Types Of Reinforcing Materials Research Articles

Study on the Interface Reinforcement Effect of Bamboo Grid in Filled Loess Embankment in a High and Steep Gully

A bamboo grid is a new type of reinforcement material, which can replace traditional geogrids in the reinforcement of embankments. In this study, the reinforcement effect of the bamboo grid that is only set at the interface between the filled and undisturbed soils of the filled loess embankment in a high and steep gully was investigated. The influence of reinforcement position and grid spacing on the reinforcement effect was studied by carrying out a large-scale direct shear test, numerical simulation, and field measurement. The results indicated that the bamboo grid could enhance the shear strength of the reinforcement interface. The interface shear strength first improved and then decreased with the decrease in grid spacing. The differential settlement was significantly reduced after the reinforcement of the bamboo grid at the interface. Compared with other reinforcement positions, setting the bamboo grid in the upper part of the embankment was the most efficient and economical. When the grid spacing became dense, the reinforcement effect was improved as the differential settlement decreased. However, the improvement in the reinforcement effect by decreasing the grid spacing was limited, which meant there was an optimal grid spacing.

Non-Destructive Methods for Assessing the Condition of Reinforcement Materials in Soil

A reinforced earth wall is a structure in which reinforcement materials are placed in an embankment to build a vertical or nearly vertical wall surface. Such walls have been widely used in roads and in developed land since around 1960. Reinforcement materials have a set service life of 100 years and fall into two types: steel and geosynthetics. To ensure long-term durability, steel reinforcement materials are plated, while geosynthetics are designed with a limit strength designed to resist fracture for 100 years under the conditions of a given load placed on the reinforcement materials. However, owing to the difficulty of assessing the condition of reinforcement materials in soil, this paper proposes solutions based on non-destructive methods. Specifically, it proposes a method of assessing the amount of strain through an embedded optical fiber in the case of geosynthetic reinforcement materials, or magnetic surveying to investigate the degree of corrosion in the case of steel reinforcement materials. This paper demonstrates that it is possible to non-destructively assess the state of either type of reinforcement material.

Retention of Ciprofloxacin and Carbamazepine from Aqueous Solutions Using Chitosan-Based Cryostructured Composites.

Water pollution is becoming a great concern at the global level due to highly polluted effluents, which are charged year by year with increasing amounts of organic residues, dyes, pharmaceuticals and heavy metals. For some of these pollutants, the industrial treatment of wastewater is still relevant. Yet, in some cases, such as pharmaceuticals, specific treatment schemes are urgently required. Therefore, the present study describes the synthesis and evaluation of promising cryostructured composite adsorbents based on chitosan containing native minerals and two types of reinforcement materials (functionalized kaolin and synthetic silicate microparticles). The targeted pharmaceuticals refer to the ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic and the carbamazepine (CBZ) drug, for which the current water treatment process seem to be less efficient, making them appear in exceedingly high concentrations, even in tap water. The study reveals first the progress made for improving the mechanical stability and resilience to water disintegration, as a function of pH, of chitosan-based cryostructures. Further on, a retention study shows that both pharmaceuticals are retained with high efficiency (up to 85.94% CIP and 86.38% CBZ) from diluted aqueous solutions.

Structural and catalytic investigations of the novel carbon foam composites containing double hybrid nano reinforcements

Recently many attempts were conducted to enhance the structural morphology and properties of pitch-derived carbon foam (CF) by dispersing different additives in the CF matrix. But unfortunately, these additives enhance one property at the cost of another one. Herein, this work mainly considered the collaborated effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and functionalized nanodiamonds (FNDs) in the CF matrix phase was studied and compared with coupled CF/MWCNTs and CF/MWCNTs-FNDs hybrid composites. Coal tar pitch (CTP), a raw substance was applied to synthesize pretreated CF pitches via forming, carbonization, and graphitization techniques. Both types of nanocomposites were checked for various structural and morphological characterizations. Investigations revealed that the upgradation of microstructure, pore size, and uniform dispersion of samples can be made possible with the incorporation of nanofillers. However, between two different types of reinforcement materials, FNDs proved more influential to maximize the mechanical, thermal, and electrical attributes of CF nanocomposites. Different samples including pure CF, 1, 2, and 4 wt% CF/MWCNTs and CF/MWCNTs-FND were investigated. It was observed that with an increment in the amount of nanofiller, properties showed different variations. The best thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties were offered by 2 and 4 wt% CF/MWCNTs-FNDs hybrid samples respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the CF samples was investigated against Alizarin red (AR) dye. Results show that a hybrid sample of CF/MWCNTs-FND (4 wt%) is the most effective and sustainable as well as it almost decolorized about 88 % AR dye. Furthermore, it was also noticed that the dye decolorization increases with increasing catalyst dosage and pH of the medium and decreasing initial dye concentration.

Insights into the acoustic field-assisted inkjet printing of graphene-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane composites

The silicon-based organic polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used in biomedical, optical, and mechanical industries due to its outstanding biocompatibility, and great optical and mechanical properties. To improve the mechanical properties of PDMS, attention has been attracted to adding reinforcement materials to strengthen PDMS composites. Among all types of reinforcement materials, graphene (Gr) is ideal in that it demonstrates extremely high strength and rigidity. In addition, adding a small amount of Gr can significantly alter the mechanical properties of PDMS. Despite these benefits, voids and Gr-induced gaps commonly exist in Gr-reinforced composites. To reduce these problems, acoustic field (AF)-assisted inkjet printing has been proposed. Results show that the integration of the AF is beneficial for reducing voids and removing gaps between Gr flakes and the PDMS matrix. Due to these reasons, tensile properties and dynamic mechanical properties of Gr-reinforced PDMS composite are dramatically improved when the AF is integrated. In addition, AF can also improve the surface finish of inkjet-printed parts.

Surface profile of laminated transfemoral socket fabricated with different types of reinforcement materials.

Composite materials used in the prosthetic and orthotic fields have helped improve the fabrication of sockets. Laminated sockets proved to be stronger than conventional thermoplastic sockets. The internal surface of a laminated socket plays an important role in patient comfort and is influenced by the material used to fabricate the socket. This study analyzes the internal surface profile of five different materials, that is, Dacron felt, fiberglass, Perlon stockinette, polyester stockinette, and elastic stockinette. All sockets were fabricated using an acrylic resin mix with hardener powder at a ratio of 100:3. The internal surface of the sockets was tested using the Mitutoyo SurfTest SJ-210 series for 20 trials. The overall Ra values were 2.318, 2.380, 2.682, 2.722, and 3.750 µm for fiberglass, polyester, Perlon, elastic stockinette, and Dacron felt. Dacron felt yielded the lowest Ra value, thus, producing the smoothest internal surface but requiring high skill and the correct technique during the fabrication of a laminated socket. Fiberglass is considered the best material for the internal surface despite not producing the lowest value individually but overall is the lowest and most consistent, indicating that it is easy to use to laminate prosthetic sockets.

Experimental and numerical study on tensile performance of GFRP bar reinforced UHPC members

Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bar reinforced ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) (GFRP-UHPC) members’ tensile performance should be significantly different from that of steel-UHPC members due to differences between GFRP and steel bars in mechanical and bond properties. In this paper, six dog-bone shaped specimens with different types of reinforcement materials, rebar diameters, and quantities of rebars were fabricated and tested under axial tension, and their failure modes, load-displacement curves, and cracking behavior were recorded and investigated. Furthermore, an extensive nonlinear finite element analysis considering the bond behavior between rebars and UHPC was conducted. Finally, formulas were proposed to predict the tensile stiffness and ultimate tensile capacity of GFRP-UHPC members. Results confirmed that bond shear strength (τcs) and stiffness (K) of the GFRP and UHPC interface were the key factors that affected GFRP-UHPC members’ tensile performance: τcs mainly determined the failure mode; increasing K and the reinforcement ratio can improve the post-cracking stiffness and obtain tension hardening behavior; the wedging effect caused the post-cracking curve of the tension member in bond failure mode re-ascend periodically. The proposed formulas could produce accurate and safe predictions after comparing predicted results with experimental and simulation results. This study provides the underlying insights needed to guide the design of GFRP-UHPC members.

Assessment of a unique reinforcement construction on mechanical behaviour of composite structures

The construction type of reinforcement material is a critical factor playing an essential role in the mechanical performance of composite materials. Recently, much attention has been attracted to discovering the mechanical behaviour of glass woven fabric, such as plain and different variations of twill and satin reinforced composites. In this paper, it is aimed to test the effect of a combination of unique characteristics of woven and knitted fabrics in the same matrix on the mechanical behaviour of composites. In this direction, carbon tows are fabricated into plain woven, 2/2 twill woven and interlock knitted fabrics. The effect of reinforcement construction on bending and tensile properties like strength, modulus and strain of epoxy composites manufactured in three variations as woven, knitted and woven/knitted reinforced was investigated by conducting 3-point bending and tensile tests. Experimental results indicated that hybrid composites displayed lower bending strength than woven fabric composites. However, a combination of 2/2 twill woven and knitted fabric in hybrid composites, including five fabric layers, had a higher bending modulus than 2/2 twill woven composites, including seven fabric layers. Also, it was observed that the mechanical performance of hybrid composites under tensile load was poor compared to the woven fabric composites.

Investigation on Phoenix dactylifera/Calotropis procera Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites

This paper presents the investigations conducted on three types of fibre-reinforced epoxy-resin hybrid composites with different structures, manufactured using midrib long fibres of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and Calotropis procera fibres. The two types of fibres were formed into flat sheets, without adding other chemicals or resins, and employed as reinforcing layers in the structure of the multi-layered laminate composites. Three-layer and five-layer epoxy-reinforced laminates were manufactured from the sheets of date-palm fibres and Calotropis sheets bonded with laminar epoxy resin. Water resistance investigation and mechanical testing under tensile, bending and impact loads were conducted in the research in order to evaluate and compare the performance of the resulting composites. Emphasis was put on the effect of various factors, such as the type of reinforcement material and the number of plies in the laminate on the mechanical behavior of the composites. The interpretation of those results was supported by the stereo-microscopic investigation of the adhesion between the layers of the composites, and the vertical density profile (VDP), which showed the repartition of the density on the composite thickness depending on the layer material. The results of the mechanical performance of the composites showed lower values of tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity and impact resistance and an increase of water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) for the five-layer composites compared to the three-layer composites. Contrarily, the addition of Calotropis fibres improved the flexural strength and the flexural modulus of elasticity. The alkali treatment of the Calotropis fibres improved the mechanical performance of the composites compared to the ones made with untreated fibres, because of an apparent increase in cellulose content and free hydroxyl groups revealed by FTIR spectra.

The study of mechanical and metallographic properties of friction stir processed AMMCs using different reinforcement

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is a novel solid-state process that is used to fabricate the surface composites using various types of reinforcement materials like Al2O3, BN, CNT and many more. The inclusion of reinforcement can play important role while deciding hardness, tensile strength, wear resistance and other properties. The reinforcement reduces the grain growth of base metal, which also improves the hardness. Reinforcements like graphite acts like self-lubricating agent which affect wear resistance properties drastically. The microstructure of the fabricated composite gets more homogeneous by varying process parameters which improves the mechanical, corrosion and other properties of the base metal. The proposed work focused upon the critical review of the work done in the field of surface composite fabrication done on base metal of aluminium with Al2O3, SiC, fly ash, CNT etc. as the reinforcement material. The formation of intermetallic like Al2Cu, Al3V, Mg2Cu etc. during the FSP also affects the mechanical as well as the electrical properties of the fabricated AMMCs. So, the nature of reinforcement particles influenced the microstructural, micro-hardness and tribological characteristics of the fabricated composite.

Cone calorimetric fire properties and thermal analysis of polyester-banana peduncle fibre composite fused with bio-fire retardant additive

BackgroundLately, thermoplastic and thermoset polymers are integrated with natural fillers to harvest composites. Due to an excellent property profile, these composites find wide applications in engineering fields. This research work aimed to investigate the parameters that influence the thermal degradation of Polyester-Banana peduncle fibre-reinforced composite incorporated with cow horn ash particle (CHAp) as a fire retardant additive and optimize the total heat produced for the smaller the better. The major instruments used in this study were cone calorimeter and the thermogravimetric analyser.ResultThe parameters considered were time, reinforcement type, and weight per cent of reinforcement material. The composites were made by varying the ratios of CHAp and BPF in the polyester matrix from 0:0, 2.5:2.5, 5:5 and 7.5:7.5 and 10:10 weight per cent. The flammability properties of the developed composites were examined, using a cone calorimeter. The controlling parameters were analysed using the Taguchi robust design method. The ANOVA showed that time had the greatest influence on the total heat release rate (81.72%). The weight per cent reinforcement type (10.37%) and reinforcement type (5.28%) had smaller influences on the heat release rate. The S/N ratio obtained, using optimal testing shows that time had the greatest influence on the total heat release rate, followed by weight per cent of reinforcement type, while reinforcement type had the least influence. The corresponding multiple regression models for total heat released revealed that the total heat release rate increased with an increase in time and reinforcement type and decreased with an increase in weight per cent of the fire retardant additive material.ConclusionThis work indicated that the parameter design of the Taguchi method provided an efficient methodology for the analyses of the effects of thermal degradation parameters of composites. The controlling parameters of time, the weight of reinforcement material and the type of reinforcement material had significant contributions to the value of heat production during composites thermal decomposition. Time had the greatest contribution, followed by the weight of reinforcement type, and type of reinforcement material.

Swelling Behaviors of Composite film with Alternating Fibre Reinforcement and Aqueous Media.

The swelling behaviour can affect the mechanical properties of the composite film and altering their ability to recover adsorbed substances. These problems are particularly important in the case of porous polymers. Therefore, several researchers have tried to improve the swelling properties by reducing the hydrophilic properties of gelatine and chitosan with adding reinforcing fillers. In this paper, the addition of the hydrophobic properties of pith and cortex of Napier grass in the chitosan/gelatin composite film will be investigated. The composite films were prepared via solution casting method will be evaluated based on the swelling behaviour in the alkali, neutral and acid solution. The result shows that type of reinforcement material and aqueous media used would affect the swelling behaviour of composite film. The results also suggest that the chitosan/gelatin composite films with incorporated cortex of Napier grass are the most water-resistant in neutral followed with acid and alkali.

Surgical approach to prune-belly syndrome: A review of our series and novel surgical technique

Surgical management of children with Prune-belly syndrome (PBS) can be divided into three categories: urinary tract reconstruction, abdominal wall reconstruction, and orchidopexy. Adequate repair of the abdominal wall by abdominoplasty at an early age, allows an adequate aesthetic appearance, but also allows a correct development of walking, breathing, defecation and urination. To present a novel surgical technique for abdominal wall reconstruction, which combines plication with complete overlap of the fascia and neoumbilicoplasty with an island flap rotated on itself. A retrospective review of the patients with PBS who underwent surgery in our center between 2009 and 2020. A new abdominoplasty technique was performed, which consists of plication with complete overlap of the fascia, as well as a neoumbilicoplasty with an island flap rotated on itself. The skin is then well freed from the rest of planes, and the plication is performed with complete overlapping of the muscle-aponeurotic plane from one side to the other. At this time, the interposition of some type of reinforcement material (mesh) may be required in the event of complete absence or insufficient presence of the fascia and muscle. Abdominoplasty was performed in four patients. In all patients, bilateral orchidopexy was performed in the same surgical procedure for intra-abdominal testicles. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 10,5 years and the average admission time was 4 days. There were no short-term or long-term complications. Average follow-up time was 7 years. All patients and their families are satisfied with the aesthetic result obtained. Abdominoplasty in patients with PBS in addition to aesthetic reconstruction, brings significant improvements to wandering, breathing, urination and defecation, improving the quality of life of the patient. Compared to the techniques described, the abdominoplasty we propose makes it possible to easily improve the abdominal wall support by means of meshes or synthetic devices if necessary and allows the evaluation and correction of cryptorchidism or other associated renal abnormalities in the same surgical act, as it allows full abdominal exposure. Likewise our modified abdominoplasty allows the creation of the new umbilicus in a more anatomical way, rectifying its natural position. In our experience, this modified surgical technique for abdominal wall repair is a novel procedure in the PBS approach, easily reproducible, which provides good aesthetic results in our series of cases.

Flexural behavior of RC continuous T-beams reinforced with hybrid CFRP/ steel bars (experimental and numerical study)

This study presents experimental and numerical investigations to understand the response and failure of hybrid RC continuous T-beams reinforced in flexure by both Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) bars and steel bars at sagging and hogging regions. Three RC continuous T-beams were constructed experimentally and studied to discuss three parameters which are the type of reinforcement material, the relation between sagging and hogging reinforcement, and the moment redistribution. The control beam was reinforced with steel rebars that have been designed to fail in flexure. The second beam was reinforced with hybrid CFRP/ steel bars at the sagging and hogging regions. The sagging region of the third one was reinforced with steel bars while the hogging region was reinforced with CFRP bars. All critical sections at the tested specimens are designed to have the same axial stiffness for the reinforcement bars. Experimental results revealed that the moment redistribution ratio and mode of failure depend on the type of reinforcement bars and using the hybrid bars at both critical regions helped to control the serviceability limits of the beams.This study also suggests and validates a 3D numerical model to simulate the performance and failure of hybrid reinforced RC continuous T-beams using the finite element (FE) software “ANSYS”. The results agreed with the experimental observations that indicated significant effect of the type of reinforcement material at sagging and hogging regions on the failure mode and the redistribution of the moment of the RC continuous beams.

Analytical mechanics solution for measuring the deflection of strengthened RC beams using FRP plates

Partial-interaction due to sliding between the steel bars, adhesively attached FRP plates and their bordering concrete surface, accompanied with the detachment of the FRP plates due to intermediate crack (IC) debonding make the deflection of strengthened RC beams difficult to anticipate. Previous research and design rules on determining the deflection of strengthened RC beams using FRP plates have opted for a full-interaction moment-curvature design technique where the deflection was measured by either deriving average effective moment of inertia and using elastic deflection equations or integrating the curvature along the beam’s length. Therefore, IC deboning of the plate and the slip resulting from the formation and broadening of new cracks were not directly considered. In this study, a partial-interaction moment-rotation analysis of an adhesively plated beam segment was used to derive analytical equations for the rotation of individual crack faces. The analytical expressions were used to compute the rotation at a crack for a given moment; subsequently, the influence of each crack to the midspan deflection of the RC beams was calculated. As for the uncracked region of the beam, the deflection contribution was measured by integrating the curvature over the uncracked span. The deflection results from the mechanics solution seem to compare well with experimental results. The analytical mechanics solution accounts for the partial-interaction between the steel bars, externally bonded FRP plate and their bordering concrete surface, and also the detachment of the external plate through IC debonding. Further, due to its generic nature and non-reliance on empirical data, the mechanics solution can be adopted to forecast the deflection of strengthened RC beams with novel types of reinforcement materials.

Enhancement of Wear properties of a polyether ether ketone polymer by incorporation of carbon and glass fibers

ABSTRACTSome properties of polymers can be improved through the incorporation of carbon and glass fibers into the polymer matrix. In this research, the wear resistance of two polymer composites CF‐polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and GF‐PEEK were compared with the virgin PEEK. The wear resistance was assessed by Pin on Disk tests performed using a range of reinforced polymer pins tested against a steel disk. The influence of load, sliding velocity, counter‐surface hardness, and reinforcement concentration and type, on the specific wear rate was investigated. The materials were chosen to simulate the wear experienced between a polymeric anti‐extrusion ring and a steel sealing surface utilized within valves in the oil and gas industry. The average mass loss was recorded and an analysis of the variance (ANOVA) carried out to investigate the contribution of each parameter on specific wear rate. Results showed that weight percentage reinforcement and type of reinforcement material were primary contributors toward specific wear rate, with a contribution of ~70%. Secondary contributors were sliding speed (~14%) and load and steel hardness (~12%). Following the wear tests, residual stress measurements were conducted on polymer reinforced with carbon fiber. It was found that compressive residual stresses existed, and that their magnitude increased with increasing load. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47587.

Simple design models for bearing ratio of sand reinforced using different geosynthetics

To develop relatively simple equations for design of a reinforced pavement design model, tests were conducted. Firstly, the effects of vertical spacing of reinforcement layers and depth of the reinforced zone were investigated by using different types of geosynthetic materials. The number of the reinforcement layers was also varied to see how these material parameters influenced the results. The comprehensive results from laboratory model tests supported on a woven geotextile and different geogrids were presented. The results were compared to each other. Based on model tests, different reinforcement types showed different behaviors for different numbers of reinforcement layers and different vertical spacing of the reinforcement layers. Additionally, it was seen that the improvement obtained by reinforcing the subgrade is different for low settlement ratio values and large settlement values for different vertical spacing values. Then, new simple estimation formulas were determined for bearing ratio by regression analyses for different types of reinforcement materials.

A comparative study to check fracture strength of provisional fixed partial dentures made of autopolymerizing polymethylmethacrylate resin reinforced with different materials: An in vitro study.

Aim:The purpose of the study was to evaluate the fracture strength of provisional fixed partial dentures made of autopolymerizing polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin using different types of reinforcement materials to determine the best among them.Materials and Methods:Fifty samples were made (10 samples for each group) with autopolymerizing PMMA resin using reinforcement materials (stainless steel wire: looped and unlooped and glass fiber: loose and unidirectional) as 3-unit posterior bridge. The test specimens were divided into five groups depending on the reinforcing material as Group I, II, III, IV, and V; Group I: PMMA unreinforced (control group), Group II: PMMA reinforced with stainless steel wire (straight ends), Group III: PMMA reinforced with stainless steel wire (looped ends), Group IV: PMMA reinforced with unidirectional glass fibers, and Group V: PMMA reinforced with randomly distributed glass fibers. Universal testing machine was used to evaluate and compare the fracture strength of samples. Comparison of mean ultimate force and ultimate stress was done employing one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests.Results:The highest and lowest mean ultimate force and mean ultimate stress were of Group IV and I, respectively. Tukey's post hoc honestly significant difference multiple comparison for mean ultimate force and stress shows the increase in strength to be statistically significant (P < 0.05) except for the samples reinforced with randomly distributed glass fibers (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Unidirectional glass fibers showed the maximum strength, which was comparable to mean values of both stainless steel wire groups. Low cost and easy technique of using stainless steel wire make it the material of choice over the unidirectional glass fiber for reinforcement in nonesthetic areas where high strength is required.

Comparison between viscous elastic plastic behaviour of the composites reinforced with plain glass fabric and chopped strand mat

Composite structures are used mainly two types of reinforcement materials: woven glass fabric and the chopped strand mat, each contributing either to increase the resistance of the composite whole or in isotropic distribution of stresses. This paper presents a comparison of the visco-elastic characteristics of composites reinforced with glass fabric and the chopped strand mat and the breaking mode of the two types of the composite. The first type of samples contain three layers of chopped strand mat known as MAT with density of 450g/m2 and 225g/m2) and the second type is composed of four layers of woven glass fabric type RT500 (density of 500g/m2). Both specimens were cut in accordance with EN ISO 527-2 SR. Characteristic curve of the two types of specimens highlights visco-elastic-plastic behavior which largely depends on the type of reinforcement used as the matrix resin is the same in both cases (orthophthalic polyester resin). Breaking mode of those types of specimens were observed and analyzed by electronic microscope.

Reinforcement Material on the Intestinal Stump Staple Line-The Effect and Mechanism of Reinforcement

Background: In gastrointestinal surgery, the quality of anastomosis is one of the most important factors influencing the postoperative course. The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness and the mechanism of one type of reinforcement material. Methods: We analyzed the effect of Neoveil on the rate of staple line failure. Fresh pig small bowel was used. Neoveil sheets were placed on the anvil alone, cartridge alone or both sides of the stapler. Groups were: A, without Neoveil; B, the cartridge and anvil; C, the cartridge alone; D, the anvil alone. The burst pressures were measured. Results: In group A, a leak occurred at the intestinal stump in 5 of 10 cases (As). In the other 5 cases, the mesenteric side burst before failure of the staple line (Am). In groups B, C, and D, the mesenteric side burst before failure of the staple line. The median leak pressure was 100±46 mm Hg in group A (As; 57±6, Am; 143±12). In the other groups, the leak pressures were approximately Original Research Article 140 mm Hg. In group As, the middle staple only exists on the edge of stump. In group Am, however, both sides of the 3-row staple line exist on the edge of stump. Conclusion: The burst pressure of the stump became the result of the bipo of the stump staple line is affected by the arrangement of the staples. Neoveil obtaining a stronger staple line.