Road Type Research Articles

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF JALAN PIET A. TALLO IN KUPANG CITY

Jalan Piet A. Tallo is a major arterial road connecting several areas with the city center of Kupang. The large traffic flow that passes through Jalan Piet A. Tallo, resulting in traffic congestion during rush hour, is the background of this research. This research aims to determine the right alternative solution to reduce traffic congestion on Jalan Piet A. Tallo. This research uses a descriptive method by obtaining data directly from surveys and analyzing the data according to the guidelines of the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI). Then, the analysis produces values for the degree of saturation (DS) and level of service (LOS) of the road. Overall, from the results of this research, traffic jams are caused by several factors; namely, there is a narrowing of the road from road type 4/2 D to type 2/2 UD, many vehicles enter and exit from Jalan M. Sabaat to Jalan Piet A. Tallo, and many drivers still violate traffic signs. Therefore, an alternative that can be done is to contact the relevant authorities about the prohibition of right turns onto Jalan M. Sabaat and the need to install road dividers from STA 0+300 to STA 0+550. Apart from this, the road can be widened by 1.7 m in the inner city lanes so that the degree of saturation (DS) during the afternoon rush hour can be reduced by 12.67% to 0.875. Another alternative is to change the road geometry from type 2/2 UD to 4/2 D and build a new connecting bridge. Thus, the degree of saturation (DS) during the afternoon rush hour decreases by 52.89% to 0.472. This value shows that the traffic flow is stable and the speed is controlled. Keywords: Road Performance, Congestion, Piet A. Tallo Road, Kupang City

Roll stability of all-terrain forklift trucks considering different road types

All-terrain forklift trucks often work on complex terrain such as soft and muddy terrain in the wild, making them prone to rolling and rollover. In this work, a seven-degree-of-freedom nonlinear dynamic model and a wheel-ground interaction model between resilient wheels and soft/hard road surfaces based on the structural characteristics of the articulated steering + swinging bridge of an all-terrain forklift truck are established. The mechanism of all-terrain forklift trucks’ roll instability and a simulation comparison of four types of road models (rigid, sandy, loam, and clay) are analyzed. All-terrain forklift trucks are least prone to rolling when being driven on rigid roads. On soft roads, sand brings the greatest risk of rollover, followed by loam and clay. The roll stability indexes HR-LTR and SR-LTR considering different road surfaces are proposed. The safety limit of roll stability based on the indexes is divided, and an anti-rollover control strategy based on road surface recognition is proposed. On the basis of the road surface recognition results, corresponding stability index calculation methods and actuator control algorithms are selected. Simulation and experimental results show that with the use of no control and TTR-based hierarchical control, the forklift truck yaw velocity is reduced by up to 73.31% and 63.52%, respectively, and the roll angle is reduced by up to 72.7% and 48.27%, respectively. The proposed roll stability index and anti-rollover control strategy for different road surfaces can effectively improve the roll stability of all-terrain forklift trucks when being driven on different complex road surfaces, reduce the risk of rollover, and improve the rollover stability of all-terrain forklift trucks on different complex roads, thereby improving the safety of all-terrain forklift trucks.

PEAK HOUR FACTOR AT URBAN ROAD NETWORK SYSTEM WITH FIXED HOURLY INTERVAL AND MOVING HOURLY INTERVAL (A CASE STUDY AT URBAN ROAD IN CIMAHI CITY)

The Peak Hour Factor (PHF) is an important variable for determining road capacity. The value of PHF will vary greatly depending on location characteristics and classification of road functions. This study aims to obtain the estimated value of PHF in the urban road network system with variations in the classification of functions and types of roads. In addition this study also aims to obtain a method of approaching the PHF value near to fluctuations in traffic flow which has limited resources for surveys based on the duration specified in the traffic survey guidelines in Indonesia. The method used is descriptive statistical analysis and parametric test using Independent T sample test. The PHF is calculated based on Fixed Hourly Interval and Moving Hourly Interval and their inverse. The results of the study show the value of PHF in the road network system in urban areas for variations function and type of road that is in the range of 0.79 to 0.98 with an average of 0.91. Other findings show that the inverse method of Moving Hourly Interval can be used as an approach to obtain the PHF value under conditions of resource constraints

Extremity Injuries in Pillion Riders of Fatal 2-Wheeler Road Traffic Accidents: An Autopsy-Based Study.

The extremities are the important anatomical regions that are disproportionately injured during road traffic accidents in poor and medium-income countries. The data regarding extremity injuries, particularly in pillion passengers, are minimal globally. We analyzed the pattern of extremity injuries and their association with various parameters such as collision type, seating position, road type, and type of vehicle. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. The pillion riders of fatal motorized 2-wheeler road accident cases that were subjected to autopsy were studied over a period of 2 years. We analyzed 73 cases of pillion riders. Females (60%) were the most commonly affected group. The upper extremities were injured in 55 cases (75.3%) and the lower extremities in 49 cases (67.1%). The shoulder (41%), hand (31.3%), and elbow (23.2%) were the predominantly injured anatomical regions of the upper limb. In the lower extremity, knee (41%) and foot (21.9%) were mostly affected. Forty-nine (67.1%) and 48 (65.8%) cases had abrasions in the upper limbs and lower limbs, respectively, followed by lacerations and contusions. Upper extremity injuries are more common compared with lower extremity. The majority of the pillion riders were seated in a side-saddle position, and self-fall from the bike without any collision with other vehicles was the most common mode of injury. Thus, appropriate seating posture with safety gear can be used to reduce extremity injuries.

Solar roads – a new potential renewable energy for Great Britain

ABSTRACT Global warming has become a much more realised issue and an immediate threat, accelerating due to the anthropogenic carbon release associated with escalating energy demand. Consequently, pressures are building up to reduce anthropogenic carbon footprint by employing renewable energy resources, among which solar energy is the main. Solar roads are a new and innovative concept as they do not require land to be specifically allocated. This is because the road infrastructure already exists. Therefore, this emerging technique of embedding solar panels into pavements and roadways is becoming a more attractive proposition. However, a hurdle to its successful application is the lack of knowledge regarding its feasibility and viability. This study aims to evaluate the potential of solar roads to inform future feasibility and viability studies in varying contexts and implications. Within the scope of this study, the case of Great Britain is considered to evaluate the potential of how much energy can be generated via the solar roads technology that can be embedded in the country’s road infrastructure. A mathematical exercise is performed in which calculations are executed to develop a basic numerical model of the potential. Therefore, the study is quantitative, and the factors considered include seasonal changes, average daily traffic covering roads, tree and building shades, road types and sizes, solar irradiance, solar panel types, and alike. It is estimated that solar roads may supply up to 96.42% of the UK's total electricity, which is a substantially promising potential.

Blockage Effects of Road Bridge on mmWave Channels for Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles

Vehicular communication and sensing technologies are key to enabling 6G Intelligent Autonomous Transportation Systems (IATS). With the introduction of massive sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) fusion applications, IATS is needed to support data transmission rates up to 10 Gb/s. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has attracted extensive attention owing to abundant spectrum resources, which can support the timely transmission of massive data. However, performance degradation of mmWave due to signal blockage has become one of the critical technical challenges. Road bridges as one of the common obstacles in urban scenarios, which has severe blockage effects on communication links. Therefore, this paper comprehensively studies the impact of road bridge blockage effects on mmWave vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) links and proposes an empirical model that can accurately characterize the bridge blockage effect. First, we use a self-developed mmWave channel sounder to carry out channel measurements on typical urban roads. Measurement results indicate that a maximum extra propagation loss of up to 23 dB is caused by road bridges. In addition, to address the deficiencies of existing propagation prediction models, the Single Road Bridge (SRB) model is proposed in this work. This model reveals for the first time the extra propagation loss caused by the road bridge to the channel. Compared with existing models, the SRB model can make the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) within 5 dB. The proposed SRB model is of great value for accurately simulating real-world road bridge blockage events when designing future IATS.

Tackling the Menace of Speed Violation among Motorcyclists in Nigeria: A Policy Brief

Motorcycle accidents in Nigeria are of particular concern because they rank among the top two vehicle causes of road traffic accidents in the country. Also, the motorcycle plies every road type in the country, and over-speeding tops its causes of accidents, a cause that also ranks top in the human causes of all accidents in all vehicle types. The partial or complete ban on the use of motorcycles has proven to be ineffective in various regions of the country due to its role in sustaining the livelihood of many Nigerians. However, on a policy level, motorcycle accidents have been neglected in Nigeria despite changing policies and intervention programmes since the pre-1939 era of Road Traffic Management. Currently, it is paramount to investigate Motorcycle accidents, emphasizing over-speeding as an emergency. Therefore, the aim of this review is to investigate any existing policy that tackles motorcycle accidents, whether at the national or regional level and develop it to make recommendations for an independent policy that should urgently regulate the motorcycle means of transportation and subsequently tackle motorcycle accidents in Nigeria.

RDPGNet: A road extraction network with dual-view information perception based on GCN

Automatic road extraction from satellite images is a popular research hotspot topic in the field of remote sensing. However, the complexity of road features and structures hinders their precise extraction. Road features have different saliency due to the occlusion of other objects and diverse road types. Road structures are scattered across various locations and affected by geographical conditions, population distribution, and transportation demands. These issues render current methods based on convolutional neural networks prone to fragmented and incomplete road extraction results. To address these issues, a Road Extraction Network with Dual-View Information Perception Based on GCN (RDPGNet) is proposed, where the GCN-based dual-view perceptron (GDVP) uses the superior information interaction capability of the GCN to explore road information under a dual view. In the GDVP, we first design the road feature saliency graph reasoning module (RFSG) and road structure homogeneous space graph reasoning module (RSHS) based on the features and structures. The RFSG obtains the similarity of road feature information in different regions as a similarity matrix to participate in the graph reasoning process, ensuring that equal treatment is given to regions with varying saliency levels. The RSHS projects the road structure onto a corresponding homogeneous space while aggregating and interacting with information through graph convolution, thereby enhancing the network’s perception of roads in diverse locations. Second, because multi-view information usually shares a potential common representation, a multi-view information fusion and alignment strategy (MVFA) is designed to comprehensively model road information. Experimental results obtained from two public datasets indicate that RDPGNet outperforms other state-of-the-art networks.

Analysis of Factors Affecting Road Transport Accidents of Hazardous Materials Based on PG-BN

To analyze the factors affecting road accidents involving hazardous materials, the Bayesian network (BN) model was used to fit the accident data. However, considering the possible overfitting phenomenon of the BN model, the model was optimised by combining Pearson’s chi-squared test and Granger causality test (PG) methods. First, the data of hazardous materials accidents were preprocessed, and the index system of factors affecting hazardous materials road transport was constructed from five dimensions of “people, vehicles, hazmat, roads, and environment”; second, Pearson’s chi-squared test and the Granger causality test were used to screen the factors affecting hazardous materials road transport accidents and to determine the causal relationship between the factors; finally, the BN model was constructed with accident severity and accident processing time as target nodes, and the results were analyzed and validated. The results show that the overall relative error rate of the model is less than 10% and can be used to explore the risk factors of hazardous materials transport accidents; weather, visibility, lighting, intersection type, road condition, road type, driver condition, vehicle type, etc. are all important factors affecting the severity of hazardous materials transport accidents. The study can serve as a reference for the safety supervision and management of hazardous materials transport enterprises and industrial management departments.

Can 20mph speed limit interventions influence liveability? A natural experiment using the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Liveability (MAPS-Liveability) and Google Street View

BackgroundA recent meta-narrative review investigating 20mph speed limits on public health outcomes reported inconclusive findings and the limited scope of liveability investigations. Consequently, we investigated the impact of 20mph speed limit interventions on liveability using the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Liveability (MAPS-Liveability) via Google Street View (GSV). MethodsMAPS-Liveability provides a quantitative assessment of liveability and its constructs (i.e., safety, health, sustainability, inclusivity, places, education, traffic/transport, roads, and pavements) at the micro-level (i.e., street). Google Street View enabled pre- and post-implementation data collection for Belfast (n = 68 streets) and Edinburgh (n = 76 streets) by two independent raters, with scores calculated for total liveability and nine liveability constructs. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (changes pre-to post-implementation), cluster analysis (identification of discrete street clusters), analysis of variance (differences within clusters) and analysis of covariance (differences between clusters) were undertaken. Clusters were mapped, street types identified, and clusters named by determining the predominant street type. ResultsIn Belfast and Edinburgh, there were significant increases post-intervention for total liveability, with 57.4% (n = 39) of streets in Belfast and 75% (n = 57) in Edinburgh seeing positive changes. Both cities also saw significant positive increases in the liveability constructs of traffic/transport (e.g., speed signage) and places (e.g., presence of shops); with Edinburgh also seeing a significant positive increase post-intervention for pavements (e.g., quality). Cluster analysis identified three clusters “Mixed land use”, “Central Business District” and “Residential” with each showing positive changes for total liveability and the construct of traffic/transport. Conclusion20mph speed limit interventions were found to positively contribute to total liveability and the specific liveability construct of traffic/transport. This was particularly the case when 20mph speed limits were implemented on streets with dense mixed land use.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS ON 4/2D ROAD TYPES ON THE SURABAYA - MOJOKERTO TOLL ROAD ( CASE STUDY: WARUGUNG - PENOMPO TOLL ROAD SECTION)

In developing road infrastructure, keeping pace with the transportation sector and the rapidly growing economy is vital. Inadequate road infrastructure conditions will cause problems on the road, namely traffic accidents and congestion, which results in a lack of driver comfort. PT Jasa Marga can undoubtedly find out the leading cause of the accident. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of traffic accidents on the 4/2d road type, precisely on the Surabaya - Mojokerto toll road on the Warugunung - Penompo toll road. The Surabaya–Mojokerto Toll Road or Sumo Toll Road is a 36.27-kilometer-long toll road that connects the City of Surabaya with the City of Mojokerto, East Java Province. This toll road is connected to the Kertosono-Mojokerto Toll Road to the west. The class of vehicles on this toll road, such as trucks and large-laden cars, can also be said to be one of the characteristics of traffic accidents. Location of accident-prone points (BlackSpot) on the Warugunung – Penompo toll road in 2021 on line A, namely at Km 3+000 – 4+000 of the Warugunung – Driyorejo section, because at that location there are road slopes and bends, so many motorists drive at high speed high and have to slow down when there is a descent and many riders do not anticipate it. In 2021, line B, namely at Km 5+000 - 6+000 on the Warugunung - penompo section, is not much different from line A.

Forecasting the Number of Road Accidents in Poland by Road Type

On Polish highways, a staggering number of individuals pass away each year. The quantity is still quite large even if the value is declining year after year. The value of traffic accidents has greatly decreased due to the epidemic, but it is still quite high. In order to reduce this number, it is required to identify the roads where the majority of accidents occur and to understand the predicted number of accidents in the upcoming years. The article’s goal is to predict how many accidents will occur on Polish roads based on the kind of roads. To achieve this, monthly accident data for Poland from the Police’s statistics for the years 2007–2021 were analyzed, and a prediction for the years 2022–2024 was created. As is evident, either the number of accidents is rising or it is stabilizing. This is mostly caused by the rise in automobile traffic. Additionally, predictions indicate that given the existing circumstances, a significant rise in the number of accidents on Polish roads may be anticipated. This is especially evident in the nation’s growing number of freeways. It should be remembered that the current epidemic distorts the findings. Selected time series models were used in the investigation in Statistica.

Assessing public street lighting in Morocco: evaluating efficiency and the impact of geometrical parameters on luminance

The main objective of this study is to present a bench marking of the public street lighting in typical road in Morocco. The study deals with a comparison between the conventional technology used in Moroccan road and the LED technology. The simulated system is based on road with two directions and a sidewalk, three arrangements type of pole layout are treated (Left, Middle and Two sides arrangement). Also, in this paper deals with a parametric analysis based on the variation of boom angle, light Center high and the pole distance in order to determine the luminance of each arrangement at each pole distance. The simulation is carried out using two luminaries, the fi rst one represents a conventional technology and LED lamp. The founding of this paper shows that the LED lamp present a high luminance value of 20 cd/m² for a pole distance of 10m and boom angle of 0°, in comparison with the conventional lamp that present a luminance of 8 cd/m² at the same condition. The left arrangement type shows the best energy effi ciency indicators such as DE and power per km, this means that this disposition is less consuming of energy and acceptable luminance values. Therefore, these two indicators play a crucial role in enhancing the effi ciency of the lighting.

Research on Urban Street Network Structure Based on Spatial Syntax and POI Data

The rapid development of cities has led to increasingly problems in the road network structure of urban streets. Combining emerging big data technology with traditional street network analysis methods has become a new way to tackle it. Guilin is a famous international tourist city, and the “Two Rivers and Four Lakes” scenic area is an iconic symbol of Guilin’s scenery. Its streets connect various tourist spots. This study focused on the street’s layout of the “Two Rivers and Four Lakes” scenic area, and used a combination of spatial syntax and POI big data to analyse their spatial structure. The research results indicated that: (1) there was a positive correlation between the global integration value of the street and the POI value; (2) by combining functional density indicators with global integration analysis, streets that significantly deviate from the overall trend can be identified, and classified according to their characteristics to reveal the reasons for their contradictions; (3) we needed to propose three plans for optimizing the proportion of high street, enhancing street functions, and “improving street space” for different types of streets to ultimately realize the purpose of sustainable development of streets and cities.

Vibration Control of Car Body and Wheel Motions for In-Wheel Motor Vehicles Using Road Type Classification

In-wheel motor vehicles are gaining attention as a new type of electric vehicle due to their efficient power units located inside each wheel hub. However, they are more susceptible to wheel resonance due to the increase in unsprung mass caused by the weight of the motor. This can result in both decreased ride comfort and driving stability. To resolve this issue, in this study, we aim to apply an optimal switching controller with a semi-active actuator—a magnetorheological (MR) damper. For the implementation of the optimal switching controller, road type classification is also carried out. An acceleration sensor is used for the road type classification, and the control logics include a ride comfort controller (the linear quadratic regulator (LQR_Paved Road)) and a wheel motion controller (LQR_Off Road) for improved driving stability. For paved roads, the LQR_Paved Road control input is applied to the MR damper. However, if a road type prone to wheel resonance is detected, the control logic switches to the LQR_Off Road. During the transition, a weighted average of both the LQR_Paved Road and LQR_Off Road control input is applied to the actuator. Computer simulations are performed to evaluate the vibration control performance, including the ride comfort and driving stability on various road profiles.

Studying shared bike route choice behavior using a bike-sharing system in Germany

The objective of this research is to explore the determinants of shared bike route choice in both urban and rural settings in Germany. To this end, a stated preference (SP) survey on route choice was conducted across several German cities. Participants were drawn from the service area of a regional bike-sharing system (BSS) in Germany. This area included five major cities and several mid-sized and smaller municipalities. The survey includes responses from both users and non-users of the BSS. Mixed multinomial logit models were used in analysis of the SP data. The study also calculated the willingness to pay (WTP) values for selected attributes. Significant influences on route choice included access and egress time, ride time, and ride cost. Significant random heterogeneity was found, especially for ride cost. Further heterogeneity was reported for interactions with sociodemographic attributes. Street type, surface, and bike infrastructure also had significant effects on route choice. Linkages between infrastructural preferences and respondents’ ages were evident. Although WTP values were strongly influenced by random heterogeneity in ride cost perception, most WTP values were comparable to the values obtained in other studies.

Factors determining roadkills in a mammal carnivore are road-type specific

Roads threaten the conservation of many wildlife species. Carnivores are one of the most susceptible groups due to their habitat requirements. We explored the roadkill patterns of European polecats (Mustela putorious) on motorways and roads to investigate if these patterns depend on road type, a research topic frequently neglected in the literature. We studied 85 roadkills on motorways and 73 on roads, and the corresponding number of random points with no roadkills in every road type. We characterized them with 7 habitat and 7 road-related variables. Roadkill sites were significantly associated with the abundance of rabbit burrows. However, this effect was stronger on motorways, as they provide more suitable habitat for the establishment of prey species on their wider rights-of-way, or on the road interchange islands, which provide wide unused spaces. In contrast, road interchange islands on conventional roads that are simple intersections and have narrower rights-of-way. Furthermore, roadkills occurred in areas with lower agricultural cover. Thus, natural habitats on roadsides could act as alternative foraging areas for this carnivore increasing their roadkill risk. Our results showed the need to consider the characteristics such as the availability of prey or the surrounding habitat, as well as intrinsic characteristics of the road type when studying wildlife roadkills as the road-type-mediated patterns demand-specific mitigation measures.

Machine learning-based characterisation of urban morphology with the street pattern

Streets are a crucial part of the built environment, and their layouts, the street patterns, are widely researched and contribute to a quantitative understanding of urban morphology. However, traditional street pattern analysis only considers a few broadly defined characteristics. It uses administrative boundaries and grids as units of analysis that fail to encompass the diversity and complexity of street networks. To address these challenges, this research proposes a machine learning-based approach to automatically recognise street patterns that employs an adaptive analysis unit based on street-based local areas (SLAs). SLAs use a network partitioning technique that can adapt to distinct street networks, making it particularly suitable for different urban contexts. By calculating several streets’ network metrics and performing a hierarchical clustering method, streets with similar characters are grouped under the same street pattern. A case study is carried out in six cities worldwide. The results show that street pattern types are rather diverse and hierarchical, and categorising them into clearly demarcated taxonomy is challenging. The study derives a set of new morphometrics-based street patterns with four major types that resemble conventional street patterns and eleven sub-types to significantly increase their diversity for broader coverage of urban morphology. The new patterns capture urban structural differences across cities, such as the urban-suburban division and the number of urban centres present. In conclusion, the proposed machine learning-based morphometric street pattern to characterise urban morphology has an enhanced ability to encompass more information from the built environment while maintaining the intuitiveness of using patterns.

Unpaved road verges are attractive habitats for dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in a plantation forestry-grassland mosaic

Roads have direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity, although the impacts on insects are not yet fully understood. In a plantation forestry-dominated landscape in South Africa, where natural grasslands make up ecological networks of conservation corridors among plantation compartments, we investigated the impact of maintained unpaved roads and unmanaged tracks on dung beetles. We show that these two types of roads have little impact on dung beetle species richness and assemblage structure, indicating that road verges are attractive habitats for dung beetles. Yet, nocturnal dung beetle abundance increased with distance away from roads, suggesting that areas farther away from roads are important to maintain their population sizes. Vegetation characteristics, especially total cover by grasses and overall vegetation height, were important drivers of dung beetles, yet substrate characteristics were unimportant. With vegetation characteristics being related to road maintenance, roads in the landscape have an indirect impact on dung beetle species richness, abundance, and assemblage composition, rather than a direct impact. Road construction in production landscapes is unavoidable, and their edges are attractive to dung beetles. This means that road users should avoid unnecessary road killings by strictly keeping to the road tracks. Habitat heterogeneity across the overall landscape should be encouraged to minimize current and future impacts of roads on dung beetles. The expansion of road networks, or the maintenance of existing road networks, should be done cautiously so as to promote habitat heterogeneity which is important for maintaining regional dung beetle diversity patterns.

The visual perception of long outdoor distances

Many previous studies have investigated visual distance perception, especially for small to moderate distances. Few experiments, however, have evaluated the perception of large distances (e.g., 100 m or more). The studies that have been conducted have found conflicting results (diametrically opposite conclusions). In the current experiment, the functions relating actual and perceived distance were obtained for sixteen adult observers using the method of equal appearing intervals. These functions relating perceived and actual distance were obtained for outdoor viewing in a typical University environment—the experiment was conducted along a sidewalk adjacent to a typical street where campus buildings, trees, street signs, etc., were visible. The overall results indicated perceptual compression of distances in depth so that the stimulus distance intervals appeared significantly shorter than the actual (physical) distance intervals. It is important to note, however, that there were sizeable individual differences—the judgments of half of the observers were relatively accurate, whereas the judgments of the remaining half were inaccurate to varying degrees. The results of the experiment demonstrate that there is no single function that describes how human observers visually perceive large distance intervals in outdoor environments.