Separate Types Research Articles

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent boundary layers developing over synthesised calcareous marine biofouling surfaces

ABSTRACT The topographical complexity and multi-scale nature of biofouling makes the use of current drag-topography correlations over regular topographical arrangements impractical. In order to address this problem, we synthesise biofouling-type surfaces of tubeworm-type populations in various percentage coverages and distributions. To acquire the resulting flow field we utilise topography-resolving direct numerical simulations. The surface synthesis is performed by an in-house surface generation/analysis package, AdRoS, in which individual biofouling organisms are used as building blocks to synthesise surfaces that resemble those found on ship hulls. Our synthesis algorithm allows for a parametric study to be performed with respect to selected parameters characterising the topography. In this work we focus on the frontal solidity, λ f , in order for its impact to the mean flow to be investigated. Results indicate that both the boundary layer growth-rate, as well as the roughness function, Δ U + , scale with the frontal solidity, λ f , in a proportional fashion, indicating the significance of the frontal solidity parameter. The organism-characteristic height, h , proves to also have a significant impact to the mean flow and even counter-act against the frontal solidity. Interestingly, typical flow separation patterns such as those found on isolated wall-mounted objects were detected, which were found to be mitigated or amplified depending on the planar, λ p , and frontal, λ f , solidity.

The Role of Formal Schooling, Literacy, and Health Knowledge in Addressing Domestic Violence Against Women in West Africa

When “education” is cited as a solution for domestic violence, different aspects of knowledge acquisition are often omitted. This study uses 2019 Demographic and Health Surveys from four West African countries (The Gambia, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone) with a combined sample size of 12,480 women and generalized ordered logit regression to examine the effects of types of knowledge (years of schooling, literacy, and health knowledge) on domestic violence (physical abuse, emotional abuse, and control issues). The results suggest that literacy has the most reliable beneficial impact on domestic violence and was consistently associated with decreased odds of abuse. However, greater findings suggest that schooling, literacy, and health knowledge function as separate types of education and that their relationships are complex and context-specific. By neglecting to see these types of knowledge as separate entities that can operate together, it is possible that mitigation strategies for domestic violence are going undiscovered.

Comparative Analyses of Dynamic Characteristics of Gas Phase Flow Field Within Different Structural Cyclone Separators

The gas phase flow field inside a cyclone separator is crucial to the particle separation process. Previous studies have paid attention to the steady-state characteristics of the gas phase flow field, while research on its dynamic characteristics remains insufficient. Meanwhile, cyclone separators often adopt different structural forms according to the process requirements, the evolution laws of the dynamic characteristics flow field within them are still not well understood. Therefore, in this study, a hot-wire anemometer (HWA) was employed to measure the instantaneous tangential velocity of the gas phase flow fields within different structural cyclone separators (cylinder type, cylinder–cone (no hopper), and cylinder–cone (with hopper)). Comparative analyses and discussions were conducted regarding the dynamic characteristic distribution rules of the flow field in the time domain and the frequency domain. The results revealed that the dimensionless tangential velocity distributions of different types of cyclone separators all conformed to the Rankine vortex structure. The instantaneous tangential velocity fluctuated with low frequency and high amplitude, and the low-frequency velocity fluctuation exhibited a transfer behavior along the radial direction. Compared with the cylinder–cone-type cyclone separator, the tangential velocity in the cylinder-type cyclone separator fluctuated more greatly, and its quasi-periodic behavior was also more obvious. The time-averaged tangential velocity, the tangential velocity fluctuation intensity (Sd), and the dominant fluctuation frequency all had obvious attenuation along the axial direction in the cylinder-type cyclone separator, while the above-mentioned parameters had no attenuation along the axial direction in cylinder–cone-type cyclone separators. Additionally, the backflow from the hopper of the cylinder–cone-type cyclone separator (with hopper) led to an increase in the instantaneous tangential velocity fluctuation intensity of the local flow field near the dust outlet, as well as the occurrence of the “double dominant frequencies” phenomenon.

Screening and evaluation of phase change absorbents by molecular polarity index: Experimental and quantum chemical calculation studies

Phase change absorbents have recently received increasing attention due to their potential to reduce the energy penalty of CO2 capture. However, its complex composition makes the prediction of phase separation performance difficult. Phase separation behavior and phase separation rate have been investigated for the amine-aqueous 5.0 M amine blends by experimental and quantum chemical calculations (including MPI, hydrogen bonds and Gibbs free energy). The different phase behaviors upon CO2 absorption were discussed and well explained by the polarity change of components and the reaction products. A defined MPI value of tertiary amines was recommended to predict the immiscible type (MPI > 10.55 Kcal/mol), phase separation type (9.00 Kcal/mol < MPI < 10.08 Kcal/mol), and miscible type (MPI < 6.74 Kcal/mol). The electron density at the critical point of hydrogen bonds and interaction region indicators were employed to visually evaluate the influence of intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds on phase separation behaviors. The results show that the presence of excessive hydrogen bonds decreased the phase separation capacity. Furthermore, the relationship between the MPI, the Gibbs free energy of the proton transfer process and the phase separation time were explored. The increase of MPI caused by the tertiary amines can enhance the stability of the final product, delay the appearance of the phase separation peak and reach a maximum phase separation time of 230 min. Therefore, this study is significant for the screening and evaluation of efficient phase change absorbents with good potential for industrial applications in CO2 capture.

The diagnosis value of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) multi-parameter imaging in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Lung cancer continues to pose a serious risk to human health. With a high mortality rate, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major type of lung cancer, making up to 85% of all cases of lung cancer. Lung adenocarcinoma (AC), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SC) are the two primary types of NSCLC. Determining the pathological type of NSCLC is important in establishing the most effective treatment method. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) multi-parameter imaging is an imaging technology that provides accurate and reliable disease diagnosis, and its uses are utilized for the combined diagnostic efficacy of AC and SC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of spectral parameters of DECT in efficacy to AC and SC, and their combined diagnostic efficacy was also analyzed. We conducted a retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data for 36 patients diagnosed with SC and 35 patients with AC. These patients underwent preoperative DECT chest scans, encompassing both arterial and venous phases, at our hospital from December 2020 to April 2022. The tumor diameter, water concentration (WC), iodine concentration (IC), normalized iodine concentration (NIC), Z effective (Zeff), and slope of the curve (K) in lesions were evaluated during two scanning phases in the two separate pathological types of lung cancers. The differences in parameters between these two types of lung cancers were statistically analyzed. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed for these parameters to distinguish between SC and AC. In a univariate analysis involving 71 lung cancer patients, the results from Zeff, IC, NIC, and K from the AC's arterial and venous phase images were more elevated than those from the SC (P < 0.05). In contrast, the WC results were lower than those from SC (P < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for multi-parameter joint prediction typing was 0.831, with a corresponding sensitivity of 63.9% and specificity of 94.3%. It is possible to distinguish between central SC and AC using the spectrum characteristics of DECT-enhanced scanning (Zeff, IC, NIC, K, WC, and tumor diameter). Diagnostic effectiveness can be greatly improved when multiple variables are included.

Glial 'omics in ischemia: Acute stroke and chronic cerebral small vessel disease.

Vascular injury and pathologies underlie common diseases including ischemic stroke and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Prior work has identified a key role for glial cells, including microglia, in the multifaceted and temporally evolving neuroimmune response to both stroke and CSVD. Transcriptional profiling has led to important advances including identification of distinct gene expression signatures in ischemia-exposed, flow cytometrically sorted microglia and more recently single cell RNA sequencing-identified microglial subpopulations or clusters. There is a reassuring degree of overlap in the results from these two distinct methodologies with both identifying a proliferative and a separate type I interferon responsive microglial element. Similar patterns were later seen using multimodal and spatial transcriptomal profiling in ischemia-exposed microglia and astrocytes. Methodological advances including enrichment of specific neuroanatomic/functional regions (such as the neurovascular unit) prior to single cell RNA sequencing has led to identification of novel cellular subtypes and generation of new credible hypotheses as to cellular function based on the enhanced cell sub-type specific gene expression patterns. A ribosomal tagging strategy focusing on the cellular translatome analyses carried out in the acute phases post stroke has revealed distinct inflammation-regulating roles for microglia and astrocytes in this setting. Early spatial transcriptomics experiments using cerebral ischemia models have identified regionally distinct microglial cell clusters in ischemic core versus penumbra. There is great potential for combination of these methods for multi-omics approaches to further elucidate glial responses in the context of both acute ischemic stroke and chronic CSVD.

DISSOCIATION, SPLITTING AND COMPARTMENTALIZATION IN TRAUMA-RELATED DISORDERS

The article is devoted to the analysis of actual scientific views and theoretical research on the participation of the phenomena of dissociation, splitting, and compartmentalization in disorders associated with mental trauma, in particular, PTSD and addictions. It is shown that the understanding of the concepts of dissociation and splitting developed in parallel and that both concepts emerged from research on trauma. Empirical studies show a clear correlation between dissociation, splitting, and compartmentalization with trauma-related disorders. However, there is considerable confusion in the differentiation of these concepts: some authors use them as synonyms, other authors consider dissociation to be a more basic process underlying splitting, and some distinguish two separate types of dissociation - separation, and compartmentalization. In this article, the concept of dissociation and splitting into separate independent phenomena is chosen, where dissociation is defined as the separation of mental processes or mental systems from consciousness, and splitting is defined as the division of consciousness itself into several independent centers of self-consciousness, with the phenomenon of compartmentalization referring to a shallow level of splitting. Both dissociation and splitting can exist in the spectrum from normal to deep pathology of the (sub)psychotic level. The article analyzes how dissociation and splitting can participate in the formation of trauma-related disorders such as PTSD and addiction. In the formation of PTSD, a part of the human psyche system associated with traumatic experiences is detached from consciousness as a result of protection from unbearable experiences (dissociation). Further, due to unsuccessful attempts to integrate the trauma, a negative self-concept with feelings of shame/guilt is formed, which splits off from the core self (splitting). As a result, a triadic structure is formed: the normative Ego-state, the split traumatic Ego-state, and the dissociated traumatic Self-state. When addiction is formed based on early trauma, a dissociated self-state exists since childhood, but while using psychoactive substances, it is integrated with a state of altered consciousness, which is why a person is experiencing a state of high, similar to a miracle. In this case, a system is formed of a normative Ego state, a dissociated traumatic Self-state, and a detached addictive Ego state, which is activated exclusively in a state of altered consciousness, and during activation, integration with the dissociated Self-state occurs. This addictive integration is the real motive for the use of this group of addictive drugs. The proposed concept can be used in the psychotherapy of trauma-related disorders as a conceptualization of cases and conceptualization of loci of therapeutic contact. Keywords: dissociation, splitting, compartmentalization, mental trauma, PTSD, addiction

Simultaneous Detection of Clenbuterol and Higenamine in Urine Samples Using Interference-Free SERS Tags Combined with Magnetic Separation.

Sports doping remains a significant challenge in competitive sports. Given that urine analysis is the standard for detecting doping, developing rapid, sensitive, accurate, and high-throughput methods for stimulant detection in urine is crucial. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tag-based immunoassays have emerged as powerful analytical tools known for their high sensitivity and specificity, holding particular promise for stimulant detection in urine samples. However, both the Raman signals of typical SERS tags and sample matrices are within the Raman fingerprint region (<1800 cm-1), which could lead to spectrum overlap, potentially reducing detection accuracy and sensitivity. By recognizing this, we designed a competitive immunoassay that integrates two types of zero-background SERS tags and magnetic separation. These innovative SERS tags exhibit distinctive Raman peaks within the Raman-silent region (1800-2800 cm-1), effectively mitigating potential spectrum overlap with background sample signals. Moreover, magnetic separation not only enhances operational simplicity but also improves the system's anti-interference capability. Using clenbuterol (CL) and higenamine (HM) as model targets, the SERS-based competitive immunoassay demonstrated sensitive detection of individual CL or HM standards, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.87 and 0.71 pg/mL, respectively. In multiplex mode, CL and HM can be simultaneously detected with LODs of 1.0 and 0.81 pg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the recovery rates in urine samples ranged from 83 to 116% (relative standard deviation, RSD ≤ 6.4%) for CL and from 82 to 103% (RSD ≤ 5.1%) for HM, further confirming the reliability of the SERS-based immunoassay for practical applications.

A cofactor-induced repressive type of transcription factor condensation can be induced by synthetic peptides to suppress tumorigenesis.

Transcriptional factors (TFs) act as key determinants of cell death and survival by differentially modulating gene expression. Here, we identified many TFs, including TEAD4, that form condensates in stressed cells. In contrast to YAP-induced transcription-activating condensates of TEAD4, we found that co-factors such as VGLL4 and RFXANK alternatively induced repressive TEAD4 condensates to trigger cell death upon glucose starvation. Focusing on VGLL4, we demonstrated that heterotypic interactions between TEAD4 and VGLL4 favor the oligomerization and assembly of large TEAD4 condensates with a nonclassical inhibitory function, i.e., causing DNA/chromatin to be aggregated and entangled, which eventually impede gene expression. Based on these findings, we engineered a peptide derived from the TEAD4-binding motif of VGLL4 to selectively induce TEAD4 repressive condensation. This "glue" peptide displayed a strong antitumor effect in genetic and xenograft mouse models of gastric cancer via inhibition of TEAD4-related gene transcription. This new type of repressive TF phase separation exemplifies how cofactors can orchestrate opposite functions of a given TF, and offers potential new antitumor strategies via artificial induction of repressive condensation.

Membrane fouling in integrated forward osmosis and membrane distillation systems – A review

With the increase in water consumption, especially by the industrial and agricultural sectors, more strategies capable of increasing the recovery and reuse of water resources have been sought. An example of technology that assists in this challenge is membrane separation processes. However, systems that use this type of separation may be limited by the phenomenon of fouling. Integrated systems such as forward osmosis (FO) with membrane distillation (MD) have several advantages, such as obtaining a high-quality permeate from raw wastewater, the constant regeneration of the draw solution, which assists in continuous operation, and the possibility of association with biological tanks that enable nutrients recovery. However, these systems face limitations related to low flux values caused by membrane fouling. Therefore, the present review seeks to study fouling in integrated FO-MD systems to understand the main challenges of applying this technology and achieving higher permeate flux values. From the most recent studies, many strategies are being evaluated, such as different membrane materials, deposition of antifouling materials on membrane surface, feed temperature, draw solution substances, concentration and temperature, use of spacers and new modules configurations. That way, the low flux from those systems may be bypassed, enabling FO-MD systems scale up.

Impact of Median Separation Facilities on Drivers’ Shy-Away Effects: Why Are Median Separation Facilities Widely Used in China?

In recent years, China has begun introducing readily installable median separation facilities into its urban road network. Although some studies have recognized the benefits of using median separation, few have investigated the effects of different types of facilities on driver behavior. This driving simulator study aims to determine whether different types of medians on urban arterial roads in China affect driving behavior, and to provide new insights for designing more effective and safer forms of median separation. A driving simulator study was conducted, with 50 participants. The scenario exactly reproduced an existing six-lane urban arterial road in China, and four different median separation types were tested: (1) double yellow line; (2) raised pavement markers; (3) reboundable traffic cylinders; (4) traffic separator railing. Their effects were statistically analyzed using data on driver eye movements, trajectories, and speeds collected from simulation tests. The results showed that the median separation facilities significantly improved drivers’ access to road information, corrected drivers’ attention, and suppressed driving speeds. Although median separation facilities can be an effective solution to the current problem of chaotic vehicular traffic on China’s urban roads, their setup still needs to be optimized. This study demonstrates the calculation method for optimal median facility setup. The resulting 1.21-m-high median facility, paired with a 1.17-m-wide median strip and a certain lane-width compression, more effectively addresses driver factors, the driving task, and the spatial right-of-way. The study’s calculations can also be used to improve other types of roads that can take a median separation facility.

RESPONSIBILITY OF MEMBERS OF SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATIONS: PECULIARITIES AND PROBLEMS OF REGULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

In the scientific literature, the understanding of the legal nature of the responsibility of members of self-regulating organizations causes conceptual discrepancies. This liability is considered as a separate type of legal liability based on civil law principles. In the laws regulating issues of self-regulation with mandatory participation, the concept of disciplinary misconduct is used, which leads to the use of the name of this responsibility as «disciplinary». Nevertheless, the special grounds for the liability of members of a self-regulating organization, the subject composition and the nature of legal relations make it possible not to identify the responsibility in question with disciplinary liability in labor and administrative law. The Law on Self-Regulation and legislative acts concerning mandatory self-regulation contain the basics of regulating liability issues, but these norms need to eliminate contradictions. In addition, it is necessary to provide for the definition of the concept of responsibility of members of self-regulating organizations and its elements (misconduct, penalties). The study of internal documents of self-regulating organizations in terms of the responsibility of their members revealed the inconsistency of the content of the documents with certain requirements of the Law on Self-Regulation. Based on the results of this work, the specifics of the responsibility of members of self-regulating organizations are noted, the features and shortcomings of the regulatory regulation of this institution in the Republic of Kazakhstan are identified, facts of violations of legal norms in law enforcement practice are revealed, and differences in the approaches of organizations to choosing the procedure for bringing to responsibility and determining liability measures are established. Solutions are proposed for the identified shortcomings. The conclusions obtained in the course of this study can be used in scientific research and legislative work.

Cyberwarfare and the challenges it poses to the international governance of armed conflict with particular reference to attribution, distinction, and self-defence.

Cyberwarfare is an emerging form of conflict in the 21st Century. Whether it is considered a domain, a field of weaponry, or capable of being a completely new and separate type of conflict, the international governing community must find a way to protect citizens from its potential damage. International Law may be able to do so, but there are plot holes in existing international law governing armed conflicts in relation to cyber, particularly in regards to the notions of attributability, distinction, and self-defence. This paper uses two case studies, the 2008 Russo-Georgian War and the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war to discuss the practical application of international law to cyberwarfare. This is an example of a contemporary form of conflict and how we must work to effectively acknowledge and address it.

An Effective Exponential Ratio and Product Type Estimator in Post-Stratification

In this paper we present a unique estimator for the population parameter under post-stratification. By segmenting the population into homogeneous subgroups, post-stratification is a widely used strategy in survey sampling that increases the accuracy of estimators. In the post-stratification scenario, this paper addressed the issue of estimating the mean of a finite population. For post- stratification, better separate ratio and product exponential type estimators are proposed. This study's primary goal is to evaluate our suggested estimators' performance against that of current estimators. We perform a thorough simulation research to assess the precision and effectiveness of our estimator. The mean squared errors and biases of the proposed estimators are obtained to the first degree of approximation. Theoretical and practical researches have demonstrated that the proposed estimators are more efficient than other estimators that were taken into consideration.

Exploring the Enhanced Zinc Storage Performance of α-MnSe Polyhedral Microspheres and H+/Zn2+ Co-Insertion Mechanism.

The newly emerged Mn-based selenides as cathodes for aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have drawn researchers' interest because of their lower electronegativity and better electronic conductivity compared with the corresponding Mn-based oxides. Nevertheless, the energy storage mechanism of Mn-based selenides still needs to be further clarified. Herein, the MnSe/Se and MnSe polyhedral microspheres are reported as cathodes for ZIBs, and the MnSe cathode achieves significantly enhanced specific capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability. In-depth kinetic analysis confirms that the MnSe cathode presents better kinetic behavior and density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify the fast diffusion kinetics of the MnSe cathode. More importantly, systematic ex situ characterizations reveal that the microstructured MnSe can exist stably during the charge-discharge process and store energy with H+/Zn2+ co-insertion mechanism, which is greatly different from the phase transformation of the nanostructured α-MnSe reported in the literature. Additionally, it is verified that the different types of separators exhibit remarkably different zinc storage performance of the MnSe cathode. This study not only offers a good guidance for developing high-performance ZIBs Mn-based cathode materials and explores the effect of separators on the zinc storage performance, but also provides new insights into the energy storage mechanism of the MnSe cathode.

Inflammation-related markers and prognosis of alpha-fetoprotein producing gastric cancer.

Inflammation-related markers including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) could reflect tumor immune microenvironment and predict prognosis of cancers. However, it had not been explored in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) producing gastric cancer (GC). To determine the predictive value of inflammation-related peripheral blood markers including as NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, SIRI and PNI in the prognosis of AFP- producing GC (AFPGC). Besides, this study would also compare the differences in tumor immune microenvironment, clinical characteristics and prognosis between AFPGC and AFP- GC patients to improve the understanding of this disease. 573 patients enrolled were retrospectively studied. They were divided into AFP+ group (AFP ≥ 20 ng/mL) and AFP- group (AFP < 20 ng/mL), comparing the levels of NLR/PLR/MLR/SII/SIRI/PNI and prognosis. In AFP+ group, the impact of NLR/PLR/MLR/SII/SIRI/PNI and their dynamic changes on prognosis were further explored. Compared with AFP- patients, AFP+ patients had higher NLR/PLR/MLR/SII/SIRI and lower PNI levels and poorer overall survival (OS). In the AFP+ group, mortality was significantly lower in the lower NLR/PLR/MLR/SII/SIRI group and higher PNI group. Moreover, the dynamic increase (NLR/PLR/MLR/SII/SIRI) or decrease (PNI) was associated with the rise of mortality within 1 year of follow-up. Compared with AFP- patients, the level of inflammation-related peripheral blood markers significantly increased in AFP+ patients, which was correlated with OS of AFP+ patients. Also, the gradual increase of SII and SIRI was associated with the risk of death within one year in AFP+ patients. AFPGC should be considered as a separate type and distinguished from AFP- GC because of the difference in tumor immune microenvironment. It requires basic experiments and large clinical samples in the future.

Digital Health Technology Use Across Socioeconomic Groups Prior to and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Panel Study.

Digital technologies have become more important in the health care sector in the past decades. This transition from conventional to digital health care has been accelerated by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which poses the risk of creating a "digital divide," inadvertently placing those who are older, economically disadvantaged, and have a lower level of education at a disadvantage. This study focuses on the influence of socioeconomic factors on the adoption of digital health technology in the Frisian population and how this relation is affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019 and 2020, a panel study was conducted on digital health in the Frisian population in the Netherlands. In the survey, the use of digital health technology was operationalized in a broad sense, going beyond the care context by also including preventative health-promoting solutions generally available on the consumer market, such as wearables and lifestyle apps. First, to assess the influence of socioeconomic factors on the total use of digital health apps, a generalized linear model was fitted with use of digital health app as the dependent variable and socioeconomic factors as between-subject factors on the 2019 data. Second, to analyze whether the use of separate health apps increased from 2019 to 2020, we conducted chi-square tests on different digital health app types. Third, to examine the influence of COVID-19 on the use of digital health apps, a generalized linear mixed model was fitted with the use of digital health apps as the dependent variable, COVID-19 as the within-subject variable, and socioeconomic factors as between-subject factors. The results indicated that prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, digital health technology use was higher in women, younger people, and those who are well educated and economically more privileged. Moreover, the percentage of people who reported using digital health technology rose from 70% (1580/2258) to 82.5% (1812/2197) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This increase was significant for all separate types of digital health technology (all P<.001). In addition, we found the interaction effects of COVID-19 with age and education attainment, indicating that the lower total use among older people and people with lower education attainment became slightly less apparent from 2019 to 2020. These findings on the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the digital divide indicated that the use of all types of digital health apps increased and that older individuals and people with a lower level of education caught up a little during COVID-19. Future research should gain more insight into this effect and examine whether it persists beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, future endeavors should focus on vulnerable groups, ensuring they receive adequate attention to guarantee access to health care, preventative health-promoting solutions, and social services.

Ionic substitutions in the Cu3TeO6 structure type and magnetic properties of “medium entropy” Cu3/2Mn1/2Co1/2Fe1/2SbO6

Cubic antiferromagnet Cu3TeO6 demonstrates interesting magnetic properties. Aimed at modification of them, we tried multiple ionic substitutions in its structure. However, single-phase materials could only be prepared with large fraction of the Jahn-Teller ions (Cu2+ and Mn3+), although formally isostructural bixbyites R2O3 (R4O6) with R = Sc, In, Tl, Sm…Lu exist with no Jahn-Teller ions. Moreover, ions having highest octahedral crystal field stabilization energy (Ni2+ and Cr3+) were found least tolerable. This points to Cu3TeO6 as a separate structure type, distinct from classical bixbyites. We report crystal structure, magnetic and thermodynamic properties of a rare single-phase multicomponent preparation, Cu3/2Mn1/2Co1/2Fe1/2SbO6. The dc magnetic studies show that the formation of the ground spin-cluster state at T = 18 K is preceded by a broad anomaly at ∼122 K. Both specific heat and ac susceptibility data rule out the long-range magnetic ordering, in contrast to closely related Cu2MSbO6 (M = Mn or Fe).

Transformation of Factors and Mechanisms of Involvement of Juveniles in Criminal Activity: Kazakhstan Experience Against the Backdrop of Foreign Practice

Abstract The purpose of the work is to identify factors influencing changes in the criminological portrait of a juvenile offender, features of its changes, as well as modern trends shaping the personality of a juvenile offender. The study gives reason to say that risk factors for involvement in criminal activity as a separate type of criminogenic factors have not undergone radical changes. The work gives reason to assume that with the development of ICT and communication at a distance, influence of the peer group and the role of hierarchy in the juvenile delinquency may be weakened. In addition, there still exist a problem associated with the lack of terminology, methods for assessing the personality of a juvenile cybercriminal, as well as the very definition of the juvenile cybercriminal concept. The results of the study can be used to develop strategies and measures to prevent and combat juvenile delinquency.

Toward monitoring submarine glacier melt using hydroacoustics: The role of timescale in the signal of bubble release.

Submarine glacier melt plays a key role in determining glacier stability and driving glacier mass loss. However, quantifying submarine melt remains challenging due to occupational hazards near glacier termini. One method that has been proposed as a low-cost long-term option for remote sensing, though remains unproven, is to use the sounds of glacier ice bubbles to study submarine melt from afar. Calculating melt rate from bubble acoustics remains complicated because different bubbles produce acoustic energy heterogeneously. This study investigates the physical factors that cause this heterogeneity. A computational method to determine time scales of acoustical excitation and acoustic energy values is proposed and utilized to analyze 203 bubble release events from glacier ice collected in Svalbard, Norway. The distributions of these variables are used to show the existence of two separate types of bubble release events. Additionally, internal pressures are determined for the subset of events with the highest acoustic energy values. No straightforward relationship between time scale of excitation and internal pressure is found. This work begins to untangle the acoustic signal of submarine glacier melt and necessitates further research into the environmental factors modulating bubble release.