Saturation Type Research Articles

Modeling the transmission dynamics of malaria with saturated treatment: a case study of India

Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne disease. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Malaria may be fatal if not treated promptly. Malaria is a major public health problem in India. Here we propose an SIRS model to study the transmission dynamics of malaria with saturated treatment. We assume that the mosquito population is growing logistically in the environment. Here we include a saturated type treatment function which is more suitable for the regions with limited resources. We discuss the existence and stability of different equilibria of the proposed model. We also compute the basic reproduction number $$R_0$$ which plays an important role in existence and stability of equilibria of the model. For $$R_0 < 1$$ , backward bifurcation occurs, which suggests that lowering $$R_0$$ below one is not enough to eliminate the disease from the population. We estimate the key parameter corresponding to transmission of malaria using real data from different states of India by least square method. We also perform sensitivity analysis using PRCC to identify the key parameters which influence the infection prevalence of the disease and the basic reproduction number. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the analytic findings. Our numerical results suggest that infected population should get proper treatment and increase in the death rate of mosquito can also help to eradicate the malaria disease from the population.

Phase equilibria in the ternary systems (MgSO4+MgB4O7+H2O) and (MgSO4+Mg2B6O11+H2O) at 273.15 K and 288.15 K: solubility and polyborate distribution

The solubility isotherms of the two ternary systems (MgSO4 + MgB4O7 + H2O(and (MgSO4+ Mg2B6O11+H2O) were determined using the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method at 273.15 K and 288.15 K. Solubilities and acidities of the liquid phase were determined in detail experimentally. According to the experimental data, the phase diagrams for two ternary systems were given. The results indicate that the two ternary systems are the simple saturated type, and double salt or solid solution are not formed. There are one invariant point corresponding to (epsomite + hungchaoite or inderite), two isothermal dissolution curves, and two crystallization regions in two ternary systems. It was found that the crystallization region areas of magnesium borate were larger than that of epsomite, indicating that the solubility of epsomite was larger in the two systems. The presence of magnesium sulfate can prevent the transformation of hungchaoite into inderite, and magnesium sulfate has a significant solubilizing effect on both magnesium borate at the experimental temperature. The distributions of polyborate species in saturated magnesium borate solution varying with mass fraction of magnesium sulfate were calculated by the Newton iteration method.

АНАЛІЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТІВ МІНУВАННЯ КІРОВОГРАДА НІМЕЦЬКИМИ ОКУПАНТАМИ ПІД ЧАС ВІДСТУПУ У СІЧНІ 1944 РОКУ

The objective of the study is to analize the results of the massive saturation of Kirovoghrad area with landmines by the German invaders as they retreated in January 1944. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism, systemic approach, proper academic assessment, verification, author objectivity and moderate narrative constructivism as well as the use of the general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis and generalization. The scientific novelty is that first in history, to analyze the results of the massive saturation of Kirovoghrad area with landmines by the German invaders as they retreated in January 1944 based on previously unknown archival documents. Conclusions. It is about the scope and type of the massive saturation of the city with landmines by the Hitler troops as they retreated. Also it is told about the demining activities of residential buildings, industrial and infrastructural objects that were conducted by the combat engineers of the 27th Engineer Brigade (the Red Army) and there were described the modalities for the mining that were used for the regional centre planned destruction. It is given, according to the deminers, the brief analysis of the causes of not detonation of explosive devices and explosive ordnance. It is addressed the types of explosive devices, explosive ordnance and landmines that have been hidden into urban infrastructure.

Study Interprets Electromagnetic-Wave Penetration, Absorption for Bitumen Reservoir

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199941, “Interpretation of Electromagnetic-Wave Penetration and Absorption for Different Reservoir Mineralogy - Quartz-Rich, Limestone-Rich, and Clay-Rich - and at High- and Low-Water Saturation Values for a Bitumen Reservoir,” by Matthew Morte, SPE, Hasan Alhafidh, SPE, and Berna Hascakir, SPE, Texas A&amp;M University, prepared for the 2020 SPE Canada Heavy Oil Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Calgary, 18–19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Interpretation of logging data generated through electromagnetic (EM) waves or determination of EM-wave propagation in a medium as an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) method are not easy tasks. The complete paper aims to identify the role of different geological settings with different types of fluid saturations in the response of EM-wave propagation and absorption. Several correlations were created in this study and can be used to better interpret the reservoir mineralogy and fluid saturation as a response to EM-wave logging. Moreover, these results can be used to estimate the effective area (penetration depth) of EM waves as an EOR method. Experimental Procedure Complex permittivity of synthesized rock samples was recorded by means of a vector network analyzer as the source and a dielectric probe kit as the transmitter. The dielectric probe behaves as both the transmitter and receiver simultaneously by measuring the proportion of the reflected wave. The dielectric probe is capable of measuring both the solid interface, as is the case with the synthesized reservoir rock, and fluids. The output of the vector network analyzer is both the dielectric constant, defined to be the real-portion complex permittivity, and the loss index, defined to be the imaginary portion. The loss tangent is a parameter that describes the overall efficacy of the material as a microwave absorber with higher values corresponding to higher heat generation in the reservoir. Reservoir properties of interest are isolated by taking advantage of experimentally defined synthesized cores. Variable properties are achieved by introducing a known quantity of specified materials to ensure control over the outcome of representative reservoir rock. Samples are an unconsolidated mixture of both the skeletal frame (rock matrix) as well as the pore space. The rock matrix is comprised of a systematic and stepwise variability of quartz sand, limestone sand, and kaolinite clay or bentonite clay. The fraction of each introduced mineral is manipulated to isolate the contribution of the individual components. The weights of the introduced constituents are calculated to result in a synthetic rock matrix with the desired rock mineralogy. The first batch of synthesized cores consisted of 75 mixtures. The remainder of the contrived cores were limestone. A separate 20 experiments were performed to account for the presence of both pore-filling and swelling clays, namely kaolinite and bentonite, respectively. Compaction and blending of the cores were performed by hand; homogenization of the mixture was ensured by thorough mixing.

One-dimensional wave equation with set-valued boundary damping: well-posedness, asymptotic stability, and decay rates

This paper is concerned with the analysis of a one dimensional wave equation ztt − zxx = 0 on [0, 1] with a Dirichlet condition at x = 0 and a damping acting at x = 1 which takes the form (zt(t, 1), −zx(t, 1)) ∈ Σ for every t ≥ 0, where Σ is a given subset of ℝ2. The study is performed within an Lp functional framework, p ∈ [1, +∞]. We aim at determining conditions on Σ ensuring existence and uniqueness of solutions of that wave equation as well as strong stability and uniform global asymptotic stability of its solutions. In the latter case, we also study the decay rates of the solutions and their optimality. We first establish a one-to-one correspondence between the solutions of that wave equation and the iterated sequences of a discrete-time dynamical system in terms of which we investigate the above mentioned issues. This enables us to provide a simple necessary and sufficient condition on Σ ensuring existence and uniqueness of solutions of the wave equation as well as an efficient strategy for determining optimal decay rates when Σ verifies a generalized sector condition. As an application, we solve two conjectures stated in the literature, the first one seeking a specific optimal decay rate and the second one associated with a saturation type of damping. In case the boundary damping is subject to perturbations, we derive sharp results regarding asymptotic perturbation rejection and input-to-state issues.

Anisotropy of reinforced concrete from geophysical methods

Anisotropy is expressed as the direction-dependent change of material properties and it is a very important parameter to the correct determination of the concrete quality. For the aim of determining the concrete anisotropy, geophysical measurements in the study were carried out on the reinforced concrete samples with different strengths, before concrete strengths were determined from Uniaxial Compressive Strength test. Since the propagation direction of concrete pores and saturation type of it is important parameters in affecting the concrete anisotropy, prepared samples were cured as oven-dried, water-saturated, and dried in outside. Thus, the effects of curing conditions on the anisotropy of reinforced concrete were investigated by geophysical measurements. For this purpose, ultrasonic P and S wave measurements were made on two opposite surfaces of cubic samples with different reinforcement diameters. In addition, a total of 8 resistivity measurements were performed by taking two diagonal measurements on each surface in except of reinforced surfaces of the sample. The velocity and resistivity anisotropies of samples were determined by using the anisotropy relations given in the literature. As a result, it is determined that while reinforcement diameter has no distinctive effect on anisotropy, curing conditions are especially very effective on resistivity anisotropy.

Pulse shape analysis of signals from SiPM-based CsI(Tl) detectors for low-energy protons: Saturation correction and particle identification

CsI(Tl) scintillation detectors based on a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) were tested for low-energy proton detection. Pulse shape analysis of the SiPM signals with a transimpedance amplifier was conducted to investigate the saturation effect due to the recovery time of a pixel and to evaluate particle identification capability. To recover energy linearity, a saturation correction method based on a non-paralyzable dead time model was proposed. The setup using the SiPM with a 25 μm pixel pitch well separated protons and deuterons at energies from 3 to 12 MeV. Additionally, a readout circuit without an amplifier was tested to investigate another type of saturation due to the voltage drop effect.

Leadership Style and its Impact on Employee Performance at Indonesian National Electricity Company

This research was conducted to determine the effect of transformational and transactional leadership styles on employee performance at the Indonesian National Electricity Company (PT PLN) main office. This research uses a quantitative method with a descriptive-causality research type. Sampling was done by a non-probability sampling method of saturated sample type, with the number of respondents being 73 people. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Our result shows that the transformational leadership style is influential and significant to performance, while the style of transactional leadership has no effect and no significance to the performance of employees.

A Novel Approach for Improved Noise Reduction Performance in Feed-Forward Active Noise Control Systems With (Loudspeaker) Saturation Non-Linearity in the Secondary Path

In active noise control systems, the performance of the most celebrated filtered-x-least mean square (FxLMS) adaptive algorithm is degraded in the presence of non-linearity in the secondary path. In this article, we propose a novel approach to improve the performance of FxLMS algorithm in the presence of saturation type non-linearity in the secondary path. In the proposed method, the weights of the controller are adapted by minimizing a cost function consisting of two terms. The first term is the squared instantaneous residual error while the second term is the weighted square of the difference between input and output of (estimated) saturation non-linearity. Consequently, in case the saturation has occurred, the resultant adaptive algorithm minimizes the residual error while keeping the controller output close to its saturation limit. This avoids unnecessary fluctuation of the (controller) weights due to large variation (or windup) of the controller output after the saturation has occurred. Numerical simulations are provided to verify the superiority of the reported approach as compared to existing methods under different conditions.

Reservoir properties of drill cutting by the nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and dielectric spectroscopy data

The purpose of the study is to extend the use of nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and dielectric spectrometry methods. This is realized through a complex interpretation of the data by the above methods to timely provide additional petrophysical information about the drill cuttings pore space properties and structure. The relevance of the study is that the data on the drill cuttings obtained by the NMR method can be used as prior information in the logging data interpretation before a detailed petrophysical study of the core sample or in case of the core absence in the sampling interval. The objects of study are the drill cuttings samples from the fields of the West Siberian oil-and-gas province. The samples are saturated with different fluids, and their reservoir properties are determined by the nuclear magnetic resonance and dielectric spectrometry methods. As part of the experimental research, nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the core samples of different discretization degrees have been carried out to determine the reservoir properties of the samples depending on the degree of their particle size reduction. It has been shown that the obtained results do not depend on the particle size of the measured sample and are consistent with the results of the standard petrophysical studies. The relationship between the porosity and the saturating fluid type has been established. Based on the data obtained by the dielectric spectroscopy method, the study has determined the value of the complex dielectric constant that shows how the degree of saturation changes depending on the fluid, and what happens in the pore space. The complex interpretation of the results obtained by the two methods provides additional information on the drill cuttings reservoir properties that can be used as a priori information on the formation properties.

Modelling of Remazol Black-B adsorption on chemically modified waste orange peel: pH shifting effect of acidic treatment

The adsorption of Remazol Black-B (RBB) onto two different types of agricultural waste derived-adsorbents; dried-orange peel (DOP) and chemically modified orange peel (CMOP), was performed. The adsorption rate, capacity, and the dye removal efficiency were investigated in terms of initial pH ranged between 2.0 to 10.0 of the dispersion and the operating temperature of 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C . The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to the experimental data to model the adsorption equilibrium, and evaluated by regression analysis. The results indicated that the Langmuir model was more suitable to describe the adsorption equilibrium of RBB over CMOP. According to Langmuir model, while the highest RBB uptake capacity of DOP was determined as 62.4 mg.g-1 at pH 2.0 and 25°C, this value was figured out for CMOP as 84.4 mg.g-1 at pH 8.0 and 45°C. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed both the pseudo-second order and the saturation type kinetic models for each adsorbent-dye system. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption including the Gibbs free energy change (ΔGo), the enthalpy change (ΔHo), and the entropy change (ΔSo) were obtained by using thermodynamic equations. These parameters were calculated as -4.24 kJ.mol-1, 43.77 kJ.mol-1, 0.16 kJ mol-1.K-1 for CMOP respectively whereas for DOP -3.58 kJ.mol-1,-19.79 kJ.mol-1, -0.05 kJ mol-1.K-1 .

Petro-elastic modeling deliverables for the Kharyaga Permian carbonate deposits

The purpose of this study is petro-elastic modeling of the Permian deposits occurring in the Kharyaga field, which is located in the Nenets Autonomous District of the Arkhangelsk Region and is confined to the Timan-Pechora Oil and Gas Province. The formations concerned are represented by the Artinskian and Asselian-Sakmarian deposits, which are mainly composed of carbonate sediments admixed with terrigenous material. At the first stage of the petro-elastic modeling, the initial data quality is evaluated, candidate wells are selected, logging curves for the target formation intervals are adjusted and normalized. After that, a comprehensive interpretation of the well logging data is carried out; reservoirs are identified; porosity and oil saturation are evaluated. At the next stage, a petro-elastic model is built, and analysis is carried out in order to understand whether or not reservoirs can be identified and to evaluate a saturation type within the range of elastic parameters. In such case, the elastic model is selected as a function of sedimentation and diagenetic processes, saturating fluid content, etc. As a result of the modeling process, reservoir/non-reservoir zoning was identified based on acoustic and shear impedance; a relationship between the acoustic impedance and porosity was also established. No correlation between the elastic parameters and the saturation type has been established, which may be attributable to hardness of the carbonate matrix and similar elastic properties of oil and water.

Phenolic and Fatty Acid Profile, and Protein Content of Different Walnut Cultivars and Genotypes (Juglans regia L.) Grown in the USA

ABSTRACT Total phenol, phenolic compound, total oil, fatty acid, protein contents of walnut kernels from nine different cultivars and six genotypes grown in the USA were investigated. Total phenolic content was found to range from 540.08 to 1067.81 mg GAE/100 g dw, with three cultivars containing a value of or over 1000 mg GAE/100 g dw. A total of seven phenolic compounds were quantified, and their quantity were greatly varied among the cultivars/genotypes. Ellagic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound, varying from 20.03 to 97.23 mg/kg. Total oil component ranged from 53.17% to 65.92% with an average value of ca. 60%. As a saturated fatty acid type, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acid; as an unsaturated acid type, linoleic, linolenic acid, oleic, and palmitoleic acid were quantified. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid compound and ranged from 5.74% to 9.49%; linoleic acid was the predominant unsaturated fatty acid compound and ranged from 58.96% to 66.07%. Protein content percentage was notably varied among cultivars and genotypes, ranging from 13.57% to 25.72% with an average value of ca. 21%. These results indicate that the walnut kernel is a good source of fat, phenolics, and proteins, and its abundance are greatly cultivar/genotype-dependent.

Team Assisted Individualization Model Assisted by Effective Ludo Media Improving Student Learning Outcomes

The low competence of mathematical knowledge caused by the lack optimal use of the learning model makes it difficult for students to understand the learning material. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the Team Assisted Individualization model assisted by Ludo media on learning outcomes in terms of the problem-solving ability of fraction material. This type of research was a quantitative study using pre-experimental design in the form of a one-group pretest-posttest design. The number of samples in this study was all students of class IV, amounting to 26 students using saturated sampling type sampling. Data collection in this study was obtained through interviews, tests and documentation. The results of data analysis obtained tcount 9.698 and ttable 1.706 with a significant level of 5%. Because t_count&gt; ttable is 9.698&gt; 1.706, so H_0 is rejected, which means that there are differences in pretest and posttest learning outcomes. Then the two-party t-test of problem-solving abilities shows that tcount&gt; ttable is 8,000&gt; 1,671 then H_0 is rejected, so there is a significant difference in learning outcomes seen from the problem-solving ability using the Team Assisted Individualization model with groups that are taught with conventional models in grade IV SD. The Team Assisted Individualization model assisted by Ludo media is effectively applied in the learning process to improve student learning outcomes for fractions.

Profiling and analysis of control rod speed design on core power control for TRIGA reactor

In nuclear reactor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) operation, conventional Control Rod Speed Design (cCRSD) uses hard saturation to control rod insertion step as a function of the reactivity insertion rate in the reactor core to ensure the power output will not exceed the limit for the operational safety. The cCRSD which is part of the core power control system produces relatively long settling time during transient and a chattering noise signal during steady-state. Therefore, the current study proposed a new CRSD based on different saturation types such as soft and sigmoid function saturation and changes in the maximum control rod speed limiter value. In this paper, the new CRSD (nCRSD) is designed, profiled, and analyzed based on simulation of an actual Control Rod Drive Mechanism (CRDM) model, common types of saturation models, and reactivity rod worth curve experimental data to predict the best reactivity insertion rate response for operations. The model for core power control is based on mathematical models of the reactor core, the FCA controller, and the CRSD model. The mathematical models of the reactor core are based on a point kinetics model, thermal-hydraulic models, and reactivity models. The nCRSD model is integrated with the Proportional-Integral (PI) type controller and the model of the reactor core. The performance of the nCRSD and cCRSD is compared via computer simulation and experiments. Overall, the results show that the response from the nCRSD offers better results than the cCRSD, which reduces the rise time by up to 52%, the settling time by up to 26%, and the chattering error by up to 25% of the nominal value.

Evaluation of phase trapping models in gas-condensate systems in an unconsolidated sand pack

At the end of preliminary hydrocarbon production by natural depletion, substantial amounts of hydrocarbon remain entrapped in reservoirs due to their heterogeneity and capillary forces. Knowing the amount of the trapped phase and mechanisms of trapping are crucial in proper designing of oil recovery projects. In this work, we evaluated the different trapping models that represent the relationship between initial and residual saturations and proposed a suitable model for different types of rock and fluids. The accuracy of each model was evaluated by different experimental data, and the model parameters were fitted by curve fitting. Results showed that the Spiteri et al. and Ma and Youngren models could predict residual saturations better than other trapping models. The maximum R2's of the Spiteri et al. and Ma and Youngren models were 1 and 0.99 for oil/brine systems, and 0.95 and 0.97 for gas-brine fluid pairs, respectively, regardless of the type of porous media. These two models accurately fitted the Initial-Residual (IR) experimental data of the gas-oil system that were obtained in this study. The effect of various parameters such as initial oil saturation, porosity, interfacial tension, flow rates, capillary numbers, and porous medium types on trapping in an unconsolidated sand pack were experimentally studied. The results imply that in the water-wet sand pack, the residual saturation increased by increasing the initial saturation and interfacial tension. However, increasing the porosity, mobility of oil phase, flow rate, and capillary number seems to have made for a decrease in the amount of trapped phase. It was also shown that trapping was more likely to occur in unconsolidated sand packs than in carbonate ones.

Local Stabilization of an Unstable Parabolic Equation via Saturated Controls

We derive a saturated feedback control, which locally stabilizes a linear reaction-diffusion equation. In contrast to most other works on this topic, we do not assume the Lyapunov stability of the uncontrolled system and consider general unstable systems. Using Lyapunov methods, we provide estimates for the region of attraction for the closed-loop system, given in terms of linear and bilinear matrix inequalities. We show that our results can be used with distributed as well as scalar boundary control, and with different types of saturations. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by means of numerical simulations.

Respiratory events in sleeping infants of the first year of life and their reference values

The authors present the reference values of the major respiratory events based on polysomnographic evaluation of 2,073 sleeping infants of the first year of life. These reference values were developed in accordance with the adopted LMS (lambda-mu-sigma) algorithm aimed at smoothing and maximal approximation of the calculated values to the real ones. The article describes the centile curves and centile tables of the respiratory events indices, maximal lengths and densities of the different types of apneas, periodic breathing, oxygen saturation and de-saturation indices at different sleep stages of the 1-to-52-week-old infants. The reference values are compared with available literature data.

Nonlinear dynamics of a time-delayed epidemic model with two explicit aware classes, saturated incidences, and treatment.

Whenever a disease emerges, awareness in susceptibles prompts them to take preventive measures, which influence individuals’ behaviors. Therefore, we present and analyze a time-delayed epidemic model in which class of susceptible individuals is divided into three subclasses: unaware susceptibles, fully aware susceptibles, and partially aware susceptibles to the disease, respectively, which emphasizes to consider three explicit incidences. The saturated type of incidence rates and treatment rate of infectives are deliberated herein. The mathematical analysis shows that the model has two equilibria: disease-free and endemic. We derive the basic reproduction number R_0 of the model and study the stability behavior of the model at both disease-free and endemic equilibria. Through analysis, it is demonstrated that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when R_0<1, unstable when R_0>1, and linearly neutrally stable when R_0=1 for the time delay varrho >0. Further, an undelayed epidemic model is studied when R_0=1, which reveals that the model exhibits forward and backward bifurcations under specific conditions, which also has important implications in the study of disease transmission dynamics. Moreover, we investigate the stability behavior of the endemic equilibrium and show that Hopf bifurcation occurs near endemic equilibrium when we choose time delay as a bifurcation parameter. Lastly, numerical simulations are performed in support of our analytical results.

Offline method for experimental identification of load‐dependentsaturation of induction motor taking into account variation of inverse rotortime constant

Accurate knowledge of induction machine parameters has a direct impact on the overall performance of field-oriented control strategies. In the case of rotor flux oriented control, parameter mismatch causes a discrepancy in the estimated rotor flux position and amplitude. Magnetising inductance is one of the parameters whose detuning has a direct impact on the setpoints of the control loops and estimation of hardly or non-measurable quantities. Conventional iron saturation, which can be obtained by a standard no-load test, is not the only type of saturation occurring in the machine. Depending on the rotor design, the magnetising inductance and the rotor leakage inductance may also strongly saturate as a function of load and, thus, rotor current. Based on the authors’ previous work, a new, improved experimental method for identifying the load-dependent saturation of induction motor, which takes into account variation of the inverse rotor time constant, is proposed. Experimental results conducted on 12 kW motor show improved static and dynamic behaviour of the drive compared to the constant parameter model.