physical indicator values. Through multivariate analyses, it was possible to identify which physical variables correlated with each type of soil management and the effects of these managements on the physical characteristics of the soil studied.

Intensive Vegetable Production Degrades Volcanic Ash Soil in Cabintan, Ormoc City, Philippines

Long-term intensive cultivation leads to soil-related problems. This study was conducted to know the changes in physico-chemical properties of volcanic ash soil (Andisol) in Barangay Cabintan, Ormoc City, Leyte after ten years of intensive vegetable production. Five sampling sites were selected, representing fallow and intensively cultivated areas. The soils were collected and analyzed for particle size analysis (PSA), bulk density (Db), soil pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable bases potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na). The findings of the current study were compared to the results reported by the ACIAR project ten years ago. The results revealed that the soil physico-chemical properties of Andisol changed within ten years. There were significant differences in soil physicochemical properties of Andisol across sites and depths as influenced by the two types of soil management over ten years. Soil management practices influenced the nutrient supplying capacity and the physico-chemical properties of the soil. Soil texture did not vary except for sites C and E (intensively cultivated areas). The bulk density remained low while the soil pH, soil organic matter, nitrogen, and exchangeable bases decreased. However, the available phosphorus increased under intensive vegetable production. The overall results highlighted the need to employ the appropriate soil management, specifically fertilizer application. An accurate and exact combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is highly recommended in the area to obtain the desired vegetable yield.