Types Of Social Action Research Articles

Max Weber and Harriet Martineau in physical education: Nuances of historical parallelism and gender bias in the sociological method

Physical education has been constituted in a complex scenario, and despite this epistemological debate, we can find the existence of a “sociology of sport,” a relatively recent field of study dominated by names such as Karl Marx, Norbert Elias, Pierre Bourdieu, and Michel Foucault, while the name of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, the first woman sociologist, is absent of research in the “sociology of sport.” This article aims to explore two possible phenomena to explain this failure: Historical parallelism and gender bias. This research applies the bibliographic method with a descriptive approach, based on the works of Max Weber and Harriet Martineau, including supporting theoretical references. As the main result, Weber considered sociology as a science that seeks to interpretively understand social action and explain it causally in its course and effects. According to Weber, scientists must be skilled in separating judgments of reality (what is) and judgments of value (what ought to be) in scientific analysis, to pursue genuine knowledge, and he organized his sociological analysis method based on two main tools: (1) Ideal types and (2) types of social action. Temporarily before Weber, Martineau (1802 – 1876) pointed to aspects related to the observation process, and provided examples related to the different classifications of what Weber referred to as “social action.” She emphasized the need to engage with the people and groups from which one seeks to gather information, and two elements stand out: (1) The recommendation to study things, using people’s discourse as if it was a commentary on them and (2) the occasional need to distance oneself a little to have a more accurate view of the phenomenon. Martineau provided relevant indications regarding the recording of facts, previously to Weber. In conclusion, it is expected that researchers from different areas, including physical education, who employ research methods from the social sciences, field diary observations, and interviews, can appropriate what was previously produced before Max Weber, in this case, by Harriet Martineau.

Journalism as a Strategic Action Field: How to Study Contestations and Power Dynamics between Professional Journalism and Its Challengers

This paper argues the benefits of approaching the ongoing contentions and power dynamics in journalism as a strategic action field (JSAF). This meso-level, actor-centered analytical framework offers insights into how contestations in journalism are decided by the social skills of key stakeholders. JSAF distinguishes between three types of social actors (incumbents, governance units, and challengers), enables comprehension of their position and power, and explains why some actors succeed and others do not in different political and cultural contexts. It expands the traditional focus of incumbents in journalism studies by underlining the social skills of often-neglected back players in journalism (e.g., governance units such as associations, centers, and professional networks) and by foregrounding the social skills of challengers. This enables us to study challengers as strategic actors, investigating their motives, ambitions, interactions, and communicative skills to mobilize support and alliances to improve insights into who and what is contesting journalism today. The need for a JSAF approach comes from the increased contentions and conflicts between professional journalism and various peripheral actors, exemplified by the power dynamics between professional actors and alternative media.

Acknowledging the plural Weberian rationalities in clinical embryology: When moral values, habits, and/or affection prevail beyond efficiency

This paper addresses the plural forms of reasoning used by clinical embryologists when deciding the fate of the human embryos they create and manipulate in the laboratory setting through assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Our analysis draws on empirical material from in-depth interviews with 20 clinical embryologists working at public and private fertility units/clinics in Portugal. Within a bureaucratic organisation based on a high level of professional specialisation, embryologists display multiple perspectives on the criteria they use to evaluate and classify the embryo’s quality, potential and viability. Taxonomies, international guidelines and statistical data are largely used by embryologists to qualify the embryos, basing their action on an instrumental rationality (efficient means and calculated ends recognized inductively). However, beyond technical-scientific facts and theories as intellectual tools for action, some of them also mobilize alternative ethical rationalities. Namely, value-rational action based on moral valuations and legitimate rules/ends, affectual rationality governed by emotions, affects and feeling states (such as empathy with the beneficiaries), and traditional rationality based on habits and routines (embryologist’s feeling gained by experience) intervene too. Therefore, Weber’s distinctive ideal-types and theoretical contributions, namely his foundational four types of social action are relevant for rethinking professional practices within ART, especially clinical embryology.

VOT ÉTO DA! SOME REMARKS ON ASSESSMENT IN RUSSIAN

This article investigates assessment in Russian as a type of social action by using the approach to linguistic relativity where the diversity of lexicosyntactic resources available to the speakers of natural languages brings about different collateral effects to the social act of assessment. An analysis of selected samples of a Russian spoken corpus presented in this paper shows that specific lexicosyntactic resources available to the speakers of Russian, such as flexible word order and particles (e.g. da, nu, vot, to), have specific collateral effects. In addition to building agreement in assessment, these lexicosyntactic resources (i) create the context of closeness where more can be said with less overtly expressed linguistic means, and (ii) intensify the social act of assessment by making it more emotionally charged.

Actor’s Social Actions and Their Dynamics in The Social System: A Case Study of Traditional Charcoal-Making Business in The Livelihood of The Akit Community

The Akit community generally uses mangrove wood as raw material for charcoal. The purpose of this study was to analyze (a) the development of the charcoal-making business, (b) the type of social action in the Akit community's charcoal-making business, and (c) the dynamics of the charcoal-making business. This research was conducted using an ethnographic approach. The results: from the 1980s to 1994, production was initially regulated solely to meet local needs. In the era of 1995 to 2005, it experienced a high market demand for mangrove charcoal along with a flourishing business network with Malaysian toke. After 2005 the charcoal business dimmed again due to government regulations. The actors involved in the charcoal business are workers, owners of very small panglongs, and owners of small panglongs (tokes). The social action run the panglong business as an effort to meet their family needs, and thus they worked based on instrumental rationality. These charcoal-making entrepreneurs operated their businesses based on instrumental and traditional actions. The social action of the toke actor is instrumental rationality and value-oriented rationality. The dynamics of the charcoal business in the Akit community have experienced ups and downs.

‘I want to die on my own terms’: Dominant interpretative repertoires of ‘a good death’ in old age in Dutch newspapers

RationaleThere is a paucity of empirical studies exploring how death and dying in old age are actually represented and debated within the Dutch society. ObjectiveThis study examines the discourse used in Dutch newspapers on the good death and dignified dying. It analyses how different types of social actions and positions are construed, thereby describing how death and dying in old age are portrayed in newspaper media. Methods173 newspaper articles between 2010 and 2020 were selected from five Dutch national newspapers. Data were thematically coded and scrutinised for discursive patterns in order to identify interpretative repertoires and their functions. ResultsFour interpretative repertoires of good death and dying in old age were identified, all drawing on the assisted dying debate: Choice, Risk, Care, and Complexity. Each repertoire constructs a particular image of death and dying, varying from it being a personal choice; a last resort; a joint journey; to a contingent quest. The different repertoires imply distinct identities and actions. The Choice-repertoire construes older people as active subjects who autonomously determine their own death. The Risk- and Care-repertoires both construe older people primarily as passive and acted upon: either threatened by illness, decline and death; or protected and cared for by others and society. The Complexity-repertoire construes older people's situation as an object of reflection. Discussion and conclusionThe strong prevalence of the Choice-repertoire in Dutch newspapers construes good death and dignified dying in old age in a salient way, unrepresentatively highlighting assisted dying as the preferred imagined practice. It is hypothesised that reimaging the Care- and Complexity-repertoires in such a way that they construe older persons in a more active subject role could help depolarise the debate on death and dying in old age.

Как кино меняет социальную реальность: the social impact entertainment

Introduction.The article deals with the analysis of media concepts that describe, justify and reinforce the social influence of the film content. Cinema can change not only social psychology, but directly determine social action, just as advertising determines consumer behavior. Theoretical analysis. The author examines the theoretical and practical origins of the concept of “social impact entertainment”, starting with the theoretical generalizations of M. Sabido and his experience in introducing the concept of “Entertainment-Education” into the production of commercial melodramatic series. The author pays special attention to the rethinking of the Sabido methodology by the American non-profit organization Population Media Center and its modernization. She establishes a range of social problems for which the PMC methodology is effective: prevention and treatment of socially significant diseases, birth control, treatment of addictions, reduction of discriminatory behavior. The structure of the research cycle accompanying the development and distribution of media content produced according to the “social impact entertainment” model leads to a synergy of efforts of higher education, academic researchers, film business, experts and masters of the film industry. Conclusions. The author comes to the conclusion that in the conditions of hybrid media consumption, the “social impact entertainment” model goes beyond the boundaries of cinema and is applied to the development and promotion of content of all mass digital media of an entertainment nature. Documentaries, video content, computer games, streams, TV shows use direct motivation of recipients to be included in specific types of social actions. The integration of ad mechanics into the storytelling narrative of digital content solves a wide range of problems related to social engagement, from adaptation in social movement communities to overcoming fears of novelty.

Is It Polite to Hiss?: Nonverbal Sound Objects as Markers of (Im)politeness in Korean

This paper explores the politeness-related functions of an ingressive hissing-like sound that occurs frequently in Korean and which is typically transcribed as ssup. This nonverbal sound is produced by drawing air alongside the tongue or between the teeth and may appear either before the production of a turn, or during turn production. Previous studies have shown that Korean speakers produce more frequent hisses when addressing status superiors. This suggests a politeness-related function, particularly given the importance of marking social distance toward elders and superiors in Korean culture. In the current paper, we explore the pragmatic functions of these hisses in three distinct datasets (oral discourse completion task, dyad recordings, drama interactions). Our analysis shows that hisses perform four types of social actions: displaying delicacy, activity shift, word search, and conveying skepticism. Hisses occur at interactional or relational trouble spots to delay the progression of talk, while allowing the speaker to initiate or maintain their turn. They co-occur with other verbal and multimodal markers of hesitation. We thus see the underlying core meaning of hisses as being related to difficulty, uncertainty and hesitation, and the conveyance of reluctance to perform the problematic talk. The increased frequency of hisses and multimodal hesitation in interactions with status superiors shows us that speakers are trying to show more care and effort when interacting in situations where social distance exists. These results contribute toward our understanding of politeness as a multimodal and holistic phenomenon that is expressed across multiple verbal and nonverbal dimensions.

Empirical models of the structure of personal qualities of leaders: traditional type of social action M. Weber (results of applied research)

The article is devoted to the methodological foundations of the study of personal qualities of managers. In contrast to previous works devoted to the study of personal qualities of leaders, including public servants in the works of Plato, Aristotle, and M. Weber, which was shown to the empirical model of the structure of the personal qualities of leaders celebrationing, value-rational and affective types of social action (by M. Weber), this paper presents an empirical model of the structure of the personal qualities of the leaders of the traditional type of social action (by M. Weber), so the concept of Weber’s social action gets another approach to verification in practice. As well as the possibility of applying a conceptual approach to the study of traditional behavior to solve applied problems in the Keld of organization management. The following areas of sociological research of traditional behavior are distinguished. In the first part the focus in the structure of personal qualities focuses on conventional component, fidelity to “follow the habit” (by M. Weber), a conservative traits are dominant in nature, compared to those who are attuned to the radical, radical change and breaking the established order and traditions. In the second direction, the main focus in the structure of personal qualities is the following of traditions, which is equally combined with a radical attitude and a willingness to innovate. In the third direction, in the structure of personal qualities, radicalist traits dominate over conservative ones; distrust of authority, a tendency to break habits, a willingness to innovate, and a radical attitude to change are clearly manifested.

TAMAMLAYICILIK KURUMU OLARAK VAKIFLAR VE LONCALAR

In Ottoman Empire cosmology was integrated with theology in the religious orders. Temporally and socially their descent goes hand in hand with the rise of the guilds. This coexistence of vakıflar and guild explained with the ideal type method of Weber with the two different type of social coordination, which are integration and inclusion. An integration based on the community norms could be achieved by generalizing the interest of the ethical and/or ethnic leader in vakıflar. On the other hand, inclusion within an organization of an instrumental rationality is expected less from historical personalities and more from the modern legal system on the basis of the contract. Within the Ottoman Empire, the most crucial actors of the transition from a community based on vakıflar to a society based on the symbolic communication inside guilds are the ayans. Ayans would need both integration through norms and inclusion through power and money. The coordination of these two types of social action is called complementarity. Following an examination of the preconditions of modernity, the article offers a theoretical frame for these change of form on the institutional level.

Max Weber’s Way from Social Economics to Sociology

Abstract One of the most outstanding intellectual achievements in the history of classical thought in social sciences which have remained influential up until today are undoubtedly associated with the name of Max Weber. Through a detailed text analysis and a conceptual mapping of the logic of the argumentation, this paper sets out to offer a profound insight into the classical German sociologist’s approach to science, both “early” (about 1903/4) and “late” (post-1913), in terms of some fundamental matters of epistemology and methodology. The first part of this paper investigates social economics in terms of its theoretical and methodological foundations and applicability, while the second part looks at interpretive sociology from the same perspectives, with an emphasis on the differences between the two approaches. We argue that Weber’s dualist methodological attitude became explicit and dominant in his later writings. In addition, as he brought in focus the theory of social action, he not only became an explicit proponent of methodological individualism, but he also revisited and specified the logic and role of “causal explanation” and “interpretation”. Interpretive sociology no longer seeks a causal explanation for individual historical events by applying nomological knowledge, but instead commits itself to finding “causally adequate” explanation for the course and consequences of different types of social actions. Interpretation, in turn, no longer means an analysis of effects concerning the cultural significance of individual historical events in a special sense, but an interpretive understanding of various types of social actions, rational or “irrational”, directly or in a motivation-like manner. The paper concludes with a summary designed to highlight key legacies of Weber’s oeuvre that have remained valid and valuable for any analytical and empirical research in sociology.

What Are Belief Narratives? An Introduction

What Are Belief Narratives? An Introduction Ülo Valk (bio) Fluctuating Folklore Folklore and its kindred concepts have gone through substantial transformations since the early history of folkloristics in the nineteenth century. From an object-centered approach—discussing folklore as a set of cultural survivals— attention has shifted to subjects—to people whose minds, behavior, and expressivity bring folklore to life. The subjective dimension also involves reflexivity—the researcher’s critical awareness of their role in the process of making folklore through fieldwork and theorizing its results. Instead of understanding folklore as a set of textual items, it is today discussed as practice and “a type of social action” (Bronner 3). Even the living conditions of folklore have changed as the internet and new media have become its common environment, leaving it “in a constant, exhausting state of flux” and making theoretical innovations indispensable (Blank 3). Yet some strands of thought have remained persistent in the history of the discipline, for example, the observation that folklore is not made from the same substance—not like the water we drink or the air we breathe—but is an array of expressive modes and crafts, their products and effects. Along with proposing the new term “folk-lore” in 1846, William J. Thoms offered a short list of its forms (Thoms 11). Scholars all over Europe started to record its genres, some [End Page 175] of which spread transculturally, whereas others remained local. Thus, Jakob Hurt (1839–1907) in Estonia talked about distinct “sorts” of folklore, such as old songs, old tales, proverbs, riddles, place names, customs, children’s games, jokes, folk beliefs, and superstitions (85–88). When Alan Dundes outlined folklore in his seminal anthology The Study of Folklore, his sample list took more than a half a page and was incomplete, as the author noted (3). Discovering more and more vernacular terms and inventing new analytical categories to develop more elaborate maps of the field of folklore has been a persistent tendency in scholarship. Accuracy and analytical pointedness has led to multilayered systems of classification that are perhaps most useful in archiving, modeling primary study books, and in the division of labor among folklorists who often specialize in certain genres. Yet anybody who has done fieldwork or participated in folklore performances knows that uniform classification systems hardly succeed—unless the lived reality is quite robustly compressed into solid, ready-made compartments. If one considers the subtle nuances of artistic forms and the multiplicity of expressive modalities that are evoked in performance, the hybridity of folklore seems overwhelming. Folklore is constantly fluctuating, breaking the boundaries of specific types; analytical categories dissolve if we try to apply them not as conceptual tools but as containers of items. Dan Ben-Amos has addressed the problem of incongruity between ethnic genres and analytical genre categories by outlining them as “two separate systems which should relate to each other as substantive matter to abstract models” (215). What about belief narrative as a category? Is it a supplement to analytical taxonomies, a new compartment for a certain kind of story? The concept leads us to the heart of live folklore as a domain of building, transmitting, and shaping knowledge: to epistemic claims, uncertainties, suppositions, arguments and counterarguments—all that is related to belief formation in folklore as discourse and communication. Belief and Narrative Genres Belief narrative can hardly be considered as a container in which to lump together various assorted genres or stories. Rather, as a concept it aims to break the limits of existing classification systems and grasp the transgeneric dimension of folklore. The classical taxonomy of William Bascom outlines the forms of folk prose, [End Page 176] consisting of myths, legends, and folktales. As he notes, one of the distinctive features that differentiates these three genres is their relationship to belief. Folktales, according to him “are prose narratives which are regarded as fiction” (Bascom 4; emphasis in original). Myths and legends, however, are prose narratives that “are regarded as true by the narrator and his audience” (Bascom 4; emphasis in original). Bascom outlined the three as cross-cultural categories and noted that as stories spread from one society to another, “a myth or legend may be...

What Satire Does: Lessons from the English Renaissance for the Great Age of American Satire

This essay argues that satire should be defined as a rhetorical genre rather than a literary genre or mode. It begins by analyzing a little-known meta satirical poem from the English Renaissance—John Weever's The Whipping of the Satyre (1601)—in order to highlight the range of potential rhetorical consequences of satire, which include not only blame for the target but also blame for the satirist, polarization of the audience, and more satire in the way of imitation and response. It then shows that these potential rhetorical consequences are consistent across time by analyzing The Onion's coverage of mass shootings in the twenty-first-century United States. This comparison between English Renaissance satire and modern American satire suggests that satire is consistent in rhetorical rather than formal terms, and therefore that satire is less a type of art than a type of social action. Satire is a way of using creative expression to make someone or something look bad.

Marking the unexpected: The case of ba in Greek talk-in-interaction

This article examines the Greek particle ba in naturally occurring talk, adopting a conversation analytic perspective. The analysis reveals that it is systematically involved in two different types of social action, depending on prosodic variation and sequential position. Overall, ba appears as either a repair initiator expressing surprise, or a negative token in polar answers and disagreements. It is shown that these seemingly different uses are united by an indexical anchor of unexpectedness that is realized differently prosodically and adopts an either backward- or forward-looking orientation. The article gives further insight into how one's knowledge is related to one's expectations, thus contributing to a better understanding of the epistemics of (un)expectedness. It also enriches growing cross-linguistic literature on epistemic particles from a Greek perspective. Data are drawn from 40 recorded ordinary conversations included in the Corpus of Spoken Greek and 8 focus groups conducted in Greece.

Female Citizenship in Poland in the Light of Florian Znaniecki’s Ideas

The subject of this paper is the civic activity of women in the public sphere. Citizen activity is a type of social action that fosters the expansion of the public sphere, the strengthening of democracy and the emergence of civil society. These actions, on the one hand, are based on formalised rules and laws. On the other hand, they are conditioned by the cultural area in which they arise, spread and gain social acceptance. Citizen activity, therefore, is structured in organisational and institutional terms, but above all, it is shaped by habits of culture, environmental habits, symbols, habits, and other informal elements that become so persistent in the individual’s social personality that they define Type and scope of activities undertaken by it. Each community generates its own model of active citizenship or takes it from others, adjusting to its own realities or internal conditions. Citizenship patterns are influenced by many factors, among which gender is a very important socio-cultural construct. Gender citizenship arises as a result of collective gender stereotypes, that is, with regard to how different communities perceive gender based on the characteristics of the sex attributed or gendered. The views on citizen activity presented by contemporary sociologists are widely known, whereas works published on this subject in Polish by Florian Znaniecki are not. Threfore the article presents Znaniecki’s concept of the Ideas of Nation-Society under Democratic Conditions on the Example of contemporary Poland.

Accountability practices in research and publication ethics on the web. Linguistic and discursive features

With the large increase in the amount of published research being carried out throughout the world, potential is mounting for ethical practices to take a back seat in the apparent frequency of reported cases of scientific misconduct. While these cases erode the credibility of scientific research and public trust in the publication process, they often delineate accountabilities between conflicting parties and require organisational and institutional responses to good research practices based on fundamental, ethical principles of research integrity. In this paper, I explore the linguistic and discursive features of research and publication ethics in a representative corpus of misconduct cases as a genre created and maintained by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) organisation over its website. Using a combined framework of methodological perspectives from functionally-defined criteria of discourse and genre categorizations (Askehave, Swales 2001; Bhatia 2004; Swales 2004) alongside evaluation (Hunston, Thompson 2000) and stance-taking (Biber et al. 1999; Hyland 2005), this study looks at the discourse organisational structure of texts with identifiable communicative moves and associated language use to unveil the types of social actors’ relations and identities constructed through “Action”, “Representation” and “Identification” (Fairclough 2003) of the social events and practices in question via recontextualization and interdiscursivity (Bhatia 2004, 2017; Fairclough 2003; Sarangi, Brookers-Howell 2006). Linguistic and rhetorical choices made on recontextualized and representational features of text reveal how cases set the tone for accountability between the social actors (parties) involved in matters of research ethics, and how they allow the organisation to take responsibility for the integrity of their research conduct by fostering a climate of responsible practices and adjusting party accountabilities. Attending to both linguistic and discursive features, the communicative practices of the case genre authenticate the competing social relations, identities, values or interests of the parties in this kind of discourse representation, and align the institutional action, identity and values of the organisation with social norms when legitimising its commitment to create and preserve conditions for ethical principles and professional standards essential for a range of responsible practices of research publishing.

Kenoto Adat Perkawinan Suku Sabu, Kajian Sosiologi Agama dalam Tindakan Sosial Max Weber

The purpose of this study is to explain the importance of the Kenoto marriage and the noble values that exist in the kenoto marriage. The research used is qualitative research to see Kenoto as a unifying tool in the Sabu tribal community. The Kenoto Ritual in the Customs of Sabu Tribal Marriage Max Weber's Sociology of Religion Study in Social Action. The method of observation and structured interviews. The analyzed are the results of interviews and observations with Indigenous and church leaders, Religious Leaders and Marriage Couples. The results showed that the priority of the Kenoto marriage in the Sabu tribal community was very important and became the basis. Because the Kenoto Marriage shows the self-esteem of a woman. To better understand comprehensively, this analysis will provide answers through a typical understanding of Weber's social action theory, the type of social action that is suitable or used in the kenoto marriage, namely Traditional Action and Value Rationality.

РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА КН.: ZADOMOWIENIE: KONTEKSTY EMPIRYCZNE / POD RED.M. ŁUKASIUK, M. BROSZ [ДОМЕСТИКАЦИЯ: ЭМПИРИЧЕСКИЕ КОНТЕКСТЫ / ПОД РЕД.М. ЛУКАШИК, М. БРОША

В центре внимания коллектива польских социологов находится малоизученный и в отечественной, и в мировой традиции концепт доместикации как «приватизации» человеком пространства, обживания дома и выстраивания с ним эмоциональных связей. Процесс доместикации представлен в виде концентрических кругов, расходящихся от дома как наиболее обжитого пространства к иным его типам, которые человек с различной степенью уверенности и благодаря разным видам социальных действий и связей может считать своим. Дом представлен как необходимое условие чувства безопасности, гармоничной идентичности и сохранности собственного достоинства, источник любви к малой родине и преемственности межпоколенных связей и ценностей.The focus of the team of Polish sociologists is the concept of domestication, which is poorly studied in both national and world traditions, as the «privatisation» of space by a person, habitation of the house and building emotional ties with it. The process of domestication is represented in the form of concentric circles that diverge from the house as the most habitable space to other types of it, which people with different degrees of confidence and due to different types of social actions and connections can consider their own. The house is presented as a necessary condition for a sense of security, harmonious identity and self-preservation, a source of love for the small homeland and continuity of intergenerational ties and values.

The Basic Ideas for Constructing Methodological Concept of Sociality

The article discusses the crisis situation in sociology, and in connection with this, ideas are outlined aimed at constructing a methodological concept of sociality. It is noted that the crisis in sociology takes place due to the transition of sociologists to interdisciplinary research. It seems that such an interdisciplinary turn is unsafe for sociology as a scientific discipline, primarily in terms of understanding the subject and the integrity of the reality being studied. Analyzing the crisis in sociology, the author considers himself as methodologist and culturologist, setting the task to implement cultural, historical and phenomenological approaches in the social sciences. In this regard, the methodological, cultural, historical and phenomenological features of the study are characterized. They are compared with sociological ones. The sociological approach is distinguished by four characteristics: 1) assessment of sociality as well as an indication of the type of social action aimed at changing or optimizing sociality, 2) description of the mass behavior of people and the social order that determines this behavior, 3) attitude toward the study of sociality and a description of “social nature”, 4) consideration of sociality only within the framework of the modern culture (this approach is contrasted with the cultural-historical interpretation of sociality). The author agrees with these characteristics, although believes that they need to be problematized. He considers the current understandings of justice and social nature and concludes that sociality is not equal to itself, it is rather a historically determined phenomenon. In conclusion, the author outlines the stages of research and the construction of a methodological concept of sociality. The author believes since the problematization and case studies have already been carried out, the next step is the cultural and historical reconstruction of the main types of sociality (mainly, the European types).

How the Ritual of a City Holiday is changing: the Case of the Amur Tiger Day

The article explores the city holiday Amur Tiger Day in Vladivostok, which originated as a civic initiative, and later became an official event. The history of the holiday invention and the socio-cultural context of the holiday idea formation are considered, the changes in the structure and the meaning of this holiday over time are analyzed. The hypothesis is formulated that a civil initiative, representing a type of social action, can provide the creation of meanings, their preservation in a group and their transfer to newcomers only if certain strict limits or “rituals” are observed. The conducted empirical research has shown that a deviation from the established ritual results not only distorts the original idea, but also produces a more formal attitude of participants to the event. It can also become a way to solve “external” problems that are completely unrelated to the event. The obtained data make possible to conclude that there is some discrepancy between the initial aim of the holiday to form a new way of life and its nowadays perception as a matter for recreation and entertainment. The city holiday as a social action is now deritualized and this influences the citizens’ perception of the holiday and their involvement in the action.