Types Of Organochlorine Pesticides Research Articles

Exploring the levels of persistent organic pollutants in umbilical cord blood and their connection to gestational age and birth weights in Şanlıurfa, Turkey

BackgroundControversy surrounds the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on fetal development. This study aimed to investigate levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in umbilical cord blood from Şanlıurfa mothers in Turkey, exploring associations with gestational age and birth weight.MethodsParticipants included voluntary mothers pregnant with a single fetus, providing details on maternal factors. Cord blood samples were collected immediately after delivery. Samples were extracted with a modified QuEChERS method, and OCPs (17 pesticides) and PCBs (11 congeners) compound levels were analyzed with a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. Detection frequencies and levels of POPs by single pollutant type and pollutant groups were calculated and compared according to gestational duration and birth weight. We used partial least squares discriminant analysis to identify the key chemicals and distinguish their respective statuses.ResultsAmong 120 infants, 35 were preterm but appropriate for gestational age, 35 were term but small for gestational age (SGA), and 50 were term and appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Beta HCH, Oxy-Chlordan, and PCB 28, were not detected in cord blood samples. Half of the samples contained at least 4 types of OCPs, with a median OCP level of 38.44 ng/g. Among the DDT, 2,4’-DDE was found at the highest concentration in cord plasma samples. The PCB congeners with a frequency exceeding 50% were ranked in the following order: 151, 149, 138, 146. The median level of ∑PCBs was 5.93 ng/g. Male infants born at term with SGA status exhibited lower levels of ∑DDTs, ∑OCPs compared to male infants born preterm or at term with AGA status. Di-ortho-substituted PCBs and hexachlorinated PCBs were higher in male infants born at term with SGA status than male infants born preterm with AGA status.ConclusionOverall, exposure to DDT and PCBs demonstrates varying effects depending on gestational duration and birth weight, with exposure levels also differing by gender. This underscores the necessity for studies across diverse populations that investigate the combined effects of multiple pollutant exposures on gestational age, birth weight, and gender simultaneously.

Effects of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Maternal Body on Infants.

There are many organochlorine pollutants in the environment, which can be directly or indirectly exposed to by mothers, and as estrogen endocrine disruptors can cause damage to the lactation capacity of the mammary gland. In addition, because breast milk contains a lot of nutrients, it is the most important food source for new-born babies. If mothers are exposed to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), the lipophilic organochlorine contaminants can accumulate in breast milk fat and be passed to the infant through breast milk. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate organochlorine contaminants in human milk to estimate the health risks of these contaminants to breastfed infants. In addition, toxic substances in the mother can also be passed to the fetus through the placenta, which is also something we need to pay attention to. This article introduces several types of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), methoxychlor (MXC), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), endosulfan, chlordane, heptachlorand and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mainly expounds their effects on women’s lactation ability and infant health, and provides reference for maternal and infant health. In addition, some measures and methods for the control of organochlorine pollutants are also described here.

Consistent Organochlorinated Pesticides (OPC) Residues Contamination in Beans Consumed in Gombe Metropolis Nigeria

Most of the locally consumed beans in our vicinity contain excess chemicals of pesticides residues which are harmful to humans and environmental hazards to ecosystem. Investigation of this study revealed contamination level of organochlorine pesticides residues in dried beans originating from Nigeria with a view to controlling them, it also studies crude fiber of beans showed that B4 has the highest fiber content, 27.85% and the order of decreasing value as B4, B5 , B1, B3 and B2. The least percentage of crude fiber was shown by B2 in all the beans samples analyzed. This study also investigated the pesticides residue components of the organochlorinated pesticides test. The presence of pesticide residues in all 14 types of organochlorine pesticides in beans is lower than a previously reported level. Despite this, the amount of organochlorine pesticides tested is more than the permitted levels of 0.01 to 0.2 mg/kg, indicating that the beans consumed in the Gombe metropolis included pesticide residues beyond the permissible limit.

Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides in Fresh Nile Tilapia Fish from Assiut City, Egypt and their Health Effects on Human

Abstract: The present study investigated some residues of organochlorine pesticides in the highly consumed types of fish in Egypt, tilapia. 75 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from fishing sites in three areas, Caesarea, Qualidia, and El wasta in Assiut city to detect the extent of the pollution in the city. The residues were analyzed by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Average concentrations of pesticide residues in the muscle of tilapia were estimated. The results showed the presence of different types of organochlorine pesticides in Caesarea, Qualidia, and El-wasta areas in varying degrees. Organochlorine pesticide residue levels have not exceeded the maximum residual limit. Overall, the highest levels of pesticide residues were found in Caesarea and El wasta than Qualidia area.

Isolation and Characterization of a Bacterial Strain Enterobacter cloacae (Accession No. KX438060.1) Capable of Degrading DDTs Under Aerobic Conditions and Its Use in Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil

DDT is one of the most persistent pesticides among all the different types of organo-chlorine pesticides used. Among all the degradation methods, bacterial degradation of DDT is most effective. The present study was conducted to isolate different bacteria present in waste samples which have the ability to degrade DDT present in the soil in the minimum possible period of time and to observe the effect of different physical and chemical properties of the soil samples. Many pesticide degrading bacteria were isolated and identified through cultural, biochemical tests and further identified by 16S RNA sequencing method. The most potent strain DDT 1 growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with DDT as the only source of carbon (5-100 PPM) and was monitored at an optical density of 600 nm. The growth parameters at different physio-chemical conditions were further optimized. The result showed that Enterobacter cloacae had maximum growth in 15 days. FTIR analysis of the residual DDT after 15 days incubation showed that Enterobacter cloacae was able to degrade pesticide into its further metabolites of DDD, DDE, DDNU and other components can be used for biodegradation of DDT present in contaminated soil and water ecosystems.

Study on treatment of pesticides-containing wastewater by model combining of the pre-biotreatment and photocatalytic TiO2

In the current period, with the development of economy, science, and technology, people's lives have been improved, leading to increasing demand for water use. Thus, one of the main current concerns is the increased pollution of surface water and groundwater. Especially water pollution by pesticides is a serious problem. In this study, the wastewater treated system, which is including the aerobic biological process and photocatalytic TiO2, used to evaluate the effective treatment of pesticides. Self-generated wastewater was added by a group mixed 8 types of Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs): Tetrachloro-m-xylene,b -HCH,d - HCH, Heptachlor – epoxide, 4,4'- DDE,b -Endosulfan, Endrin – aldehyde, Endosulfan – sulfate and 5 types of Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs): Diazinon, Malathion, Parathion, Ethion, Trithion. The results showed that the COD removal efficiency was over 89,09% for the whole system when maintaining the load of 0,78 kgCOD/m3. day, total retention time was 16 hours. Five types of OPPs was thoroughly treated after going through the system based on its easily biodegradable. For OCPs, the treatment efficiency through the biological process is not high, 6/8 types about 5 - 27% but through photocatalytic TiO2/UV, the treatment efficiency increased 67 - 100% for each type. The results obtained in the study show that the use of the method of combining biology and AOPs is effective for wastewater difficult to treat as pesticides.

Мониторинг хлорорганических пестицидов в грудном молоке женщин Кыргызстана

Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме химической безопасности, до сих пор не исследованной должным образом - последствиям широкого применения пестицидов в исторический период 1970-80-х гг. на территории республик бывшего СССР, что до сих пор оказывает негативное влияние на экологическую ситуацию. Приведены результаты выполненных анализов на наличие стойких органических загрязнителей - хлорорганических пестицидов (ХОП) в грудном молоке 108 женщин, проживающих в сельской местности на юге Кыргызстана в разных экологических зонах. В пробах грудного молока 37 из 108 обследованных женщин обнаружены четыре вида ХОП: дихлородифенилэтилен (ДДЭ) и три изомера гексахлорциклогексана - альфа-ГХЦГ, бета-ГХЦГ и гамма-ГХЦГ. Доля лиц с ХОП в грудном молоке составляла от 0 до 100 процентов в различных группах, максимальная обнаруженная суммарная концентрация ХОП достигала 0,29 мг/л. Результаты рассмотрены в связи с данными о наличии источников загрязнения в местах бывшего применения пестицидов. Источником загрязнения ХОП в условиях юга Кыргызстана могут быть территории, расположенные на высоте свыше 3500 м над уровнем моря, которые в прошлом были очагами чумы и где в 1980-е годы были проведены дустации норок возбудителей инфекции сурков с использованием ДДТ (дихлородифенилтрихлорэтан). Кроме того, вторичными источниками загрязнения ХОП являются бывшие агроаэроплощадки и склады ядохимикатов, находившиеся в активном использовании более 30 лет назад. Полученные и литературные данные проанализированы с целью разработки мероприятий, направленных на реабилитацию окружающей среды и защиту здоровья населения. The current study highlights a challenging issue of chemical safety, which has not yet been adequately studied, i.e. far-reaching after-effects of widespread use of pesticides in the historical period of the 1970-80s on the territory of the former USSR republics, which still has an adverse impact on the environment. Results of analyzes for the presence of persistent organic pollutants - organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in breast milk of 108 women living in rural areas of southern Kyrgyzstan in different ecological zones are presented. Four types of OCPs have been found in the breast milk samples obtained from 37 of 108 women, i.e. dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDE) and three isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane - alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, and gamma-HCH. The proportion of women with OCPs detected in the breast milk varied in the range from 0 to 100 percent with the maximum total pesticide concentration reaching 0.29 mg/L. The results are discussed in terms of data available for sources of pollution at the sites of the former pesticide use. Possible sources of OCP pollution in southern Kyrgyzstan can be associated with territories located at an altitude of more than 3,500 m above sea level, which have been former foci of plague and where marmot holes have been treated with DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) as an infection pathogen-fighting agent, in the 1980s. Additionally, the secondary sources of OCP pollution can be attributed to the former pesticides storehouses, agro-air strips, etc., which have been intensively used more than 30 years ago. The obtained and published literature data are analyzed for the purpose of developing measures aimed at rehabilitation of the environment and human health protection.

A national-scale characterization of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in intertidal sediment of China: Occurrence, fate and influential factors

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been restricted for application for about 30 years in China. Intertidal zone is a sink for anthropogenic pollutants, and to better understand the current pollution status of OCPs in China, 324 surface sediment samples collected from 14 typical intertidal zones of China were analyzed for 22 OCPs. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged from 0.051 to 4141.711 ng/g, with DDTs and HCHs being the dominant components. Seasonal variations were not significant for most intertidal zones (p > 0.05), while significant spatial variations (p < 0.05) were found among 14 intertidal zones, with the highest OCPs concentrations detected in Jiulong Jiang (JLJ). The OCPs concentrations in intertidal sediments would rarely to frequently cause adverse biological effects and DDTs were the major threat. Apart from the historical usage of technical DDT and lindane, current usage of technical DDT and HCH were also implied, especially for intertidal zones such as Beidaihe (BDH) and Yingluo Wan (YLW). PCA analysis indicated that compounds within the same type of OCPs were from similar source, while different types of OCPs were generally from different sources and not used together. Our results further indicated that OCPs together with organic particles entered into the intertidal zones mainly through river input.

Molecularly imprinted ionic liquid magnetic microspheres for the rapid isolation of organochlorine pesticides in environmental water.

A new type of molecularly imprinted ionic liquid magnetic microspheres was synthesized by aqueous suspension polymerization, using 4,4'-dichlorobenzhydrol as a dummy template, and 1-allyl-3-ethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and methacrylic acid as co-functional monomers. The results of morphology and magnetic property evaluation of the obtained microspheres demonstrated that it was monodispersed spherical, possessed a rough surface, and an outstanding magnetic properties. Binding experiments revealed that it had a substantial adsorption capacity and strong recognition ability to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in aqueous solution. Then the microspheres were applied as an adsorbent of magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction for the selective recognition and rapid determination of OCPs in environmental water. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity of the three types of OCPs (dicofol, tetradifon, and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) was achieved in the range of 1.0-100 ng/mL (r ≥ 0.9994). The recoveries at three spiking levels ranged from 82.6 to 100.4% with the RSDs less than 6.9%.

Characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir

ABSTRACTAn ultrasonic extraction – gas chromatography – electron capture detector analytical method was used to measure the concentration and types of organochlorine (OC) pesticides in sediment to obtain a better understanding of the characteristics and hidden ecological risks associated with OC pesticide exposure in surface sediment of the Qingshitan Reservoir. Fifteen types of OC pesticides were detected in the sediment, and the sum concentration of these chemicals was in the 149.32–490.19 ng/g range (mean value: 319.39 ng/g). The concentrations of detected OC pesticides occurred in the following order: hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (mean value: 200.17 ng/g) > DDTs (mean value: 36.92 ng/g) > heptachlors (mean value: 32.74 ng/g) > methoxychlor (mean value: 24.13 ng/g). There was a 100% detection rate for HCH isomers, and their concentrations occurred in the following order: β-HCH > δ-HCH > γ-HCH > α-HCH. β-HCH was the main component of HCHs. Ratios between α-HCH/γ-HCH and β-/(α+γ)-HCH were used to investigate the sources of pollution. Most of the surveyed areas were polluted by lindane, which originated from past pesticide residue usage, and no new inputs of HCHs were found. DDT was the major component of the DDTs, and accounted for 52%–87% of the DDTs. The ratios of (DDE+DDD)/DDT at all sample collection points were less than 1, indicating that degradation rate of DDTs in sediment was low and there was a new input of DDTs in these surveyed areas. The ratio of DDD/DDE was less than 1 at most of the sample collection points, indicating that the degradation of DDT in the sediments primarily took place under aerobic conditions. Comparison of OC pesticide residual levels in the underwater sediment collected at the Qingshitan Reservoir to other states and countries showed the pollution level of these chemicals of the Qingshitan Reservoir was relatively high. The ecological risk was assessed based on guideline values of effects range-low (ERL) and effects range-medium (ERM). The results showed that DDD, DDE, DDTs and endrin residues in the sediment posed a moderate ecological risk, but DDT and γ-HCH showed high ecological risk. These OC pesticides might adversely affect biological systems, and need to be addressed.

Residual Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals in the Guanzhong Region of the Weihe Basin, North-western China

The residual concentrations of 20 types of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is 0.33 to 130.34 ng·g–1 (dry mass) in typical soils from 67 orchards spread over six counties in the Guanzhong region of the Weihe Basin, north-western China. Meanwhile, the concentration range of valid state Cu, Zn, and Cd in soil is 0.13 to 1.81 mg·kg–1, ND to 3.96 mg·kg–1, and ND to 0.047 mg·kg–1, respectively. The average residual concentrations of OCPs present a class of multiple order distribution with both latitude and longitude. The residual concentrations of valid state Cu and Zn have some correlation with the residual concentrations of OCPs.

The effects of DDT on the feeding, respiration, survival, and reproduction of Sinocalanus tenellus (Copepoda: Calanoida)

DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) as a type of organochlorine pesticides, is an important component of pesticides pollution whose impact on the marine ecosystem is urgently to be evaluated. To investigate the biological effects of DDT on the marine ecosystem, copepods being the main contributor of secondary productivity in the marine ecosystem, were selected as target animals. The influence of DDT on the feeding, respiration, survival, and reproduction of Sinocalanus tenellus (S. tenellus) was analyzed and the antioxidant enzymes activities in the individuals were measured under different exposure concentrations of DDT. The 48 h median lethal concentration (LC50) and 96 h LC50 of DDT to S. tenellus were 5.44 and 2.50 μg/dm3, respectively. The filtration rates, grazing rates, and respiration of S. tenellus decreased apparently with increased DDT concentrations. Under lower concentration (<625 ng/dm3) of DDT, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase in the animals increased significantly compared with those in the animals without any exposure to DDT, which suggested that the antioxidant enzymes can protect the animals from oxidative damage. However, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme decreased when the animals were exposed to higher concentration (1 250–2 500 ng/dm3) of DDT. The survival rate of both females and males was reduced when they were exposed to DDT less than 250 ng/dm3, but females showed higher survival rate than males when they are under the same concentration. The hatching ratio and the egg diameters of S. tenellus decreased significantly when they were exposed to DDT with a concentration of 25 and 250 ng/dm3, however, the cumulative egg production did not show any significant variation when the animals were exposed to the above DDT concentration. These data in the preset study suggested that exposure to DDT can cause the variation of the species composition of copepods, and further affect the marine ecosystem.

Search of organochlorine pesticide residues (POCs) in bodies of water in cotton-growing area of Benin by GC-ECD

Despite their incontestable services in agriculture, the use of pesticides is not without consequences on the environment. So, in an attempt to access the impacts of pesticides usage in agriculture in Benin, research of some residual organochloride pesticides have been conducted both in rainy and dry seasons in two cotton growing areas: the northern and central part of Benin. The analytical technique used is GC-ECD. During the dry season we notice that the DDT and its metabolites (DDE and DDD) represent 36% of all organochlorine pesticides (POCs) against 64 % of cyclodiens. Endosulfan comes first representing 57% of all organochlorine pesticides (POCs), then follows DDT with 17 %. During the rainy season these two types of organochlorine pesticides (POCs) represent 73% for cyclodiens and 23% for DDT and its by-products. Endosulfan comes first by representing 47% of all organochlorine pesticides (POCs) followed by DDT representing 12%. In the sediments and regardless of the season, the cyclodiens come first by representing 70% of all organochlorine pesticides (POCs) and then follows the DDT and its by-products which represent 30%. Since in the water column, the sediments are more contaminated in rainy season than in dry season (25273 ppb of all organochlorine pesticide (POCs) in rainy season against 2.256 ppb in dry season), it is derived from this study that northern areas are more contaminated than the central areas. Also a strong correlation has been established between the content of different moleculars of organochlorine pesticide (POCs). This means that the famers still use prohibited pesticides in the two areas despite existing laws like “Stockholm convention” which strictly ban the usage of those moleculars.

Residual Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in Vegetable Soils from the Middle of Yuanmou

The aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in vegetable soils from the middle of Yuanmou. 12 surface soil (0~20 cm) samples of vegetable fields soil were collected and 18 types of OCPs in soil were analyzed by gas chromatography Results show that excepting for α-endosulfan, endrin, aldrin, o,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDT, other 13 types of OCPs was found with different degree in all the samples. The detection rate of 18 types of OCPs was nd~100%, the residue level was nd~11.76 μg•kg-1, OCPs residues were main chlorthiepin sulfate, HCHs and dieldrin. Residues of endosulfan, HCHs and dieldrin in the soils might come from the old usage and residues of heptachlor might come from the recent usage. Contamination of OCPs in soils from the middle of Yuanmou were relative lower than most areas in south of China.

Status of organochlorine pesticides in Ganga river basin: anthropogenic or glacial?

Abstract. This study reports the occurrences of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Ganga river basin covering 3 states, i.e., Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar comprising 72% of total river stretch consisting of 82 sampling points covered through 3 sampling campaigns. Samples were monitored for 16 major OCPs, including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), Endosulfan group, Aldrin group, DDTs and Heptachlor group pesticides. The results showed the ng L−1 levels contamination of OCPs in all the stretches sampled during these campaigns. The results also revealed that different types of OCPs were dominating in different stretches in accordance with the land use practices and agricultural runoff generated from those stretches. HCHs were most frequently detected (detection rate = 75%) in mountainous stretch; Endosulfans were prominent in UP (detection rate = 75%) stretch while in BR stretch Aldrin group pesticides were paramount (detection rate = 34%). Source apportionment of the OCP's revealed that in the upper reaches of the Ganges i.e., in the state of Uttarakhand, the glacial melt may be responsible for the presence of OCP's. In the lower reaches, intensive agriculture and industrial activities may be significantly contributing these pesticides. The samples from tributaries of Ganga river were found to contain higher numbers of pesticides as well as higher concentrations. The maximum total pesticide concentration in an individual sample during these sampling campaigns was found in the Son river sample (0.17 μg L−1, Location: Koilwar, Bhojpur, Bihar).

Water–gas exchange of organochlorine pesticides at Lake Chaohu, a large Chinese lake

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), a potential threat to ecosystems and human health, are still widely residual in the environment. The residual levels of OCPs in the water and gas phase were monitored in Lake Chaohu, a large Chinese lake, from March 2010 to February 2011. Nineteen types of OCPs were detected in the water with a total concentration of 7.27 ± 3.32 ng/l. Aldrin, DDTs and HCHs were the major OCPs in the water, accounting for 38.3%, 28.9% and 23.6% of the total, respectively. The highest mean concentration (12.32 ng/l) in the water was found in September, while the lowest (1.74 ng/l) was found in November. Twenty types of gaseous OCPs were detected in the atmosphere with a total concentration of 542.0 ± 636.5 pg/m(3). Endosulfan, DDTs and chlordane were the major gaseous OCPs in the atmosphere, accounting for 48.9%, 22.5% and 14.4% of the total, respectively. The mean concentration of gaseous OCPs was significantly higher in summer than in winter. o,p'-DDE was the main metabolite of DDT in both the water and gas phase. Of the HCHs, 52.3% existed as β-HCH in the water, while α-HCH (37.9%) and γ-HCH (30.9%) were dominant isomers in the gas phase. The average fluxes were -21.11, -3.30, -152.41, -35.50 and -1314.15 ng/(m(2) day) for α-HCH, γ-HCH, HCB, DDT and DDE, respectively. The water-gas exchanges of the five types of OCPs indicate that water was the main potential source of gaseous OCPs in the atmosphere. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the water-gas flux of α-HCH, γ-HCH and DDT is more vulnerable than that of HCB and DDE to the variation of the parameters. The possible source of the HCHs in the water was from the historical usage of lindane; however, that in the air was mainly from the recent usage of lindane. The technical DDT and dicofol might be the source of DDTs in the water and air.

Residues and Spatial Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in Arable Land from Liaocheng

In order to determine the residues and the distribution characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in arable land from Liaocheng City, 136 soil samples were collected using lattice method. The samples were extracted by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), the residual amounts of 8 types of OCPs, including α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and o,p′-DDT, were analyzed with GC-ECD. With the aid of software of SPSS and ArcGIS, residues and spatial distributions of 8 OCPs were analyzed. The results showed that all OCPs had different detectable rates and residual amounts. p,p′-DDE was the primary pollutant in arable land of Liaocheng. Its detectable rate and average residual amount were both highest, 92.65% and 74.16µg•kg-1 respectively, over the first grade criteria (50µg•kg-1) of the national standard for soil environment quality, while the residual amounts of the other OCPs were at a low level and didn't pollute the arable land. The results of spatial distribution showed that the 8 OCPs varied greatly. β-BHC distributed widely, and the others were relatively concentrated. There was a significant difference of γ-BHC and DDTs between Linqing county and the other counties, and the residual amounts in Linqing were highest, and there was no obvious difference among the other counties

Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Saussurea Costus by Ultrasonic Extraction and Solid-Phase Microextraction Method

Ultrasonic extraction and purification using solid-phase microextraction column for the determination of 7 types of organochlorine pesticides including α, β, γ, δ-BHC, 2,4 '-DDT, 4,4'-DDT and heptachlor from the Saussrrea cotus were investigated in this study. The pretreatment of Saussrrea cotus samples, the effect of different ultrasonic time on the extraction efficiency and the effect of different ratio of dichloromethane: petroleum ether on purification efficiency were studied. Results show that the satisfactory extraction conditions for pre-treatment process are: 30 minutes ultrasonic treatment; the volume ratio of dichloromethane and petroleum ether mixture is 3:7.

Organochlorine pesticides in cows'milk supplemented with cotton waste in San Pedro, Colombia

Ascertaining the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in raw milk from cows grazing on traditional cotton farms in San Pedro, Sucre, Colombia. 48 samples were taken from three cattle farms; two of them used cotton seed and soca dietary supplement.OCP concentration was determined by gas chromatography (GC) using an electron capturedetector (µ-ECD). 100 % of the samples had some type of OCPs and Endrin, DDT and Aldrin pesticides hadthe highest concentrations (0.62, 0.59 and 0.52 µg/mL, respectively). Farms supplementing feed with soca cotton had the greatest OCP presence and concentration in milk samples compared to samples from farms which did not engage in this practice. Although most OCPs have been banned in Colombia since 1986, residues are still being presented in raw milk samples tested from cottongrowing farms, thereby creating a public health risk for consumers.

Association of serum concentration of organochlorine pesticides with dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among urban Chinese women

Concerns about the carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have led to a global ban on OCP use. However, OCPs persist in the environment for decades because of their long half-life. We evaluated serum levels of OCPs and their correlations with usual dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among 250 healthy women who participated as controls in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Serum levels of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH), dichloro-di-phenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) isomers ( p, p′-DDE and p, p′-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-nonachlor (TNC), and eight polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners (IUPAC no. 74, 118, 138, 153, 170, 180, 183, and 187) were measured. Lifestyle factors and usual dietary habits over the past 5 years were assessed through an in-person interview. With the exception of PCB, total OCP levels in our study population were significantly higher than those observed in other countries. Age, income, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, number of pregnancies, and/or total duration of breastfeeding were all significantly correlated with all types of OCPs. Of the 20 food groups evaluated, correlations with serum total OCPs were observed for eggs ( r = 0.13), fresh beans ( r = − 0.17), tea ( r = 0.14), and animal fat ( r = 0.18). Multiple regression analyses showed that age and animal fat intake were positively associated with serum total level OCPs, while leafy vegetable and fresh bean consumption was negatively associated with OCPs level. Our study suggests that dietary intake may be an important contributor of serum levels of OCPs in Chinese women.