Types Of Sensilla Trichodea Research Articles

Antennal morphology and sensillar ultrastructure of Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae)

The parasitoid beetle Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) is an important parasite of longicorn beetles (Cerambycidae), and has been used in China for the biological control of the Asian longicorn beetle and the Japanese pine sawyer. In this study the antennal morphology and sensillar ultrastructure of D. helophoroides were observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Two types of sensilla trichodea (Tr. 1 and Tr. 2), two types of sensilla basiconica (Ba. 1 and Ba. 2), three types of sensilla chaetica (Ch. 1, Ch. 2 and Ch. 3), and Bohm's bristles were identified according to the morphology and fine structure of each type of sensilla in both sexes. Ultrastructural studies revealed porous structures on the cuticle wall and dendritic branches in the inner lumen of Tr. 1, Tr. 2, Ba. 1, and Ba. 2, thereby suggesting chemoreceptor functions. No difference in shape, structure, sensilla distribution and typology was observed between the sexes. These structures likely have roles in the host locating and habitat searching behavior of adult D. helophoroides, and suggest future studies on the olfaction and host location behavior of D. helophoroides and other coleopteran parasitoids.

Functional structure of antennal sensilla in the myrmecophilous beetle Paussus favieri (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Paussini)

The evolution of a myrmecophilous lifestyle in beetles is often associated with morphological alterations. In particular, the antennae of all members of the myrmecophilous ground beetle tribe Paussini are greatly modified, with flagellomeres flattened or crassate, frequently reduced in number from 9 to 5 or even 1 single “antennal club”. The enhanced glandular function of the antennal club has been recently described by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy in Paussus favieri Fairmaire, 1851, where the antenna has become a complex glandular organ, supplying rewarding substances to the ants. In the present work, the antennal sensilla of P. favieri are investigated by SEM, TEM and focused ion beam (FIB/SEM) technology. Most sensilla of scape and antennal club are highly modified mechanoreceptors (i.e. multipointed, fringed, branched, brush-like, sickle-shaped), singly or grouped in tufts (“antennal symphilous organs”). These “trichomes”, here assigned to 8 different morphotypes of sensilla chaetica (Ch.1–Ch.8), show a variable number of basal pores (present also at the base of the taste sensilla Ch.9), which spread dense substances of unknown chemical composition on the seta. Although hygro-, thermo- and chemoreceptors are reduced in number as compared with non-myrmecophilous relatives, and mainly relegated to the apex of the antennal club, their diversity is comparable to that of other carabid beetles: two types of sensilla trichodea (Tr.1–Tr.2); three types of basiconica (Ba.1–Ba.3); one type of campaniformia (Ca); one type of coeloconica (Co) and one type of Böhm sensilla (Bo). Contrary to the hypothesis that Paussus species lack a Johston's organ, a non-connective chordotonal organ composed of 9 groups of scolopidia has been found inside the pedicel. A comparison between sensilla of P. favieri and those of other non-myrmecophilous and myrmecophilous ground beetle species is provided.

Distribution and morphometric studies of flagellar sensilla in Emphorini bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

The tribe Emphorini is a group of pollen-collecting solitary bees with a geographical distribution restricted to the western hemisphere. Most of the Emphorini bees collect Page 10 linepollen from a few specific plant families and display specialized behaviors for constructing their nests. Insect sensilla are the basic structural and functional units of cuticle receptors, serving mainly mechano- and chemo-receptor functions. The external morphology of the antennal sensilla has been well characterized in species of different families of Apoidea, however there is scarce information about this issue in solitary bees of the family Apidae. For a better understanding of the association between the external sensory system and several types of behaviors which emerged along the evolutionary history of bees, it is important to characterize the antennal receptors in several representative species of this tribe.The distribution of the antennal sensilla on the dorsal flagella of 18 taxa was studied in insects of both sexes, using light and scanning electron microscopy. There were six types of sensilla and setae on the antennae, which were identified as sensilla placodea, trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica, coelocapitular and ampullacea. The sensilla trichodea were classified into subtypes, A, B, C-D. Sensilla subtype A were the most abundant sensilla and were distributed over the entire antennae, while sensilla placodea and sensilla trichodea type B, showed a restricted distribution on specific areas of the flagella. We have recognized four patterns of spatial distribution of setae on dorsal flagella. Species having setae on the distal part of the flagellomeres tended to contain a low density of sensilla trichodea type A. Females showed a higher number of sensilla subtypes B and C-D than males; instead sensilla trichodea A were more abundant in males. No significant difference was found in the number of sensilla placodea, ampullacea, coeloconica and coelocapitular. Sensilla basiconica were found only in females. Our results showed that gustative and tactile sensilla were more abundant in female bees, as well as, olfactory receptors predominate in the antennal system of males. The possible coevolution of flagellar sensilla in males and females of solitary bees is discussed in light of previous reports. Patterns of distribution of setae determine the relative abundance of the types of sensilla in the flagellum.

Fine Structure and Distribution of Antennal Sensilla of Longicorn BeetlesLeptura arcuataandLeptura aethiops(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

AbstractThe longicorn beetles Leptura arcuata Panzer and Leptura aethiops Poda (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are predominant pollination beetles in Eurasia and North America. To further elucidate the mechanism of mate and host location, the type, number, and distribution of antennal sensilla of both species of the longicorn beetles were studied using scanning electron microscopy. The filiform antennae of both sexes of the both species consist of the scape, pedicel, and nine flagellomeres. Based on their morphology, three types of sensilla chaetica, one type of sensilla trichodea, four types of sensilla basiconica, and Böhm bristles were distinguished on the antennae in both sexes. No significant sexual differences in the types, numbers, and distribution of the antennal sensilla were found on the antennae, except for the number of sensilla basiconica type 2. The average number of sensilla basiconica type 2 on the antennae of the males was significant greater than that on the antennae of the females. Based on the ultrastructure we postulated that this type of sensillum on the male beetle's antennae should be responsible for the reception of the sex pheromone produced by the female beetle. The putative functions of other sensillar types also are discussed with reference to their morphology, distribution, and ultrastructure.

Lateralization in the Invertebrate Brain: Left-Right Asymmetry of Olfaction in Bumble Bee, Bombus terrestris

Brain and behavioural lateralization at the population level has been recently hypothesized to have evolved under social selective pressures as a strategy to optimize coordination among asymmetrical individuals. Evidence for this hypothesis have been collected in Hymenoptera: eusocial honey bees showed olfactory lateralization at the population level, whereas solitary mason bees only showed individual-level olfactory lateralization. Here we investigated lateralization of odour detection and learning in the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris L., an annual eusocial species of Hymenoptera. By training bumble bees on the proboscis extension reflex paradigm with only one antenna in use, we provided the very first evidence of asymmetrical performance favouring the right antenna in responding to learned odours in this species. Electroantennographic responses did not reveal significant antennal asymmetries in odour detection, whereas morphological counting of olfactory sensilla showed a predominance in the number of olfactory sensilla trichodea type A in the right antenna. The occurrence of a population level asymmetry in olfactory learning of bumble bee provides new information on the relationship between social behaviour and the evolution of population-level asymmetries in animals.

Scanning electron microscopy studies of antennal sensilla of Ooencyrtus phongi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Ooencyrtus phongi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important egg parasitoid of the litchi stink bug, Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae). Antennae of parasitic Hymenoptera are important sensory organs and play an important role in host location, host discrimination, courtship, and mating behavior. In this article, we examined the external morphology of the antennal sensilla of female and male of O. phongi using scanning electron microscopy. Twelve morphological sensillar types were recognized in both sexes, including the placoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla, two types of sensilla trichodea, and eight types of sensilla chaetica. Major differences were found between the sexes, in number, distribution, shape, structure, and size of the identified sensilla. These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of these sensilla in the host location behavior of O. phongi.

Ultrastructural Characterization of Olfactory Sensilla and Immunolocalization of Odorant Binding and Chemosensory Proteins from an Ectoparasitoid Scleroderma Guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

The three-dimensional structures of two odorant binding proteins (OBPs) and one chemosensory protein (CSP) from a polyphagous ectoparasitoid Scleroderma guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) were resolved bioinformatically. The results show that both SguaOBP1 and OBP2 are classic OBPs, whereas SguaCSP1 belongs to non-classic CSPs which are considered as the "Plus-C" CSP in this report. The structural differences between the two OBPs and between OBP and CSP are thoroughly described, and the structural and functional significance of the divergent C-terminal regions (e.g., the prolonged C-terminal region in SguaOBP2 and the additional pair of cysteines in SguaCSP1) are discussed. The immunoblot analyses with antisera raised against recombinant SguaOBP1, OBP2, and CSP1, respectively, indicate that two SguaOBPs are specific to antennae, whereas SguaCSP1, which are more abundant than OBPs and detected in both male and female wasps, expresses ubiquitously across different tissues.We also describe the ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla types in S. guani and compare them to 19 species of parasitic Hymenoptera. There are 11 types of sensilla in the flagellum and pedicel segments of antennae in both male and female wasps. Seven of them, including sensilla placodea (SP), long sensilla basiconica (LSB), sensilla coeloconica (SC), two types of double-walled wall pore sensilla (DWPS-I and DWPS-II), and two types of sensilla trichodea (ST-I and ST-II), are multiporous chemosensilla. The ultralsturctures of these sensilla are morphologically characterized. In comparison to monophagous specialists, the highly polyphagous generalist ectoparasitoids such as S. guani possess more diverse sensilla types which are likely related to their broad host ranges and complex life styles. Our immunocytochemistry study demonstrated that each of the seven sensilla immunoreacts with at least one antiserum against SguaOBP1, OBP2, and CSP1, respectively. Anti-OBP2 is specifically labeled in DWPS-II, whereas the anti-OBP1 shows a broad spectrum of immunoactivity toward four different sensilla (LSB, SP, ST-I and ST-II). On the other hand, anti-CSP1 is immunoactive toward SP, DWPS-I and SC. Interestingly, a cross co-localization pattern between SguaOBP1 and CSP1 is documented for the first time. Given that the numbers of OBPs and CSPs in many insect species greatly outnumber their antennal sensilla types, it is germane to suggest such phenomenon could be the rule rather than the exception.

Antennal morphology and sensilla ultrastructure of Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Seolytinae), an invasive forest pest in China

Dendroctonus valens LeConte, an invasive forest pest, is highly dependent on its olfactory system for activities such as host seeking, mating, oviposition and population aggregation. The antennae are the primary olfactory organs in bark beetles. We describe four morphological types of sensilla on the antenna of D. valens: (1) 3 subtypes of sensilla trichodea located at the apex and lateral surface of the club. Sensilla trichodea types 1 and 3 were innervated by 5 and 13 dendrites, respectively. Sensilla trichode type 2 was not found dendrites in a lumen, (2) sensilla chaetica found on the scape and funicle and innervated by 7 dendrites, (3) a pair of sensilla basiconica distributed primarily on the three sensory bands, each innervated by 2 dendrites at the base, and (4) one fluted cone type of grooved peg dispersed throughout the sensory bands. The possible functions of these sensilla are discussed in relation to their morphology and ultrastructure.

Sensilla on the antennae, legs and ovipositor of Spathius agrili Yang (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

To investigate the host-finding mechanisms of Spathius agrili Yang, a parasitoid of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, a highly concealed insect pest of Fraxinus spp. The morphology and ultrastructure of sensilla on the antennae and legs of both sexes and on the ovipositors and ovipositor sheaths of females were observed using SEM. Results showed that abundant sensilla trichodea (ST) are distributed on the antennae of both females and males, with the sharp trichoid with a socket at the base being the most numerous sensillum. There are 6-7 sensilla placodea on each segment of the flagellum, arranged lengthways in parallel rows. There are very few sensilla styloconica on the female antennae. The tibiae have mostly sensilla chaetica, whereas three types of ST and the relatively plentiful sensilla chaetica are present on the tarsi. Besides ST, a mass of sensilla squamiformia and small short spines are distributed on the pulvilli. Basically there are no sensilla on the female ovipositor, only steering mechanisms for drilling bark and a variety of v-shaped grooves. However, a large numbers of short sensilla chaetica and microtrichia are found on the internal surface of ovipositor sheath. The outer surface of the ovipositor sheath also has ST. In addition, a clear spring-like extension structure can be observed on the fore parts of ovipositor sheath. These findings suggest that the main function of sensilla on the antennae is olfaction, while the sensilla on legs and ovipositor sheaths are mechanoreceptors and tactile sensors.

Antennal sensory receptors of Pteromalus puparum female (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a gregarious pupal endoparasitoid of Pieris rapae

The external morphology of the antennal sensilla of Pteromalus puparum females (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is described using scanning electron microscopy. The antennae of P. puparum females are geniculate in shape, formed from a large, cylindrical scape with a basal radicel fitting into the antennal socket, a shorter, barrel-shaped pedicel and a flagellum composed of 12 subsegments. Eight morphologically distinct types of sensilla were found on the female antennae. These are: nonporous sensilla trichodea types 1 and 2, which are putative mechanosensilla, nonporous sensilla chaetica, which may function as proprioceptors, uniporous sensilla trichodea types 3 and 4, which are presumably contact chemosensilla, basiconic capitate peg sensilla, which probably function in thermo-hygro reception, multiporous sensilla trichodea, and multiporous sensilla placodea which are all presumed to be olfactory sensilla.

Morphological changes induced in the antenna of cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera : Bruchidae) after treatment with lufenuron

The effect of a chitin synthesis inhibitor (Lufenuron) on the antennal segements and their sensilla of cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus(Fabricius) was studied by using scanning electron microscope. Seven types of sensilla were recognized on both untreated and treated antennae with 9 ppm of lufenuron, including Bohm bristles (BB), two types of sensilla trichodea (ST1, ST2), sensilla chaetica (SC), two types of sensilla basiconica (SB 1, SB2) and grooved peg (GP). The functions of these sensilla were discussed in relation to their position on the antenna. Significant difference in lengths of most segments of the antennae between untreated and treated beetles was observed. A significant difference in lengths and diameters of nearly all types of sensilla was recorded. The highest increase in length of sensilla was noticed for the sensilla chaetica followed by sensilla trichodea. These types are used by insects as mechanosensory, sex pheromone and gustatory receptors that help them to make a decision to select their food and oviposition sites.

A scanning electron microscopic study on the cephalic cuticular sensillae of different larval stages of Antheraea assamensis, an indigenous silkworm species of Northeast India

Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a number of cuticular sensillae on the head of different larval stages of the "Muga" silk moth, Antheraea assamensis. These include four types of sensilla trichodea, bead-like folded sensilla, two types of sensilla basiconica, and sensory pegs. The study seems to be the first attempt in describing the morphology and distribution pattern of the cephalic cuticular sensillae of different larval stages of the silk moth Antheraea assamensis, an indigenous species of Northeast India. The possible significance of the sensillae in searching behavior of the larval stages during feeding is discussed with the help of available literature.

Morphology of Antennal Sensilla in Doeringiella Nobilis (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Abstract The distribution and morphology of antennal sensilla were investigated in females of Doeringiella (Triepeolus) nobilis (Friese) (Apidae, Epeolini) using scanning-electron microscopy. Sensilla campaniformia and three different types of sensilla trichodea were observed in the scape and pedicel. Sensilla trichodea and placodea were the most abundant types in all the flagellomeres. Variability in terms of length was observed in sensilla trichodea and to a lesser extent in sensilla basiconica, allowing further classification of these cuticular structures into types. Sensilla ampullacea, coeloconica and coelocapitula displayed a similar morphology to that reported for other hymenopterans. A previously unknown type of sensilla basiconica was observed in flagellomere nine.

Candidate pheromone receptors provide the basis for the response of distinct antennal neurons to pheromonal compounds

Males of the moth species Heliothis virescens are able to detect the female-released pheromone with remarkable sensitivity and specificity, distinguishing between highly related pheromonal compounds. In the past, electrophysiological studies succeeded in assigning sensory hairs to identified compounds revealing three functional types of long sensilla trichodea housing neurons specifically responding to distinct semiochemicals. The specific responsiveness implies that the sensory neurons express different receptor types tuned to pheromone components. In this study we demonstrate that heterologously expressed candidate pheromone receptors from Heliothis responded to several pheromonal compounds, including the major sex-pheromone component Z-11-hexadecenal indicating a limited specificity of each receptor type. Nonetheless, based on functional analysis and in situ hybridization studies the analysed receptor types could tentatively be assigned to types of long sensilla trichodea, containing the pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) HvirPBP1 and HvirPBP2 in the sensillum lymph. Substituting organic solvent with PBPs to solubilize the hydrophobic pheromone compounds in functional assays revealed an increase in sensitivity and especially specificity. It was found that in the presence of HvirPBP2, cells expressing the receptor type HR13 specifically responded to the main component of the sex pheromone blend only. The data provide further evidence that a combination of a distinct receptor type and binding protein underlie the specific response observed in the detection of a pheromone component in vivo.

Antennal structure and oviposition behavior of thePlutella xylostella specialist parasitoid:Cotesia plutellae

Although several species of the genus Cotesia are used in biological control programs against insect caterpillars throughout the world, little is known of their oviposition behavior. We describe here the types and distribution of antennal sensilla in Cotesia plutellae, a larval parasitoid of Plutella xylostella, and we analyze its oviposition behavior. Seven types of sensilla were found on both males and females. Only sensilla trichodea type II, with a putative contact chemoreceptive function, was significantly more abundant in females than in males, and its morphology and position on antennomeres were linked to the antennation behavior used by females during host search. We conclude that gustatory stimulus following antennal contact is probably the key stimulus inducing oviposition behavior. The sensilla type assumed to be implied in oviposition behavior was present in C. plutellae but not in two closely related species (C. glomerata and C. rubecula), which is discussed.

Flagellar sensilla of Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock (Rhynchota: Diaspididae) male

The flagellar sensory structures of Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock (Rhynchota: Diaspididae) male have been investigated, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Five categories of sensilla have been identified: three types of sensilla trichodea, a sensillum coeloconicum and a sensillum basiconicum. The possible function of sensilla is discussed, considering their location, morphology and ultrastructure. No gustatory sensilla have been detected. All the setae (sensilla trichodea) present on the flagellomeres, except for the three ‘knobbed’ ones that are mechanosensilla, are cuticular components of olfactory structures. These olfactory sensilla are of two distinct types, having fluted or smooth hairs; furthermore, the fluted ones present different typologies for a varied number of dendrites. They are conceivably used for perceiving female sexual pheromone. It might be that each of the different components of the female sexual pheromone is perceived by a specific sensillum. Two types of supposed thermo-hygroreceptors have been found, one sensillum coeloconicum and two sensilla basiconica.

CLASSIFICATION, NATURAL HISTORY, AND EVOLUTION OF THE EPIPHLOEINAE (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE). PART II. THE GENERA CHAETOPHLOEUS OPITZ AND PLOCAMOCERA SPINOLA

This study deals with the sister genera Chaetophloeus, new genus and Plocamocera Spinola of the checkered beetle subfamily Epiphloeinae. Chaetophloeus is monotypic and is described on the basis of C. hispidus, new species. Plocamocera is revised to include 35 species as follows: P. castanea, new species; P. pupula, new species; P. jayhawkalis, new species; P. confrater Kuwert; P. procera, new species; P. aliguantula, new species; P. minima, new species; P. manausensis, new species; P. coactilis, new species; P. sericella Spinola; P. auratilis, new species; P. argentea, new species; P. lucis, new species; P. sesquipedalis, new species; P. salasis, new species; P. iota, new species; P. prolixa, new species; P. quadrula, new species; P. baria, new species; P. aura, new species; P. buenavista, new species; P. taruma, new species; P. aspera, new species; P. paris, new species; P. bispina, new species; P. onorei, new species; P. carnegei, new species; P. santa, new species; P. sericellopsis, new species; P. insula, new species; P. ambra, new species; P. similis, new species; P. bolivari, new species; and P. selva, new species. A neotype is selected for P. sericella Spinola. Lectotypes are designated for P. confrater Kuwert and P. byssinus Erichson (junior synonym of P. sericella Spinola). Five new synonymies are recognized, they are P. confrater var similis Kuwert (junior synonym of P. confrater Kuwert), P. confrater var. sericelloides Kuwert (junior synonym of P. confrater Kuwert), P. impressicollis Pic (junior synonym of P. confrater Kuwert), Epiphloeus byssinus Erichson (junior synonym of P. sericella Spinola), and P. latefasciata Pic (junior synonym of P. sericella Spinola).Plocamocerans are diurnal, but are considerably active at night, highly cryptic on bark, when disturbed conduct flylike escape behavior, and are predators of lignicolous insects. The morphology of integumentary sensilla on the antenna, pronotum, and elytra are described, and SEM photographs of them is provided. Described for the first time are four types of antennal sensilla (one type of sensilla trichodea, two types of sensilla chaetica, and one type of sensilla basiconica), four pronotal trichobothria, and three types of pronotal sensilla trichodea, and on the elytra of Plocamocera confrater Kuwert eight trichobothria and two types of sensilla trichodea. It is postulated that filamentous sensilla trichodea on the antenna serve to perceive volatile tree trunk chemicals and/or aggregate pheromones of prey bark beetles. The study includes a review of trichobothrial function and distribution among insects. Morphological analysis is extended to include structure of the internal reproductive organs of some plocamoceran species. Also included are a discourse on species-level discontinuities; discussion of the specimen-study methods; methods for phylogenetic analysis; a treatise of evolutionary relationships based on Hennigian principles implemented in a data base analysis involving Farris's Hennig 86 which produced a computer-based phylogeny involving genera, species groups, and species; a list of specimen repositories (with e-mail addresses); key to species groups and species; table of character-state analysis; four color photographs; 20 SEM photographs; a total of 219 illustrations; 12 distribution maps; and one diagram of phylogeny that depicts a hypothesis of inter-and intrageneric evolutionary relationships. The 35 plocamoceran species are categorized into six species groups whose combined distribution extends from southern Mexico to southern Brazil. The members of the confrater and coactilis species groups are superficially very similar; their aedeagal structure and shape of antennomeres must be examined in detail for credible identifications at the species level. The sister group relationship between Chaetophloeus and Plocamocera is supported by the following four synapomorphies, they are pedicel very large, aedeagus lanceolate, male accessory glands reduce

Antennal sensilla of the ground beetle Bembidion properans Steph. (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The arrangement of antennal sensilla was studied in female and male ground beetles Bembidion properans Steph. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) using scanning electron microscopy. The filiform antennae, 1.8–1.9mm in length, consist of the scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres. In both sexes, three types of sensilla chaetica, two types of sensilla trichodea, six types of sensilla basiconica, one type of sensilla coeloconica and one type of sensilla campaniformia were distinguished. The possible function of the sensilla is discussed and three types of sensilla are considered olfactory, sensilla trichodea type 2 and sensilla basiconica types 1 and 2. Olfactory sensilla form dorsal and/or ventral sensillar fields on the flagellomeres and occur sparsely or not at all outside these areas. No sexual differences in the types, number and distribution of antennal sensilla were found.

Antennal sensilla of the queen, half-queen and worker of the Egyptian honey bee, Apis mellifera lamarckii

SUMMARYThe number and distribution of the various types of antennal sensilla of queens, half-queens and workers of Apis mellifera lamarckii were examined. Sensilla placodea (SP), sensilla ampullacea (SA), sensilla coeloconica (SC), sensilla campaniformia (SCF), sensilla basiconica (SB) and sensilla trichodea (ST) (types A, B1+B2 and C+D) were observed on flagella of the three female types of bee. Queens and half-queens had similar numbers of most types of sensilla; queens had fewer SC and more ST types C+D. The numbers of SCF and SC varied most among bee types. The total number of ST type B, ST type A and SB showed greatest weights in discrimination analysis of the three types of flagella. Three well-separated groups representing the three types of flagella were obtained by using discriminant analysis.

Antennal sensilla of the ground beetle Bembidion lampros Hbst (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

AbstractAntennal sensilla typology, number and distribution pattern were studied in the ground beetle Bembidion lampros Hbst (Coleoptera, Carabidae) using scanning electron microscopy. The 1.6–1.8 mm long filiform antennae of both sexes consist of the scape, pedicel and of the flagellum composed of nine flagellomeres. In both sexes, three types of sensilla chaetica, two types of sensilla trichodea, five types of sensilla basiconica, one type of sensilla coeloconica, one type of sensilla campaniformia and Böhm sensilla were distinguished. The possible function of the sensilla was discussed and three types of sensilla were considered as olfactory, sensilla trichodea type 2 and sensilla basiconica types 1 and 2. Olfactory sensilla occupy dorsal and/or ventral areas of the flagellomeres and occur sparsely (sensilla basiconica type 1) or not at all (sensilla basiconica type 2 and sensilla trichodea type 2) outside these areas. No remarkable sexual differences in the types, numbers and distribution of antennal sensilla were found.