Types Of Semantic Relations Research Articles

Relasi Makna dalam Lirik Lagu Lagu Karya Maher Zain (Kajian Semantik)

This research discusses the relationship of meaning in the lyrics of Maher Zain's songs through a semantic approach. The background of this research lies in the importance of understanding the connection between words and their meanings in song lyrics to gain a deeper understanding of language nuances and how language is used in different contexts. The aim of this research is to analyze the semantic relationships in Maher Zain's song lyrics and provide examples of these semantic relationships in the lyrics. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative research, employing an observational method with documentation techniques. The research findings indicate various types of semantic relationships in Maher Zain's song lyrics, such as synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and hyponyms. Additionally, this research also discusses the analysis of semantic relationships in the lyrics, particularly the presence of polysemy or multiple meanings in certain words. The implications of this research underscore the importance of understanding the semantic relationships in song lyrics to gain a deeper understanding of the message and themes of the songs.

The role of culture and semantic organization in working memory updating

ABSTRACT Westerners tend to relate items in a categorical manner, whereas Easterners focus more on functional relationships. The present study extended research on semantic organization in long-term memory to working memory. First, Americans’ and Turks’ preferences for categorical versus functional relationships were tested. Second, working memory interference was assessed using a 2-back working memory paradigm in which lure items were categorically and functionally related to targets. Next, a mediation model tested direct effects of culture and semantic organization on working memory task behaviour, and the indirect effect, whether semantic organization mediated the relationship between culture and working memory interference. Whereas Americans had slower response times to correctly rejecting functional lures compared to categorical lures, conditions did not differ for Turks. However, semantic organization did not mediate cultural difference in working memory interference. Across cultures, there was evidence that semantic organization affected working memory errors, with individuals who endorsed categorical more than functional pairings committing more categorical than functional errors on the 2-back task. Results align with prior research suggesting individual differences in use of different types of semantic relationships, and further that literature by indicating effects on interference in working memory. However, these individual differences may not be culture-dependent.

СОМАТИЗМЫ В ЯЗЫКОВОМ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ МИРА (на материале русского и чувашского языков)

The authors analyze in a comparative way Russian and Chuvash words and phraseological units that make up the lexical category “somatisms” in the Russian and Chuvash linguistic world view. Within the framework of this lexical category, the somatisms “head”, “heart”, “arm”, “shoulder”, “elbow”, “finger”, “nail”, “eyes”, “nose”, “ears”, “tongue”, “lip”, “tooth”, “neck”, “back of the head”, “back”, “guts”, “liver”, “leg” are considered. The study is carried out on the material of lexicographic and folklore sources. The lexemes that make up the lexical category “somatisms” are for the first time comprehensively analyzed in a comparative aspect in the context of national cultural traditions as elements of the cultural code of an ethnic group. In the course of the research, we used such methods as dictionary definition analysis, distributive analysis, cluster analysis, conceptual analysis, and the comparative method. Comparative study of lexical semantics of somaticisms in the Russian and Chuvash languages reveals the following main types of relations: equivalence, intersection, divergence and lacunarity. Of the four identified types of semantic relations, equivalence and intersection prevail. The results of the undertaken analysis are intended to contribute to the further study of the national and cultural features of the linguistic modeling of the world.

Nominativus absolutus в истории русского языка

The article examines the structure, semantics, and functions of the nominativus absolutus structure, which is a predicative unit with the participial predicate having the subject of its own. The relevance of the work is explained by inconsistency in interpretation of the genesis, structural features and functions of this structure in the linguistic literature. The purpose of the article is to identify indicators of the grammatical dependence of nominativus absolutus on the verbal part, to prove its originality, to determine the dynamics of use, stylistic marking, and reasons for elimination. The article used the method of continuous sampling, descriptive, comparative historical and comparative typological methods. It has been proved that, despite the high degree of predicativity of the participle in this construction, it remains grammatically dependent on the verbal part. The markers of this dependency are revealed: the identity or co-reference of the subjects in nominativus absolutus and the verbal part; one subject denotes the whole, while the other nominates its part; the subject of one part represents a subject, while in the other part it is an object; the subject in nominativus absolutus possesses the item nominated in the verbal part. The constructive variety of the analyzed clause is investigated, the types of semantic relations between the subject in nominativus absolutus and the main part are characterized. The application of quantitative data analysis has enabled the author to study the dynamics of nominativus absolutus functioning in the written records of the 11 th – 17 th centuries, taking into account the development of the simple sentence structure and the category of a subordinate clause. The reasons for nominativus absolutus elimination are determined.

Topological properties and organizing principles of semantic networks

Interpreting natural language is an increasingly important task in computer algorithms due to the growing availability of unstructured textual data. Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications rely on semantic networks for structured knowledge representation. The fundamental properties of semantic networks must be taken into account when designing NLP algorithms, yet they remain to be structurally investigated. We study the properties of semantic networks from ConceptNet, defined by 7 semantic relations from 11 different languages. We find that semantic networks have universal basic properties: they are sparse, highly clustered, and many exhibit power-law degree distributions. Our findings show that the majority of the considered networks are scale-free. Some networks exhibit language-specific properties determined by grammatical rules, for example networks from highly inflected languages, such as e.g. Latin, German, French and Spanish, show peaks in the degree distribution that deviate from a power law. We find that depending on the semantic relation type and the language, the link formation in semantic networks is guided by different principles. In some networks the connections are similarity-based, while in others the connections are more complementarity-based. Finally, we demonstrate how knowledge of similarity and complementarity in semantic networks can improve NLP algorithms in missing link inference.

Synonyms Analysis in Economic News about the Inflation Crisis in CNN Arabic Online Media

This study aims to describe, understand, analyze, and discover the types of synonyms and collect synonyms in economic news about inflation on CNN Arabic online media. The research object used is synonyms containing phrases, words, and the number of sentences that indicate the means of word relations in synonyms. The qualitative descriptive method is the method used in this study. The data collection technique in this study was the library method. The data source was taken from Arabic-language online media, namely CNN Arabic. The results of this study indicate that a total of 43 synonyms were found with details: the type of perfect synonymy (الترادف الكامل), there are ten synonyms, the type of near synonymy (شبه الترادف) there are 12 synonyms, the type of semantic relation (التقارب الدلالي) there are ten synonyms, synonyms, types of التفاوت في الخصوص there are as many as two synonyms, types of التفاوت في القوة there are as many as four synonyms, types of التفاوت في الملامح there are as many as five synonyms, and 0 for types of التفاوت في العموم.

Colour Name ‘Shkhue’ in Adyghe Linguistic Culture: Etymology, Internal Form, Semantics

The etymological and historical-semasiological analysis of the word ‘shkhue’, the designation of one of the most significant sacred flowers in the Adyghe linguoculture, has been carried out. The analysis of this linguistic unit is accompanied by a study of the semantic development and word-formation relations of single-root words grouped around the main generating base, represented by the root word ‘shkhue’, in the modern language. The purpose of the study is to research the historical and semantic development of the color lexeme ‘shkhue’in the Adyghe linguistic culture. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the genesis and further development of the word is reconstructed, which is at the head of the systemic semantic and word-formation relations between linguistic units united by genetic kinship. In the course of the study of cognate words, not only the type of semantic relations, but the possibilities of maintaining or breaking (full or partial) semantic links are studied. Results: Based on the analysis of texts and dictionaries, language units that form a nest with a ‘shkhue’ top were collected. The chain of semantic transitions in this group of nominations is restored. The internal form of derived units is clarified. The originality of metaphors is commented. It has been established that the continuants of this nest implement semantic models that are characterized by seriality and regularity. On the basis of color naming, other color naming conventions of a wide range (all shades of the changing color of the sky), the names of birds as inhabitants of the sky (or by the color of their plumage), animals by coat color, as well as designations from the sphere of magic and traditional medicine (drugs, poison), and finally, words denoting fear, blurred perception, etc.

The serial verb construction in Tujia

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive description of the serial verb construction (henceforth SVC) in Tujia. It shows that serial verbs or verb phrases in Tujia are linked by the particle lie 55. lie 55 does not contribute any semantic content to the construction, but only functions as a linking particle. lie 55 is not used for any other purpose in any other structure. SVCs in Tujia can be classified into two types: non-symmetric and symmetric, depending on argument sharing. Symmetric SVCs can be further divided into three types according to how the arguments of the verb are shared: those which share both agents and patients, those which share only agents and those which do not share any arguments. SVCs in Tujia can be used to indicate various types of semantic relations: most frequently this involves sequentiality, but also action-result, cause-effect, and action-purpose. The use of a linking particle in SVCs is rarely reported in the existing literature, so that the present research contributes to the general typology of SVCs.

Investigating the Extent to which Distributional Semantic Models Capture a Broad Range of Semantic Relations.

Distributional semantic models (DSMs) are a primary method for distilling semantic information from corpora. However, a key question remains: What types of semantic relations among words do DSMs detect? Prior work typically has addressed this question using limited human data that are restricted to semantic similarity and/or general semantic relatedness. We tested eight DSMs that are popular in current cognitive and psycholinguistic research (positive pointwise mutual information; global vectors; and three variations each of Skip-gram and continuous bag of words (CBOW) using word, context, and mean embeddings) on a theoretically motivated, rich set of semantic relations involving words from multiple syntactic classes and spanning the abstract-concrete continuum (19 sets of ratings). We found that, overall, the DSMs are best at capturing overall semantic similarity and also can capture verb-noun thematic role relations and noun-noun event-based relations that play important roles in sentence comprehension. Interestingly, Skip-gram and CBOW performed the best in terms of capturing similarity, whereas GloVe dominated the thematic role and event-based relations. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our results, make recommendations for users of these models, and demonstrate significant differences in model performance on event-based relations.

The reuse of DCMI metadata terms in linked open vocabulary

PurposeThis study aims to explore the reusing of Dublin core metadata initiative (DCMI) metadata terms on the linked open vocabulary (LOV) platform in the linked data environment to offer a better understanding of the reusing behaviour during the process of vocabulary construction and further explain why DC has become a popular vocabulary.Design/methodology/approachThe authors selected LOV, as a typical linked data platform. The SPARQL language was used to acquire and parse data to examine the reuse types of DCMI terms, the reuse distribution of classes and properties in different semantic relation types among vocabularies, the subject and size of the reused vocabularies and the correlation between vocabulary reuse and data set reuse.FindingsResults showed that DCMI metadata terms were reused by 83.7% of LOV vocabularies and became the core nodes on the vocabulary-linked network. Among the six relationships between vocabularies and the DCMI metadata terms, the metadata relationship is the most frequently used. DCMI metadata terms are reused by small- and medium-sized vocabularies and are not limited to subject domain.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies focussing on the roles of DCMI metadata terms in vocabulary reusing. Furthermore, it provides a systematic view of how these DCMI terms participate in the construction of other vocabularies and in features of reused vocabularies.

Lexical Portrait of an Oral Story: a Corpus Study of Speech of Two Generations of Native Speakers of Russian

The article is devoted to the quantitative and statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the oral stories corpus based on pictures. The subjects were 42 people, monolingual native speakers of the Russian (representatives of 15 families). The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the lexical parameters that distinguish the oral stories of representatives of different generations. An attempt is made to consider the connection of these parameters with the formation of native speakers’ ideas about the lexical structure of the narrative. The following results are obtained. The nature of the stimulus material ensured an approximately equal degree of complexity in the texts of both groups, although the volume of the parents’ active vocabulary significantly exceeded the volume of the children’s vocabulary. At the level of individual texts, both groups use equally diverse vocabulary per unit of text volume. In the children’s stories, the main “plot” vocabulary is quite heterogeneous, while the parents tend to lexical unification of the narrative. In the texts of both groups, local reference and direction of movement are expressed in the same way, which indicates their “basic” narrative function, which does not depend on the age of the subjects. The stories of the parents are also unified in terms of vocabulary, showing the logical structure of the narrative and different types of semantic relations in the text.

О семантике глагольной приставки о-/об- в русских народных говорах (на материале лексики, номинирующей нарушения сознания)

The article examines the system of meanings of the verbal prefix o-/ob- as participating in the formation of dialectal denominations of consciousness disorders. In the course of study, the lexical data were divided depending on the nature of the motivating word stem. O-/ob- denominal and verbal derivatives were also divided into subgroups. Certain types of semantic relations between the original word and the derivative were studied within the subgroups. The meanings of the affix identified on the basis of the standard language data are mostly relevant to dialect vocabulary; however, the noted models often turn out to be more productive in vernacular dialects: the meaning ‘to become like the object named by the motivating stem’ (c. f. the standard language word okamenе́t’, i. e., to become like a stone ‘because of surprise, fear, etc., to freeze’) is embodied in the Northern ostolо́pit’sya (because of fright, amazement, etc.), which means to ‘become like a stolо́p’, i.e., a pillar (Novg., Leningr., Zaonezh., Olon., North., Kalin.), in the Yaroslav., Olon. ostozhít’ ‘to become motionless because of fright, amazement, etc.’ (‘to become like a hay stack’), etc. In cases of de-etymologization of the inner form, we propose an interpretation of the linguistic fact. For example, the Arkh. lexeme oburе́t’ (obyrе́t’) ‘to come to one’s senses’ is referred to the subgroup of the perfectivation meaning (bring to an end) since there should be restored the prefix ob- and the root -vyr- (with the general meaning of a positive internal change) (c. f. the Tver., Novg. word vyrе́t’ ‘get used to, acquire skills in something’). The root has undergone transformations on the morphemic seam. The ‘activation’ of different meanings of the prefix during word formation leads to the polarization: the Olon. obumе́t’ ‘to go out of mind, to become stupid, to become forgetful’ and the Murman. obumе́t’ ‘to get smart’.

Организация и семантические отношения лексико-семантического поля «Ландшафтная архитектура» (на материале английского языка)

The aim of the study was to present the structure of the lexico-semantic field “Landscape architecture” by the material of the English language. The article identifies specific groups, subgroups and sub-subgroups of the field under study and also considers various types of semantic relations within it. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that it was the first to systematize the units of landscape vocabulary by applying the field approach. Currently, there are practically no works devoted to landscape vocabulary in linguistics, although landscape architecture and landscape design are rapidly developing areas that have an impact on human life. The results of the study showed that the lexico-semantic field “Landscape architecture” includes several lexico-semantic groups. The classification scheme for lexical units of the lexico-semantic field “Landscape architecture” reflects the semantic relations of inclusion and intersection of the field components and demonstrates such paradigmatic relations between lexemes as synonymy, antonymy, hypo-hyperonymic and part-whole relations, which indicate the organizational complexity of the studied field and its hierarchical structure.

Tracking the associative boost in infancy.

Do words that are both associatively and taxonomically related prime each other in the infant mental lexicon? We explore the impact of these semantic relations in the emerging lexicon. Using the head-turn preference procedure, we show that 18-month-old infants have begun to construct a semantic network of associatively and taxonomically related words, such as dog-cat or apple-cheese. We demonstrate that priming between words is longer-lasting when the relationship is both taxonomic and associative, as opposed to purely taxonomic, reflecting the associative boost reported in the adult priming literature. Our results demonstrate that 18-month-old infants are able to construct a lexical-semantic network based on associative and taxonomic relations between words in the network, and that lexical-semantic links are more robust when they are both associative and taxonomic in character. Furthermore, the manner in which activation is propagated through the emerging lexical-semantic network appears to depend upon the type of semantic relation between words. We argue that 18-month-old infants have a mental lexicon that shares important structural and processing properties with that of the adult system.

On the single networked links between classifications of sci-tech information. (Part 2. «The converters» between classifications. Distribution of headings semantic relation types)

For today, the RNPLS&T’s single network of classifications comprises four classification systems, i. e. State Rubicator of Sci-tech Information (GRNTI, version 2021) as the network foundation and core of the State System of Sci-tech Information, UDC (UDC tables in Russian), Classification Codes of the Higher Attestation Commission, WoS categories and subject areas, and international OECD classification. The semantic matches between the GRNTI headings and codes of the other classifications are defined as logical matching relations, extension inclusion and overlapping including that of key terms and word combinations used for indexing the thematic subject. Three types of semantic relations are determined: equivalency, hierarchy, and association. The statistics of matches in hierarchical levels of GRNTI thematic sections are cited. Based on the statistical analysis, the principal type of semantic matches is identified, along with the largest ratios for every type of relations for each of the classification under examination. The functional options for the single networked headings as the system of interrelated classifications of science objects are demonstrated as exemplified by crossrubrication of subject areas within the Critical Technologies List.

Мемы и демотиваторы о самоизоляции: коррелирующие смысловые компоненты и типы семантических отношений

The article is devoted to the study of semantic components correlation in the content of Russian memes and demotivators about mass self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sampling consisted of 1,500 Russian memes and demotivators. The application of a network approach to the analysis of the sense structure of verbal-visual polycode texts has enabled the author to identify the cases of specific semantic components correlation, and describe the types of their semantic relations, including localization, identity, attribution, temporal correlation, opposition, cause-and-effect, subject, object and instrument. The research highlights the fact that the correlation of semantic components by means of a certain type of semantic relations can reflect both objective information, certain trends and patterns observed in society, and subjective ideas about mass self-isolation. The examples of comic effect emergence are described. The cases when the correlation between semantic components is expressed verbally (both semantic components are represented in the verbal part of the polycode text), non-verbally (both semantic components are represented in the iconic part of the polycode text), synsemantically (one of the correlating semantic components is expressed verbally, and the other is depicted iconically) are analyzed. It has been noted that representation form mainly depends on the specificity of the correlated semantic components in the polycode text, and the author's individual preferences. Explicitly and implicitly expressed links between certain semantic components in the analyzed polycode texts devoted to mass self-isolation are considered. The correlation of certain semantic components of polycode texts reveals the peculiarities of perception and understanding of various aspects of this phenomenon.

TYPES OF SEMANTICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE TERM SYSTEM OF ENGLISH TRANSLATION

This scientific work focuses on the terminology of translation studies, namely on its semantic and structural characteristics. The study of translation terminology in English, analysis of the structure and semantics of terms, knowledge of their synonyms and variants is not only theoretical but also practical interest in developing the abilities of specialists in the field of translation theory and practice. The material of the study was the types of semantic relations in the terminological system (monosyllabic terms and terminological phrases), selected from indexes to textbooks and books on translation theory, written by European authors such as Jeremy Mandy, Mary-Snell Hornby, Alessandra Rickardi Encyclopedia of Translation Studies 2005 and 2009 edited by Mona Baker and edited by Mona Baker and Gabriel Saldana, respectively. Definitional analysis allowed to identify the types of semantic relations in the terminological system, selected by the method of continuous sampling; the selection criterion was the presence of a textual definition, historical method. The study of terminological vocabulary sometimes touches on aspects that are inaccessible to traditional semantic analysis, hence the need for a cognitive approach. Terms express concepts that relate to any field of human activity or human knowledge, they are combined into a terminology system that reflects the system of knowledge in the field of translation studies. Representation of this system of knowledge is impossible only within the framework of traditional semantic analysis, in particular, as types of terminological fields. A broader view requires the use of a cognitive approach, which makes it possible to present a broad cognitive basis for the mechanisms of knowledge accumulation, processing, storage and presentation as cognitive models. The aim of this work is a comprehensive study of the mechanisms of lexical units that form the types of semantic connections in English translation terminology.

The grammar of Russian preposition: theoretical aspects

At present, linguists do not have sufficient tools to strictly determine whether specific prepositional units belong to prepositions as a part of speech, so it seems relevant to consider the functional-grammatical field of prepositions, which includes both prepositions themselves and units that can function as prepositions. The aim of this article is to identify, classify and describe systemic paradigmatic relations within the functional-grammatical field of prepositions. The study was conducted on the material of a registry of 3,000 prepositional units, which were collected through a continuous sampling from dictionaries and specialized works, as well as by identifying all possible variants of prepositions on the Internet and the National Corpus of the Russian language. The paradigmatic relations of the units that already have lexicographic attribution were analyzed. As a result, the graphical, morphonological and word-formation paradigms of prepositional units were identified, and their morphosyntactic and semantic paradigmatic relations were detailed. The graphical paradigm is a series of variants of different types: alphabetic, written together or separately and uncodified. The morphological paradigm includes vocalized, accented, incomplete-vowel versions, truncated, softened, differentiated by accent and inflective variants. Within the word-formation paradigm the most productive roots of prepositional units are identified. For the morphosyntactic paradigm, the possible structural subtypes were identified: thus, the form of the prepositional noun and the form of the introduced actant were relevant. In addition, the regularities of paradigm formation were revealed for prepositional units expressing different types of semantic relations. For the semantic paradigm, the dependence of a particular paradigm subtype on the type of semantic relations expressed by the prepositional units has been revealed. Considering the functional and grammatical field of the preposition as a set organized by regular relations of different types, we can identify the grammar of the preposition. Understanding the systemic relations between prepositional units opens the way to predicting systematically possible linguistic units within the field in question.

ПОСЕССИВНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ С МЕСТОИМЕНИЯМИ В ШУГНАНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The paper describes possessive constructions with pronouns in Shughni. In this language, possessor can be expressed by personal and demonstrative pronouns, pronouns with the locative postposition and, and constructions including both a standard pronoun and a pronoun marked with a locative marker. I compare these construction types, analyze types of semantic relations between the possessor and the possessee. Besides that, two syntactic types of possessive constructions are distinguished and their syntactic features are described.

Headlines in The Guardian editorials: the syntax and semantics of noun phrases

The Guardian editorial headline is viewed as a two-component structure punctuated with colons in which the first part names the topic and the second one provides its comment. The article examines the frequency and diversity of eight noun phrase patterns and gives structural and functional analysis of their constituents. The author studies how categorial features of nouns, adjectives, and prepositions manifest themselves on a phrase level. Three types of semantic relations between noun-noun components are defined. Two more aspects under consideration are complexity and coordination in noun phrases.