Typical Residential Area Research Articles

Association between Body Mass Index and Prevalence of Asthma in Korean Adults.

We evaluated the association between body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of asthma. Using data from the 2015 Korean Community Health Survey, 214,971 participants aged between 19 and 106 years were included in this study. Asthma was defined based on the self-report of physician diagnosis. BMI was classified as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<23.0 kg/m2), overweight (23.0 kg/m2≤ BMI<27.4 kg/m2), and obese (≥27.5 kg/m2) based on the BMI categories for Asians by the World Health Organization. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with sampling weights to evaluate the association between BMI and asthma after adjusting for age, educational level, income, type of residential area, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, hypertension, and diabetes. In men, BMI had an inverted J-shaped association with the prevalence of asthma, with an odds ratio of 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.89–2.24) for underweight and 1.12 (95% CIs: 0.97–1.29) for obesity. In women, BMI had a J-shaped association with the prevalence of asthma, with an odds ratio of 1.05 (95% CIs: 0.91–1.22) for underweight and 2.29 (95% CIs: 2.06–2.56) for obesity. In conclusion, in a nationally representative sample of Korean adults, the association between BMI and the prevalence of asthma varied between the sexes. This suggests that malnutrition and obesity are involved in the pathophysiology of asthma.

Analysis of the Acoustic Environment of Typical Residential Areas along a Light Rail Line Based on GIS

The acoustic environment of urban residential areas is closely related to road traffic noise. More specifically, the effect of the light rail on the old residential area in Chongqing is potentially profound. Using geographic information system (GIS) to construct a map of the urban light rail’s influence on the acoustic environment of residential areas, the influence of noise can be determined. Very few studies exist on the impact of light rails on the acoustic environment of residential areas, and there is no literature on the impact of light rails on the acoustic environment of residential areas using GIS. In this study, the degree of influence of a light rail on nearby residential areas and the diffusion degree of light rail noise in these areas during various times of the day were analysed by measuring the objective indicators of acoustic landscape elements and evaluating subjective indicators. The layout mode of the residential areas and the light rail were superimposed, and other traffic noise influences were eliminated. This method provides a scientific basis for the planning, design, and reconstruction of residential areas.

FORMING THE STRUCTURE OF IMPROVEMENT KIDS YARD SITES

The yard area is a place of collective rest of the residents. The most important thing that a person needs in the yard is comfort, safety and beauty.The analysis of the practice of mass housing construction in the largest cities of Ukraine reflects, on the one hand, the growing tendency of humanizing the living environment in the last years to create commemorative residential buildings, which are characterized by increased levels of landscaping, and on the other hand, there are serious disadvantages in this area.The specifics of the functional and planning organization of different types of residential areas determine the different approach in the organization of the system of external improvement, maintenance and operation of its individual elements. However, there are a number of general provisions that form the basis for the formation, maintenance and operation of the system of improvement of residential complexes of the city.When arranging playgrounds, little attention is paid to the intellectual development of children.All this testifies to the relevance of this study, aimed at a comprehensive study of the issues of functioning and trends of the organization of adjoining spaces that meet the needs of different socio-demographic groups of the population, stereotypes of people's behavior in terms of improving the relationship of spatial structures of a living cell, apartment building, adjoining space.The specifics of the functional and planning organization of different types of residential areas determine the different approach in the organization of the system of external improvement, maintenance and operation of its individual elements.Along with traditional approaches to the formation of children's play spaces, a synergistic approach aimed at creating a reasoned environment, that is, an environment, has an additional influence on the external senses of the individual.The tendencies and prospects of change of the factors that determine the functioning and development of the adjoining spaces are analyzed.

Study on Environment Regulation of Residential in Severe Cold Area of China in Winter: Base on Outdoor Thermal Comfort of the Elderly

Overwhelming evidence shows that the harsh climate conditions are affecting urban residents who are living in severe cold areas of China in winter, particularly affecting the frequency and length of outdoor space usage of the elderly. This study aims (1) to establish the modified model which is suitable for the harsh climate region, (2) to verify whether the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index can be evaluated for the outdoor thermal comfort of older adults in severe cold areas of China in winter, (3) to draw the thermal comfort map that is based on the former conclusions. In this study, the outdoor environments in typical residential areas for the elderly of Changchun, China, has been investigated by using field measurement, questionnaire survey, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results show that the wind direction is the important aspects of model modification and quite possibly one of the most neglected. In addition, it is convenient to evaluate outdoor thermal comfort of the elderly on the basis of the PET index and the neutral PET temperature of elderly people who live in severe cold areas of China in winter is −0.5 degrees Celsius. According to the thermal comfort map, the park green land of urban residential is the best area for the elderly.

Sociodemographic disparities in hypertension prevalence: Results from the first Portuguese National Health Examination Survey

IntroductionCardiovascular disease is an important cause of death and disability worldwide, and hypertension is responsible for at least 45% of all deaths due to heart disease and 51% of deaths due to stroke. This study aimed to estimate and describe the distribution of prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the Portuguese population in 2015. MethodsA national survey using a representative sample of 4911 individuals residing in Portugal and aged between 25 and 74 years was implemented. Trained nurses performed a health interview and a physical examination, including blood pressure measurement (right arm, three measurements at 1-min intervals). The prevalence of hypertension was stratified by gender, age group, marital status, education, occupation and type of residential area. Associations between hypertension prevalence and sociodemographic factors were assessed using bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression. ResultsThe overall hypertension prevalence was 36.0%. The highest rates were observed in males (39.6%), in individuals aged between 65 and 74 years (71.3%), and in those with low levels of education (62.6%) and with no formal occupation (64.5%). Among hypertensive individuals, 69.8% were aware of their condition and 69.4% were under treatment, of whom 71.3% were controlled. Rates of awareness and medical treatment were significantly higher among women and older individuals. ConclusionsA large majority of the adult Portuguese population are likely to reach blood pressure levels defined as hypertension in adulthood. Significant differences in hypertension prevalence were found according to gender, age and socioeconomic status, which highlights the importance of population strategies in public health policies.

Spatial patterns of urban green infrastructure for equity: A novel exploration

Abstract Urbanization processes spur the need for urban green infrastructure (GI) to support the well-being of urban dwellers and underpin a sustainable planning strategy. It is a challenge for urban planning to make cities equitable in a socio-spatial way for which strategic planning are demanded based on measured gradients of spatial equity for GI. Strategically, urban GI planning should pay tribute to the inherent spatial patterns and foster a fair distribution of GI towards spatial equity. Our aim is hence to investigate the spatial patterns of urban GI and disclose how spatial patterns affect spatial equity of GI in typical residential areas. The sample sites are in a central European city, Leipzig, the fastest growing city in Germany at present, with high pressure on urban growth. To elaborate an innovative approach, this study draws up a cascade of three methodological stages: 1) deploy the approach of an urban Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) to compare urban GI patterns in three typical residential local districts, 2) use the GI-adapted Gini coefficient to measure spatial equity of GI distributions, and 3) explore the relationships between GI spatial patterns and spatial equity of GI for each residential type. In the context of three typical residential areas in Leipzig (i.e. (semi-)detached houses, linear multistorey housing estates, and perimeter blocks), a combination of the MSPA and a spatial equity measurement assists our novel exploration to disclose the relationships between the spatial patterns and the equity of GI distributions. Thus, we can prove strong similarities on the characteristics of spatial patterns in each residential type and observe a tendency of increasing equity from (semi-)detached houses to linear housing and further to perimeter blocks. As significant findings for the support of strategic urban GI planning, we discover that GI cores provide a restricted increase of spatial equity that limited to the lack of space. Furthermore, we suggest more GI bridges to enhance structural connectivity as well as spatial equity. This paper depicts the spatial equity of GI distributions in typical residential areas from morphological perspective, and thus further underpins urban GI planning for strategic networks as a key principle of the urban GI concept.

Proximate Determinant of Adolescents Fertility in Central Java

Adolescent fertility is an important issue in terms of health and social care due to its relation to morbidity and mortality of mothers and children. The 2017 IDHS provided data regarding the percentage of women aged 15-19 who already became mothers or pregnant with their first child according to background characteristics. The 2017 IDHS results showed 7 percent of women aged 15-19 were mothers: 5 percent had given birth and 2 percent were pregnant with their first child. This study used a quantitative secondary data analysis approach. The secondary data used were the results of the Central Java IDHS 2017. The population of this study was all adolescent girls aged 15-19 years in Central Java. The unit analysis in the study were women of childbearing age which were 15-19 years from the analysis unit of Central Java IDHS in 2017 with a total sample of 4,560 respondents. From the results of the study, we noted that factors related to adolescent fertility in Central Java were age, education, use of contraception, marital status, status of living with a partner, and practice of sexual relations. Factors which were not related to adolescent fertility in Central Java were occupation, wealth, type of residential area, insurance ownership, duration of abstinence, partner's age, partner's level of education, and partner's occupation.

Local-Scale Urban Energy Balance Observation under Various Sky Conditions in a Humid Subtropical Region

AbstractThe present study presents local-scale urban energy balance observations under various sky conditions in a humid subtropical region. The study site is a typical urban residential area in Guangzhou in which building density is 38%, vegetation coverage is 36%, and mean building height is 21 m. The observation was conducted at a 110-m-high tower using the eddy covariance technique from September to November 2016. The median diurnal pattern and daily maxima were achieved for all radiation components and turbulent fluxes. The Bowen ratio (β) results indicated a predominant role for sensible heat flux (QH) in the daytime and latent heat flux (QE) at night. The sky conditions played a significant part in the urban surface energy exchanges, showing that the median daily maxima of net radiation (Q*), QH, storage heat flux (ΔQS), surface albedo, and β all present a consistent order from large to small for clear, cloudy, and rainy days and a different order of rainy, clear, and cloudy days for QE. The mean daytime QH/Q*, QE/Q*, ΔQS/Q*, and β changed with urban density, while QE/Q* and β also varied with vegetation fraction. Furthermore, the adaptability of net all-wave radiation parameterization (NARP), objective hysteresis model (OHM), and local-scale urban meteorological parameterization scheme (LUMPS) were validated, given the index of agreements of 0.998 and 0.951 for Q* and ΔQS and the reasonable RMSEs for QH and QE. The present study helps to verify and improve the parameterizations of energy exchange over an urban surface in the humid subtropical region.

Understanding Cybercrime Victimisation : Modelling The Local Area Variations in Routinely Collected Cybercrime Police Data Using Latent Class Analysis

Numerous factors such as sociodemographic characteristics contribute to cybercrime victimisation. Previous research suggests that neighbourhood plays a role in cybercrime perpetration. However, despite the theoretical importance and particular interest to law enforcement agencies and policymakers, local area variations in cybercrime victimisation have rarely been examined. Drawing on data from recorded cybercrime incidents within one of the largest police forces in England from a three-year period with a victim dataset of 5,270 individuals enhanced by the Census data, this research untangles the relationships between demographics of cybercrime victims and their resident area characteristics. The research considers four types of cybercrime victimisation: ‘Harassment/Unwanted Contact’, ‘Fraud/Theft/Handling’, ‘Sexual/Indecent Images’ and ‘other types of cybercrime’ (classifications used by the participating police force). Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was applied to rigorously analyse the relationship among the four different types of cybercrime victimisation with victim demographics and resident area-level characteristics. This research finds that each type of cybercrime yielded statistically distinct victim profiles. Vulnerabilities to cybercrime varied among male and female of different age groups, and importantly, the types of residential areas of the victims. Specifically, it is evident that females were much more likely to become cybercrime victims than males for two types of cybercrime: ‘Harassment/Unwanted Contact’, and ‘Sexual/Indecent Images’. Vulnerabilities associated with these two types of cybercrime decreased with the increase of age. Cybercrime victims of ‘Sexual/Indecent Images’ were likely to be 5-14 year-olds living in areas with a higher number of Level 2, Level 4 qualifications and full-time students. Both males and females were vulnerable to ‘Fraud/Theft/Handling’ cybercrime and their resident areas had a higher number of full-time students, Level 4 qualifications and Asians. Finally, victims of ‘other types of cybercrime’ were most likely to be male and their resident areas had a high number of Asians and full-time students. Our work demonstrates that it is possible to apply statistical analysis to routinely collected police data to gain insight into the cybercrime victimisation that occurs across crime types in relation to demographics and area-level variations. These results provide valuable insights into policing cybercrime in England and beyond.

Opportunistic off-target cancer screening in organized programs: The EDIFICE 6 survey.

1535 Background: The efficacy and benefit/risk ratio of organized nationwide cancer screening programs rely on the age range of eligible average-risk populations. We studied the characteristics of off-target populations who underwent opportunistic screening for colorectal (CRC), breast (BC) or cervical (CC) cancer, ≤5y prior to the recommended age. Methods: The French nationwide observational survey, EDIFICE 6, was conducted online (June 26-July 28, 2017) on a core sample of 12 046 individuals (18-69y). Representativeness was ensured by quota sampling on age, sex, profession, and stratification by geographical area/type of urban district. Opportunistic screening for BC (in 533 women, age 45-49y), CRC (in 1331 individuals, age 45-49y) or CC (in 633 women, age 20-24y) was assessed in terms of smoking status (current, former/never smoker), marital status (single, living with a partner), type of residential area (urban, rural), having a close relative with cancer, social vulnerability (EPICES score), and self-reporting own cancer risk (higher, identical/lower than average). Results: In the off-target populations, screening rates were 78% for BC (N = 418, mammogram), 13% for CRC (N = 172, fecal test or colonoscopy) and 42% for CC (N = 264, cervical Pap smear test). Premature BC screening rates were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in non-vulnerable than in vulnerable individuals (84% vs 69%), and among those self-reporting their own BC risk as higher than average (84% vs 76% reporting own BC risk as identical/lower than average). Premature CC screening rates were correlated with: smoking status (66% in current smokers vs 35% in former/never smokers), and marital status (63% in those living with a partner vs 34% single). Lastly, factors correlated with premature CRC screening were: type of residential area (urban, 15% vs rural, 8%), and believing own risk of CRC to be higher than average (27% vs 8% of those who self-reported their own CRC risk as identical/lower than average). Conclusions: This analysis reveals several factors related to premature screening for BC, CRC and CC, provides clear insight into off-target cancer screening uptake profiles, and hints at new strategies to ensure the optimal risk/benefit ratio of screening practices.

Impact of residential area on the management of rheumatoid arthritis patients initiating their first biologic DMARD: Results from the Ontario Best Practices Research Initiative (OBRI).

Access to care and management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients may differ based on residential area. We described differences in the profile of patients initiating their first biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) based on their residential area type.Cross-sectional analysis of 793 adult RA patients in the longitudinal Ontario Best Practices Research Initiative (OBRI) registry initiating their first bDMARD <30 days prior to or anytime post-enrolment. Patient residential and clinic areas (rural vs. urban) were classified using 2 methods: postal codes and Statistics Canada population centres. Sociodemographics, disease characteristics, and RA medications (tumor necrosis factor inhibitor [TNFi] vs. non-TNFi, concurrent use of conventional synthetic DMARDs [csDMARDs], and intravenous [IV] vs. subcutaneous [SC] bDMARD) at initiation of first bDMARD were contrasted between residential area types.Other than marital status, first language, and race (higher proportion of married, English speaking, Caucasian patients in rural areas), no significant differences were observed in the demographic and disease characteristics of patients living in rural and urban areas. In multivariate analysis, there was no association between residential area type and type of bDMARD use, concurrent csDMARD(s) use or route of bDMARD. However, patients living farther from their treating clinic were significantly less likely to initiate IV bDMARD. Female rheumatologist and rural clinic location were independently associated with lower odds of IV bDMARD use.The use of SC vs. IV bDMARD was associated with being seen in a clinic located in a rural area, being treated by a female rheumatologist, and living farther from treating clinic. These results suggest possible prescription bias in bDMARD selection and/or patient preferences due to convenience.

Road Traffic Noise Levels at Different Types of Residential Areas in Nibong Tebal, Penang

Traffic vehicles on the road networks during their movement create noise that has greater impact on environment. The sources, the receivers and the place of transition, where the sound wave propagates, are the three vital parameters for the field of noise acoustics. For this research, the aim of this study is to assess traffic noise levels between different types of residential areas in Nibong Tebal, Penang. The study is carried out in order to achieve the following three main objectives, which are to assess the level of traffic noise at selected residential areas, to characterize the traffic flow composition nearby study areas, and to compare noise levels between low density and terraced house residential areas. The noise levels measurements were carried out periodically in the morning (from 0700 to 1100), evening (from 1600 to 1900), and at night (from 2200 to 2300) for 15 minutes using a sound level meter. The traffic characteristics were measured simultaneously during noise levels measurements. The highest equivalent continuous noise levelsfor the low density residential areas was at Kampung Batu 2 in the evening with 65.9 dB(A), while for the medium density residential areas, Taman Sri Acheh contributed 68.60 dB(A) during the morning. The lowest equivalent continuous noise levelswere obtained at Kampung Simpang Tiga in the morning that contributed 54.9 dB(A) for low density residential areas. However, the minimum equivalent continuous noise levelsobtained for the medium density residential areas was at Taman Ilmu Indah in the morning with 63.10 dB(A). The results obtained, clearly show that the equivalent continuous noise level for all study sites exceeded the maximum permissible sound level for medium density areas during daytime (from 7.00 am to 10.00 pm), which is 55 dB(A), while at night time (from 10.00 pm to 7.00 am) is 45 dB(A), and for low density residential areas during daytime (from 7.00 am to 10.00 pm) is 55 dB(A), while at night time (from 10.00 pm to 7.00 am) is 45 dB(A), respectively. These values are based on the guidelines for environmental noise limits and control by the Department of Environment, Malaysia.

Comparison of Road Traffic Noise near High, Medium and Low Density Residential Areas in Nibong Tebal and Juru, Penang

Nowadays, environmental noise pollution is ranked second among other environmental pollutions in terms of public health impacts due to rapid urbanization and growing traffic especially road traffic. The aim of this study is to assess traffic noise levels between different types of residential areas in Nibong Tebal and Juru, Penang. This study compares road traffic noise levels in high density (Juru) and medium density (Nibong Tebal) residential areas in Penang. The noise levels measurements were carried out periodically in the morning (from 0700 to 1100), evening (from 1600 to 1900), and at night (from 2200 to 2300) for 15 minutes using sound level meter. The traffic characteristics were measured simultaneously during noise levels measurements. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine any significant differences between two or more noise levels measured at sites of the study. Independent samples t-test was used to compare independent groups (noise levels at two different study sites and areas). In the present study, p values of less than 5% (p<0.005) were considered as statistically significant The results show that all of the noise levels measured in Juru and Nibong Tebal residential areas exceed the noise permissible limits stated in The Planning Guidelines For Environmental Noise Limits and Noise Control by low density residential areas with the permissible limits of 50dB(A) day time and 40dB(A) night time, suburban residential (medium density with the permissible limits of 55dB(A) day time and 45dB(A) night time) and urban residential (high density with the permissible limits of 60dB(A) day time and 55dB(A) night time). The equivalent continuous noise levels measured in Nibong Tebal residential areas are between 57.6 – 69dB(A) while in Juru residential areas, the noise levels measured are 66.65 to 70.7dB(A). All noise levels exceed the maximum permissible sound levels in both areas.

Air pollution effects on the intensity of received signal in 3G/4G mobile terminal

In this paper, the existence of the interaction between the atmospheric particulate and the electromagnetic waves attenuation in the frequency band used by the 3G/4G mobile network was investigated. A few papers present in literature indicate, in presence of air pollution, the possibility of a significant cross polarization of the electromagnetic waves, while none of the papers indicated the possibility of a significant attenuation. This paper has tried to partially fill this gap of knowledge in this field with some new contributions. In all the experiments performed at the department of electrical, electronics and informatics engineering in the University of Catania (87 experiments each one lasting about 36 min), significant variations have not been found in the received signal level (RSL), while a polynomial dependency of the RSL local variance from the particulate concentration has been found. To demonstrate that the results obtained in the laboratory have general validity, a campaign test was conducted in an outdoors environment in the frequency band used by the 3G/4G mobile network. The site of the considered measurement station is selected to represent a typical residential area with high traffic influences in the city of Catania. Also, in this measures campaign conducted in the outdoors environment in the 3G/4G frequency band, significant variations have not been found in the RSL. While a marked dependence of the RSL local variance from the {text {PM}}_{10} concentration has been found. This is a noteworthy result, because certain non-negligible RSL local variance variations indicate the possibility of a pronounced cross polarization. The impact of the cross polarization becomes significant for systems reusing frequency, because the cross polarization counteracts the optimum frequency spectrum utilization.

Exposure-complaint relationships of various environmental odor sources in Styria, Austria

In the planning and authorization process of industrial plants or agricultural buildings, it needs to be ensured that odor emissions do not annoy nearby residents in an unacceptable way. Previous studies have shown that odor-hour frequency is an important predictor for odor annoyance. However, odor-hour frequencies can be assessed for day and night separately. The present study relates complaint rates with different odor types and different metrics of frequency calculated via a dispersion model. Binary logistic regression analyses show that odor type and frequency of odor-hours are important predictors for complaints, while type of residential area does not increase the predictive value of the model. The combination of calculated frequency of day time odor-hours and type of odor explains complaint rates best. It is recommended to keep odor emissions as low as possible, especially for highly annoying odor types.

北京市居住区林木健康评价

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北京市居住区林木健康评价 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201811122447 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技支撑计划-环境友好型城镇景观林构建技术研究与示范（2015BAD07B06） Health Assessment of trees in residential areas of Beijing Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: the National Science-technology Support Plan Projects—Research and demonstration on the construction technology of environment-friendly urban landscape forest（2015BAD07B06） 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了揭示北京市居住区林木健康变化特征及影响因素，提供北京市居住区林木健康经营对策。对北京市85个居住区林木进行健康特征调查，在建立林木健康评价模型评价林木健康状况的基础上，采用方差分析法和多重比较法分析不同类型居住区林木健康差异。结果表明：不同类型居住区林木健康指标差异显著（P<0.05），各指标变化规律不完全一致；不同类型居住区地表覆盖情况、光污染程度、树干倾斜度、栽植截干、树势、冠形、干形等方面普遍较差。北京市居住区林木健康指数在0.60-0.80之间，健康等级呈现右偏正态分布特点，健康林木比例为3.65%，亚健康林木（56.07%）最多，其次是中等健康林木（36.68%），不健康林木有3.50%，濒死林木仅占0.10%。居住区林木健康指数在不同区域和不同来源间差异不显著（P>0.05），在不同时期间差异显著（P<0.05），健康指数大小分别为：三-四环=四-五环 > 五-六环 > 二环内=二-三环；福利房 > 商品房 > 保障房；2009-2013年 > 2003-2008年=1998-2002年=1991-1997年 > 1956-1990年。北京市居住区林木生长处于亚健康状态，潜在影响因子如地表覆盖情况、光污染程度、树干倾斜度等指标是限制北京市居住区林木生长的重要因子。适当减小夜间照明影响、增加有机地表覆盖、避免过度的修枝截干和加强林木养护管理是当前北京市居住区林木健康生长的保障。 Abstract:In this study, we aimed to identify the variations and factors determining tree health in residential areas of Beijing, and provide recommendations to tree health managements, by investigating 85 residential areas in Beijing. Tree health was evaluated using a tree health assessment model, and on the basis of this, differences in tree health among different types of residential areas were assessed using one-way ANOVA and the Duncan test. The results were as follows:tree health indicators were significantly different in different types of residential areas (P < 0.05), and the variation ranks of each indicator were not completely consistent. Some tree health indicators in some types of residential area were generally poor, and factors determining this were surface coverage, light pollution, trunk lean, cutting off crown and planting, tree vigor, crown profile and stem form. Trees health indices in all residential areas of Beijing tested were 0.60-0.80, and tree health was characteristic of a right normal distribution. Healthy trees accounted for 3.65%, sub-healthy trees accounted for 56.07%, medium-healthy trees accounted for 36.68%, unhealthy trees accounted for 3.50%, and dying trees accounted for 0.10%. Tree health indices were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between residential areas in different districts and origins, while differences between different assessment periods were significant (P < 0.05). Ranks of trees health indices in difference types of residential area are presented:3rd-4th ring road=4th-5th ring road > 5th-6th ring road > within 2nd ring road=2nd-3rd ring road; welfare housing > commodity apartment > social security housing; 2009-2013 > 2003-2008=1998-2002=1991-1997 > 1956-1990. The majority of trees in residential areas of Beijing are in a sub-healthy state, and potential factors such as surface coverage, light pollution, and trunk lean are important factors restricting tree growth. Reducing the influence of night lighting, increasing the coverage of organic ground surfaces, avoiding excessive pruning of branches, and improving maintenance and management of trees will ensure healthy growth of trees in the residential areas of Beijing. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

To see the invisible: In search of local identity of Yasenevo area in Moscow

The article presents the results of complex cultural geographical research of Yasenevo area in Moscow. The research was aimed at revealing an interconnected system of unique spatial representations of this typical distant urban residential area. The methods and approaches of urban planning analysis, statistical method of ‘regional syndrome’, historical and fiction texts’ analysis and semi-structured in-depth interviews were combined together for data collection within the framework of the project, with one of the mental mapping methods (image-geographical maps) used to present the results of the study. As a result Yasenevo is represented as a ‘green’ area due to Bitsevsky park surrounding it and various small gardens and groves in the yards. It is important to mention, Yasenevo is a compact and clearly isolated area, separated by the green areas from the surroundings. It has a specific urban planning and architectural structure dating back to Soviet modernism with peculiar semicircular buildings and streets, spacious avenues and green areas inside the separated cozy quarters (‘states’). Yasenevo is imagined as a ‘young’ area. However this vision co-exists with the historical heritage of preserved and ruined former noble estates and Soviet modernism blocks. Those unique features of Yasenevo are regarded as the basics of currently only partial local identity formation, on the one hand, and as the identifiers of potential organic (identity-based) place branding, on the other hand.

Role of obesity in gestational hypertension in primigravidae women: A case control study in Shadegan, Iran.

Background: Gestational hypertension is a serious problem among pregnant women in Shadegan. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of gestational hypertension in these women. Methods: In this study, the prevalence of gestational hypertension was estimated. Then, a case-control study was performed on 310 pregnant women with gestational hypertension and 930 healthy pregnant women in 2014. Multiple logistic regression was used to explore the possible risk factors. The analysis was repeated in a subgroup of primigravidae women to identify the risk factors that led to gestational hypertension. Results: The prevalence of gestational hypertension among pregnant women in Shadegan was 9.6%. Moreover, multiple logistic regression of all pregnant women showed that obese pregnant women were 1.79 times (OR = 1.79; 95%CI= 1.19-2.71; p<0.005) more likely to have gestational hypertension. Overweight and obese primigravidae women were 2.13 (OR= 2.1; 95%CI= 1.031-4.34; p<0.041) and 4.8 (OR= 2.4; 95%CI= 1.13-5.16; p<0.022) times more likely to have gestational hypertension than women with normal BMI, respectively. Age, education, history of gestational hypertension, and type of residential area of the primigravidae women were also significant factors. Conclusion: BMI is the most important risk factor for gestational hypertension. More focus needs to be laid on this issue to raise awareness on the preservation of proper BMI before pregnancy, which can help decrease gestational hypertension.

Differences in healthcare costs in youths with conduct disorders in rural vs. urban regions: an analysis of German health insurance data

BackgroundFor children and adolescents with mental health problems, there is a lack of data as to whether the type of residential area (urban vs. rural) influences healthcare costs for affected individuals. The aim of this study was therefore to explore potential urban vs. rural healthcare cost differences in children and adolescents with conduct disorder (CD), one of the most frequent and cost-intensive child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Additionally, we aimed to compare healthcare costs of youths with CD, and of youths without this diagnosis.MethodsWe analysed data from a German health insurance company, extracting all youths with a CD diagnosis in 2011 (CD group; N = 6337), and an age- and sex-matched group without this diagnosis (control group). For both groups, annual costs per person for outpatient and inpatient healthcare were aggregated, stratified by area of residence (urban vs. rural).ResultsWhile mean annual overall costs in the CD group did not differ significantly between urban and rural areas of residence (2785 EUR vs. 3557 EUR, p = 0.253), inpatient treatment costs were significantly higher in rural areas (2166 EUR (60.9% of overall costs) vs. 1199 EUR (43.1% of overall costs), p < 0.0005). For outpatient healthcare costs, the reverse effect was found, with significantly higher costs in individuals from urban areas of residence (901 EUR (32.3% of overall costs) vs. 581 EUR (16.3% of overall costs), p < 0.0005).In the control group, no significant rural vs. urban difference was found for either overall health costs, inpatient or outpatient costs. Mean overall costs in the CD group were four times higher than in the control group (3162 (±5934) EUR vs. 795 (±4425) EUR).ConclusionsThis study is the first to demonstrate urban vs. rural differences in healthcare costs among youths with CD. The higher costs of inpatient treatment in rural regions may indicate a need for alternative forms of service provision and delivery in rural settings.

Optimization Design of Underground Space Overburden Thickness in a Residential Area Concerning Outdoor Thermal Environment Evaluation

Reasonable design of the overburden thickness of underground space (OTUS) can influence the outdoor thermal environment by affecting the ground plant communities. To optimize the design of the OTUS for improving the outdoor thermal environment, this study summarized the influence mechanism of the OTUS on the outdoor thermal environment and proposed a framework of the optimization design of underground space overburden thickness. A typical row layout residential area in Nanjing, China, was taken as the research object on which to perform a numerical study of the influence of plant communities formed by two types of plant collocations (a middle- and low-level plant collocation and a middle- and high-level plant collocation) on the outdoor thermal environment (airflow field, air temperature, relative humidity and thermal comfort) under three different ratios of trees to shrubs (2:3, 1:2, and 1:3), and to provide suggestions regarding the design of the OTUS according to the designer’s requirements. The conclusions were summarized as follows: (1) If a designer wants to enhance outdoor ventilation, the OTUS should be designed to satisfy the requirements for the middle- and low-level plant collocations and the overburden thickness of the 2/5 underground space development area should be set to 80~100 cm, the overburden thickness of the other 2/5 area should be set to 45~60 cm and the overburden thickness of the remaining 1/5 area should be set to 30~45 cm. (2) If a designer wants to reduce air temperature, increase relative humidity, and improve outdoor thermal comfort, the OTUS should be designed to satisfy the requirements for middle- and high-level plant collocations and the overburden thickness of the 1/4 underground space development area should be set to 80~100 cm, and the overburden thickness of the remaining 3/4 area should be set to 45~60 cm.