Types Of Public Policies Research Articles

Elementary structures of public policies

This article proposes an integrated approach to analyzing public policies. Considering that the historical observation of different types of public policy has shown the occurrence of common aspects in all of them, the analysis proposal assumes that these are structured and recurring relationships. It also assumes that it is possible to grasp the primary elements that make up these relationships by verifying the degree of organicity, coherence and consistency that is established between them. The “elementary structures” are examined in four dimensions: formal, substantive, material and symbolic. The concept of public policy is evolving. Likewise, the analysis of its elementary structures must reflect the changes that have taken place over time.

Public Policy (Making and Makers): How and Who Makes Which Type of Public Policy?

Public Policy (Making and Makers): How and Who Makes Which Type of Public Policy?

Public Policies Making Process and Governance: A Case Study National Ministry of Cabinet Affairs, South Sudan

The study explained public policy as important tool for good governance. The emphasis is placed on what is public policies making process? As such public policy is well-defined as articulated by early philosophers, is a projected programe of goals, values, and practices. Also it is essential for the policy concept that there be a goal, objective, or purpose. Generally public policies is defined as plans in that they are general statements or understanding which guide or channel thinking in decision making. In this regard the research explained Public Policy Formulation Process that indicates stages, types of public policies, implementation, and evaluation of public policy. On the other hand the study consider governanceas the manner in which power is exercised in the management of country's economic and social resources for development. Furthermore, governance system as posted by early writers is also explained. At the same time the articulation include governance system and state nation, governance characteristics, and governance system in South Sudan. The study has considered, the discussion, analysis, and finding for the research data collected, in which all respondents has expressed their opinion about important of public policies in shaping good governance. Moreover the study has included the explanation of challenges facing governance system in South Sudan and suggested solutions, including recommendations for public policy implementation.

Policies to support the internationalisation of latecomer science-based firms: the experience of large Brazilian pharmaceutical companies

PurposeThis study aims to analyse how different types of public policies have supported the internationalisation of latecomer science-based firms, taking the case of large Brazilian pharmaceutical companies (LBPCs).Design/methodology/approachThe methodology comprises a multiple case study and uses a literature review, fieldwork interviews and document analysis of eight LBPCs, five policymakers and three sector experts.FindingsDirect and indirect policies differ in supporting LBPCs’ internationalisation motivation. The indirect policies created the necessary conditions to accumulate knowledge and capacity in the domestic market. LBPCs that adhere more to policies supporting production and technological capabilities development are internationalising as an extension of their innovative efforts. In contrast, LBPCs that have built productive capacities and have not yet reached a minimum level of technological capacity go abroad to exploit their production capabilities with the support of direct policies.Originality/valueThis study contributes to international business and evolutionary literature, demonstrating the channels through which public policies support latecomer science-based firms. The results show that direct and indirect policies assist firms’ internationalisation in different ways, according to actors’ perception: providing support to strengthen their domestic capabilities, which have become competitive advantages in the international market; or offering support to external expansion. It emphasises that industrial policies are relevant to support companies in creating the initial conditions (ownership advantages) to internationalise, and direct policies are important to help companies to design international strategies. This study also debates that policies supporting companies’ internationalisation depend on their adhesion to programmes and incentives and their routines and capabilities, which are specific to each company and lead to different motivations for international expansion.

Household constraints and dysfunctional rural–urban migration

This paper aims to explain why over the past two decades in Chile internal rural–urban migration has not worked as an effective equalizing mechanism for territorial income disparities. In view of this aim, we investigate how labor market incentives and non-market barriers structurally affect migration. Based on national household surveys, our empirical strategy controls for the self-selection of working migrants, allowing the estimation of a non-endogenous earnings differential while relying on a consistent poverty identification at the origin. On the one hand, our results show that earning differentials observed by potential working migrants encourage migration. However, on the other hand, the household-level constraints of the potential working migrant, such as stayers’ welfare, might work as a pull or push factor. Thus, we are in the presence of a market failure in which migrants are not strictly those who could profit most from labor market differentials but rather those who are not constrained by poverty and the low human capital of their families. Consequently, this market failure explains the ineffectiveness of migrations as an welfare-equalizing mechanism, shedding light on the type of public policies needed to achieve more functional migration flows.

Unintended consequences of COVID-19 public policy responses on renewable energy power: evidence from OECD countries in the EU.

Since 2020, governments around the world have implemented many types of public policies in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. These dramatic public policies have substantially changed production and consumption activities, thereby temporarily lowering electricity use and greenhouse gas emissions. This study argues that pandemic-induced public policies have unintentionally slowed the transition to renewable energy use in the EU since the decline in greenhouse gas emissions due to the lockdowns helped countries temporarily reduce their total emissions. We employ a fixed-effect model to investigate the effects of different types of COVID-19 public policy responses on electricity production, consumption, and net imports in 12 OECD countries in the EU, and we mainly focus on the share of electricity production from renewable energy sources. Among several public policy responses, stringent lockdown policies, such as workplace closures, stay-at-home requirements, and restrictions on gathering size, have negative and statistically significant impacts on electricity generation and consumption. Furthermore, countries with stringent lockdown policies are more likely to import electricity from other countries to mitigate the electricity shortages in their domestic markets. Importantly, we find that lockdown events have negative and statistically significant effects on the share of renewables in electricity production while increasing the share of fossil fuels in electricity production. In contrast, economic support policies such as income support, debt relief, and economic stimulus programs help reduce the share of fossil fuels in electricity production and decrease the net import of electricity from other countries. Our results indicate that the public policies implemented in response to the outbreak of COVID-19 have mixed effects on the transition to renewable energy sources in the EU, suggesting that the current decline in greenhouse gas emissions comes from the reduction in electricity use due to lockdown events instead of the adoption of renewable energy use and discouraging the transition to renewable energy sources.

Econometric models of real estate prices with interactions

The main aim of the article was to determine the factors influencing the unit prices of agricultural real estate on the outskirts of an urban agglomeration (Szczecin, Poland). The impact of the variables available in the database was determined on the basis of an econometric model with interactions between explanatory variables. The database contains information on 54 agricultural real estate transactions. The analysis period covers the years 2017-2022. Based on the estimated econometric models, it can be concluded that the real estate unit prices depend on their area, distance from the city borders, real estate surroundings as well as time and location. Interactions between distance from the city borders and surroundings and time (year of transaction) are also statistically significant. Presented models might assist expert systems supporting private investments as well as many type of public policies.

NUDGE, SHOVE, BUDGE, SLUDGE AND ADMINISTRATIVE BURDEN: Terminological Demarcation and Practical Implications

In this paper, the authors provide a precise terminological demarcation of the following behavioral concepts: “nudge”, “shove”, and “budge”. Based on these concepts and three defined criteria (freedom/coercion, internalities/externalities, and behavioral insights), the authors explain various behavioral public policies and their practical implications: 1) the behavioral public policy of libertarian-paternalistic orientation (the “nudge policy”); 2) the policy of coercive paternalism; and 3) the behavioral regulation of externalities. Then, the authors provide a terminological distinction between the concept of “sludge” and “nudge”, and discuss their potential misuses. Finally, based on the level of “frictions”, the authors distinguish between the concepts of “administrative burden” and “sludge”, as well as the types of public policies that are recommended for their reduction, particularly “sludge audits”. The conclusion is that all these public policies are very close, slightly different in terms of the subject matter of regulation and the intensity of encroachment on the freedoms of individuals, but that they all have a common root in behavioral insights.

Transnational public policy

The article explores the legal institution of transnational public policy, which is unfamiliar in Russian judicial practice. This type of public policy is usually only mentioned in passing in studies dealing with the application of the public policy clause. Meanwhile, the transnational public policy is a quite complex legal phenomenon, on the legal nature and even application expediency of which, there are diametrically opposed opinions. The disputes concerning transnational public policy largely stem from the more global contradictions caused by the existence of various theories about the legal nature of international arbitration. At the same time, the transnational public policy is no longer exclusively a theoretical construction and is used by international commercial and investment arbitrations, although infrequently. The arbitrators’ concerns when using this legal institution are due to the uncertainty of its content, the lack of a stable practice of use, as well as an understandable reluctance to justify their own conclusions in their award by referring to a dubious (from the position of the national court, which will subsequently enforce such an award) legal concept. Meanwhile, rare cases when arbitrators nevertheless decided to resort to a reference to a transnational public policy become the object of close attention of foreign researchers as examples of a very progressive approach to dispute resolution and argumentation of decisions made. The article defines and compares the main theoretical views on the essence and content of the transnational public policy, examines the practice of its application by international commercial and investment arbitrations, and also examines the possible prospects for its application by national judicial authorities. The opinions of researchers, including negative ones, regarding the viability of the concept of transnational public policy itself are also presented. The major material for the study were foreign scientific articles, which set out various views on the legal nature of the transnational public policy, as well as a few examples from international arbitral practice. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the prospects of transnational public policy application by state courts, as well as about the feasibility of its use by international commercial and investment arbitrations.

Application of cooperative game theory in a spatial context: An example of the application of the community-led local development instrument for the decision support system of biogas plants construction

The aim of the article is to develop a methodology for the creating decision support system by the integration of spatial, demographic and economic data and their processing with the use of game theory and spatial information modeling methods. The article proposes a novelty method for applying the mathematical theory of cooperative games to analyze the use of different types of public policy and shows which one is most profitable locally for a modern smart city and its three main stakeholders: Authorities, Business, and Citizens. The developed method supports effective cooperation in the “ABC triangle” – with EU funds reasonably. The research conducted on the illustrative construction of a local biogas plant in the commune of Żuromin showed the economic and social potential of the proposed model. Without loss of generality of the solution, the model may be used to support decision-making systems in the context of EU Policy Objective 5the thematically and spatially diverse CLLD instruments (Community-led Local Development, in regional development as well as the creation of smart cities and communities). According to our newest information within the commune of Żuromin, they are going to build two biogas plants. This situation is compliant with our findings.

Políticas públicas para una economía creativa en Jalisco y el área metropolitana de Guadalajara

Objetivo: analizar el surgimiento y los tipos de políticas públicas que impulsan el desarrollo de las industrias culturales y creativas en Jalisco, México, con incidencia en el área metropolitana de Guadalajara. Metodología: es descriptiva y propone una tipología para el análisis de las políticas públicas con orientación a la economía creativa y sus impactos. Resultados: se hallaron 15 programas gubernamentales en los que las políticas sistémicas sobresalen en el fomento económico. Entre ellas, se encuentran el proyecto de Ciudad Creativa Digital y las políticas de oferta mediante financiamiento directo. La concentración y la especialización en las actividades creativas y culturales de Guadalajara y Zapopan han propiciado que se les reconozca como territorios creativos, con lo que se ha alentado la creación de políticas públicas de oferta y demanda, y de programas de formación de capital humano. Limitaciones: la información es insuficiente para valorar el impacto de las políticas públicas en los municipios. Valor: la investigación describe la forma en que las políticas públicas locales fomentan el desarrollo de la economía creativa en el espacio local. Conclusiones: el planteamiento de políticas públicas orientadas a la economía creativa tiene un trasfondo estructural y coyuntural, e impone retos para la disposición y la continuidad de recursos presupuestales, el desarrollo de capacidades empresariales e innovadoras y la consolidación de comunidades creativas.

Methodology of implementation of the state criminal policy in the field of prevention and counteraction to economic crime in the context of interaction with other types of state policy

Today, the issue of cooperation is facing the processes of formation and implementation of state criminal policy in the field of prevention and combating economic crime. This issue is especially relevant for Ukraine and needs to be studied from the standpoint of public administration science. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to determine the methodology of state criminal policy in the field of prevention and combating economic crime in the context of interaction with other types of public policy. The types of economic crimes that are the greatest threats to national security have been identified. Each direction of state policy to combat economic crime is considered by the following most common types: unfair competition, legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and terrorist financing, raiding, misuse of budget funds, tax evasion, corruption) sectors of public administration. It is proved that the process of prevention and counteraction of unfair competition is realized through various types of state policy, namely: state anti-corruption policy, state competition policy and state investment policy. It is determined that corruption can penetrate all spheres of public life and be a source of a set of risks in the economic, social, political and legal systems, the consequences of which are a low level of national security and can cause danger at the regional and international levels. For each type of economic crime, the types of state policy are defined: anti-terrorist policy; investment policy; competition policy; monetary policy; budget policy; fiscal policy; anti-corruption policy; state criminal policy. The conclusions substantiate the peculiarities of the implementation of state policy in terms of preventing and combating economic crime, which is the basis for the formation of its conceptual and methodological provisions.

Políticas públicas e desenvolvimento local em Angola, sua influência na vida do cidadão

O presente estudo permite desenvolver uma reflexão em torno das políticas públicas e desenvolvimento local em Angola, seu impacto na vida do cidadão, a luz da metodologia qualitativa. Trata-se, no entanto, de um estudo resultante da área de investigação em Sociologia Política e Políticas Públicas, na Escola Superior Politécnica de Malanje. Em termos de teoria de suporte, optou-se pelo Funcionalismo, uma vez que a sociedade tem necessidades e, tal como um organismo, se essas necessidades não forem satisfeitas ela entrará em colapso. Por conseguinte, invoca-se neste artigo a inclusão do cidadão no processo de elaboração das políticas públicas, optando-se então por um modelo de políticas públicas de Baixo para Cima, bem como um modelo de governação baseado na descentralização administrativa e que responda as reais necessidades dos cidadãos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o desenvolvimento local em Angla depende não só do tipo de liderança, mas também do tipo de políticas públicas que são elaboradas. Por outra, o fraco investimento nas comunidades locais, concorre para o despovoamento das mesmas e, por conseguinte, o superpovoamento dos centros urbanos, acarretando consigo graves problemas de saneamento básico e outras calamidades. A municipalização dos serviços públicos é a melhor estratégia para a solução dos problemas sociais que assolam os cidadãos.

On the political economy of minority rights. Three ways to manipulate a minority: Goals, rules, and border poles

Language rights for speakers of minority languages are analyzed as well-defined policy measures that are implemented in given jurisdictions. For the implementation of such rights in some countries, certain rules concerning the number and geographical distribution of the speakers of a minority language have to be fulfilled. We discuss, how a policy maker with a given attitude towards the minority can manipulate the policy to further his or her goals. We first provide a normative background for this type of language policy, a benchmark, analyzing language policy on the basis of welfare economics, first discussing why language policy is but one type of public policy, then defining and discussing the benefit or “demand” side assuming that benefits are basically proportional to the number of beneficiaries of the planning measure. We then argue that the costs of a planning measure can be described as a function of two variables, “number of beneficiaries” and “size of area of application”. This lets us analyze planning measures in a two-dimensional model fully characterized by the number of beneficiaries and their geographical distribution in the jurisdiction under consideration. Finally, we characterize the optimal size and extension of the jurisdictions where the language rights are to be implemented. It is then shown, how the policy maker can manipulate the goals of the policy, the implementation rules, as well as the borders of the jurisdictions in order to achieve her or his political goals when they differ from the cost-benefit optimum.

Conceptualization of the process and instrumental mechanisms of public administration in political science

Public administration is studied as a process of formation, implementation and evaluation of public policies in the article. Public policy is seen as the result of a policy cycle. The scientific fields of the policy process analysis are determined. The purpose of the article is to discuss the instrumental mechanisms of public administration based on the conceptualization of the public policy cycle stages.The article addressed the following questions: on the relationship between the models of “policy stages” and “policy streams” with instrumental mechanisms of public administration; about application of the specific instruments / public administration tools in different political systems; about applicability of the external experience in the selection of public administration instruments; instrumental technologiesfor ensuring political stability, taking into account the assessment of the effectiveness of the public policy implementation.Methodology used in the article: deductive methods to gain general knowledge about procedural nature of public administration which were transformed into understanding of the policy implementation tools in the specific conditions, comparative analysis, observation and case studies methods were also used. The main results of the research: the classical model of “stages of public policy” is reduced to threestages: I) the agenda setting and public policy formulation; II) political decisions implementation; III) monitoring and evaluation of the implementation effectiveness. These three stages correlate with the political flows concept (problem stream, policy stream, politics stream). Instrumental mechanisms link policy formulation and policy implementation. Various classifications of the public policy instrumentsare presented. Types of public policy according to the T. Lowe’ classification (distributive, redistributive, regulatory, constituent types) are considered in connection with the dominant policy instruments. The scientific significance of the article consists in the increasing of knowledge about the processes of public administration. The practical significance is determined by the possibilities of applied scientificknowledge about the instruments of public administration.Key words: public administration, public policy, public policy instruments, policy cycle stages, policy streams, political science.

AN IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

Each country pays great attention to the public sector both in terms of the budget and its impact on social life, macroeconomic stability, employment and in general on the national economy. An analysis of the impact of public policies is very important for decision - makers to understand what kind of wanted and / or unwanted effects these policies bring, and it is particularly important to understand what effects will be on the performance of public institutions. Public policies are basis of each community whether it is a unit of local self-government or the entire state. Without well-established public policies, we cannot expect the effective functioning of any community. The general aim of the research is to determine an impact of different types of public policy on the financial performance of public institutions

AN IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

Each country pays great attention to the public sector both in terms of the budget and its impact on social life, macroeconomic stability, employment and in general on the national economy. An analysis of the impact of public policies is very important for decision - makers to understand what kind of wanted and / or unwanted effects these policies bring, and it is particularly important to understand what effects will be on the performance of public institutions. Public policies are basis of each community whether it is a unit of local self-government or the entire state. Without well-established public policies, we cannot expect the effective functioning of any community. The general aim of the research is to determine an impact of different types of public policy on the financial performance of public institutions. Keywords: Public Policy, Public Sector, Financial Performance Journal: Eurasian Journal of Business and Management

Social transformation of gender and sexuality as viewed by I.S. Kon

The article examines the influence of Igor Kon on many aspects of modern research in the field of gender and sexuality. The authors conclude that it was Igor Kon who identified several key trends describing the current state of gender order in sexuality, namely, individualization and pluralization of cultures and lifestyles. It seems that the better way to speak about sexuality is not to refer to single or “normative models” but about a set of sexualities. In the proposed work, the variety of combinations of different gender identities with a multitude of sexual preferences is shown on the example of the theory of sexual configurations proposed by Canadian researcher Sari van Anders.
 The article emphasizes that, as I. Kon warned, it is gender relations and sexuality that are currently at the center of the agenda, since many more serious social problems are extrapolated to them. Cultural and, in particular, gender diversity is perceived by many people as the threat of losing the most basic landmarks in an unpredictable and changeable world. The article provides examples of different types of public policy in relation to binary and non-binary gender categories in different countries of Europe, Asia and North America.

Governance, intersectoriality and social participation in public policy: the National Council on the Rights of the Elderly

Aging is a complex phenomenon that requires different types of public policies. In 2002, the National Council for the Rights of the Elderly (CNDI) was created as a governance structure to enhance the guarantee of rights through coordination between sectors of government and civil society. The article seeks to analyze the CNDI based on the description of the institutional configuration and characterization of its operation in the proposal of strategies for implementing and monitoring the main policies for the elderly. The analytical framework of public policy analysis was used, with emphasis on the concept of governance, laws and documents, highlighting the minutes of Council meetings, as well as semi-structured interviews. As a result, it was possible to detect the importance of these spaces that enable the influence and control of institutionalized civil society over the State. However, difficulties of referral of the actions, obstacles in the relationship between the social actors were observed, as well as insufficient involvement of some government agencies. In the context of accelerated demographic changes, social inequalities and vulnerability of the elderly population, this governance strategy per se has not been sufficient to ensure the realization of the rights envisaged.

How redistributive policies reduce market inequality: education premiums in 22 OECD countries

Abstract What explains the large cross-country variation in the wage premium for higher education? Economic analyses of wage differentials by education point to technological change and globalization, but we know little about the impact of different types of public policies. We argue that public education spending and tax-transfer policies contain the spread of ‘education premiums’ through material incentives (decommodification) and attitudinal responses, i.e. changing attitudes towards education premiums and the motivation to request a maximum return on individual investment in education. The empirical analysis relies on a new dataset of education premiums constructed from Luxembourg Income Study surveys, covering 22 OECD countries between 1989 and 2014. We provide evidence that taxation levels and public education spending particularly affect education premium levels and changes within countries. For the literature on income inequality, these findings imply the need to pay attention more systematically to redistributive policies shaping the ‘market’ distribution of incomes.