Types Of Organizations Research Articles

Searching wide or staying close: the relative use of distinct organisational learning types in high and low novelty innovations

ABSTRACT Despite the acknowledged importance of organisational learning for new product development, there is a dearth of research into the relative use of distinct learning types as the innovation process unfolds. Our paper more fully engages with this issue, contrasting innovations of high versus low technological novelty. A qualitative study of innovation projects in the biopharmaceutical and medical device industries reveals that learning patterns vary in significant ways throughout the innovation process based on the underlying technological novelty of the offering. High novelty projects begin with an emphasis on vicarious learning from distant referents and shift to more internal experiential learning over time. Meanwhile, low novelty projects begin with experiential learning, pursue vicarious learning from proximate (industry peer) referents, and finish by returning to internal experience. We theorise a more general sequence of learning types throughout the innovation process based on our findings.

EUPRO - A reference database on project-based R&D collaboration networks

The EUPRO database enables the analysis of participation patterns of organisations in and across different European R&D funding initiatives and the investigation of resulting collaborative R&D network structures and dynamics. The perimeter of EUPRO is currently more than 600,000 R&D projects funded by European (EU, transnational or national) research funding organisations, comprising systematic information about contents of the R&D projects, their participating organizations (including organisation type and location), and a number of additional characteristics (e.g. underlying policy instrument and programme). This scientific data descriptor serves as illustrative information source for users, both from science as well as from policy. It discusses the conceptual background and derives respective analytical opportunities for different actual, highly relevant debates in innovation studies and related fields. Moreover, the data collection process is described in a compact manner, as well as how the collected data are harmonized and aggregated into a suitable data model for analytical purposes. Finally, we put forward issues of technical validation, data quality and enrichment, and usage notes on how to access EUPRO.

How diverse a monocentric chromosome can be? Repeatome and centromeric organization of Juncus effusus (Juncaceae).

Juncus is the largest genus of Juncaceae and was considered holocentric for a long time. Recent findings, however, indicated that 11 species from different clades of the genus have monocentric chromosomes. Thus, the Juncus centromere organization and evolution need to be reassessed. We aimed to investigate the major repetitive DNA sequences of two accessions of Juncus effusus and its centromeric structure by employing whole-genome analyses, fluorescent in situ hybridization, CENH3 immunodetection, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing. We showed that the repetitive fraction of the small J. effusus genome (~270 Mbp/1C) is mainly composed of Class I and Class II transposable elements (TEs) and satellite DNAs. Three identified satellite DNA families were mainly (peri)centromeric, with two being associated with the centromeric protein CENH3, but not strictly centromeric. Two types of centromere organization were discerned in J. effusus: type 1 was characterized by a single CENH3 domain enriched with JefSAT1-155 or JefSAT2-180, whereas type 2 showed multiple CENH3 domains interrupted by other satellites, TEs or genes. Furthermore, while type 1 centromeres showed a higher degree of satellite identity along the array, type 2 centromeres had less homogenized arrays along the multiple CENH3 domains per chromosome. Although the analyses confirmed the monocentric organization of J. effusus chromosomes, our data indicate a more dynamic arrangement of J. effusus centromeres than observed for other plant species, suggesting it may constitute a transient state between mono- and holocentricity.

A material world: how can materiality assessments be used to define organizational sustainability priorities, while taking into account the United Nations’ SDGs?

Purpose This paper aims to contribute to existing academic work and business practice by presenting original empirical findings and by providing insights into priority setting on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in organizations. From an academic viewpoint, it not only adds to previous work on the topic of SDG materiality (e.g. Van Tulder and Lucht, 2019) but also aims to contribute new insights into the steps that are crucial and influence the adoption of the SDGs in materiality assessments. It may also add to the literature by providing new knowledge on the strategic considerations that organizations may make and institutional dynamics that encourage organizations to implement the SDG materiality method. Design/methodology/approach By executing a national survey research in Belgium through a collaboration between academics of Antwerp Management School, Louvain School of Management (UCLouvain) and the University of Antwerp, and supported by Belgium’s Federal Institute of Sustainable Development, the authors have obtained several insights into the SDG landscape in Belgium for various types of organizations, including companies, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and educational institutions. This research builds further on a first national survey (SDG Barometer Belgium, 2018) on the adoption and implementation of the SDGs. However, an important aim of this research is to shift the emphasis to more prominent new elements, such as whether or not organizations use the SDGs in materiality assessments. While the main part of the data for this research were collected through an online questionnaire, document analyses were conducted based on the sustainability reports of BEL 20 companies, the benchmark stock market index of Euronext Brussels consisting of 20 companies traded at the Brussels Stock Exchange, and seven interviews were held to obtain additional insights. Findings A total of 386 organizations across sectors responded to the question “Does your organization perform a materiality analysis”, of which 210 organizations completed the question “Does your organization align the materiality analysis with the SDGs,”after an “exit route” based on a positive answer to the first question. When diving into the survey results, the authors see that no more than 12% of the 210 organizations performing a materiality analysis align their materiality analysis with the SDGs, while 14% indicate that they do not account for the SDGs at all in their materiality analyses. The results show that 41% of the organizations take into account the SDGs to a certain degree when performing their materiality analysis. Speculating on an explanation for these results, it may be the case that organizations do not yet think about coupling the SDGs to their materiality assessment, experience difficulties in practice or generally lack the knowledge for relating the SDGs to the sustainability topics that are relevant to them. This seems in line with other research (e.g. Van Tulder and Lucht, 2019), as the results of this study indicate that it seems to be difficult for organizations to relate the SDGs to the existing sustainability priorities or materiality analyses of companies. Originality/value The real contribution of this paper essentially lies in the description of the Janssen Pharmaceuticals case. The company recognized that today’s internally focused approach to goal setting is not enough to address global challenges. Hence, looking at what is needed externally from a global perspective, taking into account sustainability thresholds and setting ambitions accordingly, is needed to bridge the gap between current performance and required performance. From the Janssen Pharmaceuticals case, the authors learned that external stakeholders are an extremely useful source of information to address the required performance by using the SDG framework. For sure, SDG materiality analyses are still in an early phase of development and knowledge on how to conduct such an analysis may be lacking. Future efforts – or the lack thereof – may indicate whether or not companies consider such analyses as sufficiently relevant. Although the uptake of the SDGs is in progress, it remains to be seen which, if any, materiality method will eventually turn out as a new dominant way of defining material issues. The findings presented in this study hopefully serve as a basis for further investigation of the topic.

41 Social and institutional trust: A comparison between non-associated and associated producers in Southeast Brazil

Abstract The social and institutional trust between two groups of dairy producers in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil was evaluated. The entity used in this comparison was the Rural Producers Association (RPA), in which two groups were formed: a) RPA members (AG); and b) RPA non-members (NAG). The questionnaire developed used model questions from the World Values Survey. Among a total of 38 producer-members of the RPA, 22 (58%) responded to the questionnaire. For the non-member producers, 44 were identified, while 39 (89%) responded to the questionnaire. To assess social trust, the following question was asked: "Generally speaking, would you say that people can be trusted or that we need to be very careful when dealing with people?". In AG, 81.8% of the producers responded that we need to be very careful when dealing with other people, and among the NAG producers, 87.2% also agreed with such a statement. Despite the lack of social trust in AG, 77.1% of the members fully or partially trust their association. To assess levels of trust in national institutions by producers, a question was asked as follows: "To what extent do you trust the institutions listed below?". For more than 50% of the NAG group, none of the institutions presented deserved full trust, reinforcing the lack of trust, as indicated in the previous question. For those in the NAG group that chose the option "I trust completely", the institutions opted were as follows: religious (46.2%), research institutions (43.6%), public universities (38.5%), and rural extension services (33.3%); while those opted as “I do not trust" were represented by political parties (82.1%), the municipal government (64.1%), and the national congress (61.5%). In the AG group, the institutions with the greatest levels of trust were the rural extension services (54.5%) and the RPA (54.5%), religious institutions (40.9%), public universities (40.9%), and research institutes 36.4%. Moreover, the institutions least trusted were political parties (63.6%), national congress (63.6%), municipal government (36.4%), and land organizations (36.4%). None of the producer groups were officially affiliated with political parties. An open-ended question was asked as follows: "What do you think about the current situation of the association, cooperative, or dairy in which you participate or commercialize milk with?" In the AG, 81.75% see RPA positively, and 18.25% believe that the association was in a bad situation and could even end. In the NAG, 59% of the producers commercialize milk in some type of organization (other than the RPA); in which among these, 43.47% have a negative image of such an organization in general. It is suggestive that regardless of the RPA participation, producers interviewed lack social trust. Future analysis is warranted to involve a multi-location and a broader population sampling.

Sub-disciplines in management sciences: criteria of sub-division in theory and research practice

Abstract This paper aims to identify the key criteria for distinguishing sub-disciplines in management sciences and evaluate their application in national and international science classifications. Documents from 16 different countries and areas were studied semantically. Triangulation was used to study 16 sub-discipline classifications and survey expert opinions among 31 representatives of management sciences from Poland and China to achieve the paper’s purpose. Based on the results, the classifications use various criteria for categorising sub-disciplines, with the key criteria being (1) resources, (2) activity areas, (3) management concepts and methods, and (4) types of organisations. Meanwhile, the extent of their use is well in line with the expectations of the management sciences community representatives participating in the survey. The paper proposes a theoretical framework of 13 distinguishing criteria and characterises 16 classifications of sub-disciplines in management science from different countries. The theoretical considerations provide a good insight into the logic of creating a classification of sub-disciplines. They also provide a better description and understanding of the role of research specialisations in building the identity, organisation, and development of the management sciences community. The results align with a discussion on improving the classifications of management sciences’ sub-disciplines. They are essential in identifying future and promising research specialisations within management sciences. They are helpful in the process of reviewing and/or placing particular research issues or problems in specific sub-disciplines of management sciences.

Managerierea situațiilor conflictuale la nivelul clasei de elevi din învățământul primar

This article presents the management and management of conflict situations, which constitute some of the hardest tests of ability and professional ethics, given that a conflict situation has implications both on the com- munication channels and on the environment in which the participants evolve. The issue of educational manage- ment has a special significance in the context of modern society, made up of a set of organizations that regulate or facilitate almost all aspects of human existence. In this context, the idea is increasingly accepted that the school must be analyzed as a complex type of organization, a system with a set of its own objectives, with a certain distribution of power and authority, with specific functions and responsibilities, made up of necessary integrated parts which enable it to function in an attempt to achieve its objectives.

A Review - Factors Affecting on Time, Cost and Quality of Construction

Abstract: The primary goal of this study is to assess and explore time, cost, and quality management within the construction industry. The purpose of the study is to identify factors that impact time, cost, and quality management in construction projects. Quality stands out as a crucial aspect of all projects, and the success of construction projects hinges significantly on the performance of quality. However, accomplishing this objective is undeniably a challenging task. This study specifically investigates the factors that influence the control of cost and time in construction projects. The aim is to propose recommendations that can assist stakeholders in achieving enhanced cost and time performance in construction projects. The study acknowledges the intricate nature of balancing these key elements and strives to contribute valuable insights for improving overall project outcomes in the construction industry. This study is limited to the perspective of an appropriate sample of professionals in the construction industry. The data collection method involves the use of questionnaires and interviews, which will be subject to descriptive statistical analysis utilizing percentages, mean scores, and frequency of collected data. The primary factors influencing time, cost, and quality in a construction project were identified as planned and scheduled deficiencies, fraudulent methods, kickbacks, and the absence of clear evaluation standards. The research aims to scrutinize the factors that have both positive and adverse effects on construction projects. The study recommends that the construction team work diligently to ensure effective management of time, cost, and quality in construction projects. The objective of this study is to analyze how those involved in project teams perceive time, cost, and quality management on construction projects. Conclusions are drawn, and recommendations are made regarding time, cost, and quality management estimates for construction projects. In the construction industry, the concept of risk management is a less popular technique. There are three main stages in the systematic approach to risk management in the construction industry. A questionnaire, developed based on identified factors, was used to gather the opinions of construction experts. Quality is a critical aspect of any project, especially in construction. The success of construction projects is largely determined by the quality of work. Unfortunately, the construction industry is facing quality issues that result in ineffective and inefficient projects, leading to cost overruns, delays, and excessive rework. To address this issue, a research study was conducted to examine the factors that have positive and negative impacts on construction projects. A questionnaire was developed to gather feedback from construction experts, and statistical analysis tools such as chisquare and weighted mean method (WMM) were used to rank the significance of these factors. The definition of quality can vary depending on the perspective of those defining it. Some see it as meeting specific requirements, while others view it as delivering value for the price paid. For construction companies, quality is about satisfying customers and fulfilling their needs while staying within budget. Quality is an important factor in construction projects, as it can lead to cost overruns and delays. Quality control (QC) and quality assurance systems are established to meet specific requirements. In the construction industry, QC can be seen as achieving client satisfaction, managing costs, and allowing enough time to achieve the desired level of quality. An international standard organization (ISO) has developed a quality assurance system to improve quality and address quality-related issues. The ISO 9001 series has been created to apply to all types of organizations.

SUSTAINABLE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE OF AMERICAN SOCIAL ENTERPRISES UNDER THE PRESSURE OF NEW TRENDS

With minimal federal regulation, state legislation and precedent in the United States, the institutional environment for social enterprises, the development of social responsibility of business and sustainable corporate governance has generally been formed. It is distinguished by active support for social initiatives of business, a minimum of administrative barriers and interference in matters of their internal management, and the presence of special legal regimes. At the same time, the economic effectiveness of sustainable corporate governance is not known; its principles are also not enshrined at the federal level, but are implemented through the charters of corporations and social entrepreneurship organizations. The type and specifics of sustainable management depend on the type of organization. They are fully implemented in the organizational and legal forms of SPC and BC. The main problem in implementing the principles of sustainable management by the owners and management of social corporations remains the search for a balance between profit and social interests, including an objective assessment of the level of achievement of the latter. This balance is achieved not by the application of corporate law, which varies from state to state, but by the application of the business judgment rule, based on precedent, which implies a high degree of discretion and the difficulty or even impossibility of an objective assessment. Sustainable corporate governance is under increasing pressure from multidirectional non-economic trends leading to socialization, greening and politicization of business to the detriment of its traditional goals. The American federal, decentralized model of legal regulation of social entrepreneurship does not correspond to the development trends of the Russian legal system, where the trends of centralization of regulation dominate. The American legal model of sustainable corporate governance is implemented mainly in large international corporations, which no longer exist in Russia, which significantly reduces the relevance of the experience.

The Positive Effect of Social Support in the Relationship Between Emotion and Motivation of People in Science

This study explores the role of social support as a mediator in the relationship between self-emotional appraisal and motivation in people in science. It also examines the moderating role of self-deceptive enhancement in the relationship between self-emotional appraisal and social support. Survey responses from 6,943 people in science in Spain were analyzed (43% women), aged 20–96 (M = 48.8; SD = 9.94). Structural equation modeling was used to examine a moderated mediation model explaining the path between self-emotional appraisal and motivation. The analysis controlled for age, gender and organization type. The results show a positive link between self-emotional appraisal and motivation. Mediation by social support strengthens this link: For self-emotional appraisal to be effective, people in science need to feel others’ support when tackling a problem. Moderation by self-deceptive enhancement strengthens the association of self-emotional appraisal with social support: The need to adapt one’s self-image to others’ expectations activates the pursuit of social support. The implications of self-emotional appraisal and social support for improving motivation are discussed, as is the role of self-deception in social support as perceived by people in science.

기업의 조직문화가 조직몰입과 직무만족에 미치는 영향

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of organizational culture type on organizational commitment and job satisfaction of foreign companies in Mongolia. This study intended to present a strategic implications as a means toseek an organizational culture suitable for organizational members in Mongolia by examining organizational culture recognized as effective one by organizational members in Mongolia
 Research design, data, and methodology: A questionnaire survey was conducted in the employees working at foreign companies in Mongolia to verify the research model and hypotheses developed based on previous research and statistical analysis was conducted for the collected 281 ones.
 Results: The results are as follows: First, hierarchy culture had a significant effect on organizational commitment. Second, Clan culture had a significant effect on organizational commitment. Third, Adhocracy culture had a significant effect on organizational commitment. Fourth, market culture had a significant effect on organizational commitment. Fifth, organizational commitment had a significant effect on job satisfaction.
 Implications: Foreign companies are required to establish an organizational culture suitable for improving organizational commitment and job satisfaction of organization members in the local country. It is necessary to construct an organizational culture with reference the results of this study showing that hierarchy culture, market culture, Adhocracy culture, and Clan oriented culture influence organizational commitment in that order and efforts at the company level are needed to continuously improve job satisfaction through organizational commitment.

Barriers to immaterial property rights development in research organizations: an explorative study from Finland

AbstractThis study analyses immaterial property rights related organizational processes in public research organizations. The study investigates the structural barriers limiting intellectual property rights development and commercialization. In addition, the study focuses on how different types of public research organizations, namely universities, research and technology organizations, and polytechnics, differ in this respect. The study was implemented as a survey with 493 respondents. The study found that lack of awareness and questions around the impact IPR are the main barriers to immaterial property rights development. The study also found differences in organizational practices between RTOs and universities.

Філософські виміри культурної політики

Against the background of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the question of an effective cultural policy that would support national identity, contribute to the purification of consciousness from propaganda myths and preserve the heritage of Ukrainian culture is becoming more acute. Since cultural policy is related to both aesthetic-artistic and cultural-anthropological dimensions of social life, in order to identify the effective influence of cultural policy on dominant social practices, it is necessary to find out the universal principles of its functioning. The purpose of this article is to identify the relevant philosophical and methodological basis of cultural policy for modern Ukrainian realities. Based on the fundamental ideas of Richard Rorty’s pragmatic philosophy and his analysis of cultural policies, the generally accepted nature of the inferential approach to social reality on the part of individual social groups was ascertained. The variability of cultural policy depending on the type of social organization community/society is demonstrated. In small social groups of the authoritarian type, social epistemological authority is mediated by the individual preferences of the leader of this group, so the tools of cultural policy are weak (patriarchal family, religious or political sect). An authoritarian or totalitarian mass society shows a high propensity for linguistic practices of propaganda, which can be seen as an extreme distorted form of cultural politics. In democratic societies, cultural policy is able to harmonize social life, improving its practices and building a value-symbolic world that constitutes culture in a broad sense. The social institute of education has all the tools, including digital ones, to shape the necessary social practices and educate a critical thinker who is able to generate conceptual knowledge, i.e. see relationships and be aware. Openness in decision-making, interaction of expert groups, public discussions are necessary elements for an effective cultural policy, which should be different from “cultural management”. Creative cultural industries play an important role in modern popular culture societies, and these industries significantly strengthen the economic component of social life. Public projects and initiatives effectively help to preserve Ukrainian culture, influence the level of awareness of Ukrainians and the economic well-being of our country.

Diversity as Philanthropy: Diversity Ideology among Pastors, Professors, and Professionals of Color

Abstract Examinations of diversity ideology have focused primarily on white people and institutions. As a result, there remains an open question as to the systems of meaning people of color may hold when it comes to diversity. In this article, I analyze 60 semi-structured interviews with employees of color across three organization types: churches, universities, and corporations. I find that employees of color hold a distinct diversity ideology marked by diversity as philanthropy. These employees give of their own time and resources for the collective uplift of constituents of color and use religious, experiential, and altruistic rationales to justify why they do so. Diversity as philanthropy serves as a racial project that upholds existing hierarchies by redistributing organizational power and resources to those who hold a surplus of it. This study has implications for the study of racial inequality and how it is reinforced within organizations through appeals to diversity.

Traumatic Injury among Patients Presenting to the Department of Emergency Medicine of a Tertiary Care Centre.

The majority of trauma-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries; however, limited data exists in these settings related to injury types and severity. The prevalence of trauma similar to our setting was less estimated. This study aimed to find the prevalence of traumatic injury among patients presented to the department of emergency medicine of a tertiary care centre. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among patients presented to the Department of Emergency Medicine from 15 September 2021 to 14 September 2022. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee. World Health Organization trauma minimum data set, injury mechanism, types and patient disposition data were collected and injury severity scores were calculated. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Among 47,825 patients, 1,524 (3.19%) (3.03-3.34, 95% Confidence Interval) patients presented with a traumatic injury. A total of 967 (63.45%) were males and had a median age of 30 years (Interquartile range: 25). Most injuries were caused by falls 650 (42.65%), followed by road traffic accidents 411 (26.97%). A majority had minor Injury Severity Scores 1280 (83.99%). The prevalence of traumatic injury among patients presenting to emergency was found to be lower than other studies done in similar settings. emergency care; injuries and wounds; injury severity score; trauma unit.

A Holistic Evaluation of BIM Implementation Barriers in the Indian Construction Industry: Pre- and Post-Adoption Perspectives

ABSTRACT The existing Building Information Modelling (BIM) research does not provide a holistic understanding of pre- and post-adoption barriers to its implementation, especially in developing countries such as India, where BIM adoption lags. First, a total of 32 barriers to BIM implementation were identified after a comprehensive literature review. Second, after discussion with experts, the barriers were classified into 23 pre- and 21 post-adoption barriers. Next, the barriers were ranked based on 218 completed survey responses from professionals working in 125 organizations in the Indian construction industry. Finally, an independent samples t-test was conducted to understand differences in the perceptions of different groups of participants. The top five pre-adoption barriers were (1) high hardware costs, (2) high software costs, (3) low adoption across the supply chain, (4) low market support, and (5) unclear benefit evaluation. In comparison, the top five post-adoption barriers were (1) high ongoing cost (license renewal, training cost, etc.), (2) shortage of skills and expertise, (3) unclear benefit evaluation, (4) client’s lack of understanding, and (5) user resistance. Moreover, clients, contractors and consultants shared different views on very few barriers, which shows that these barriers are prevalent across different types of organizations in the Indian construction industry.

Pro‐market Institutions and the Degree of Hybridity in Startup Social Ventures: The Moderating Effects of Organizational Activities

AbstractAs a departure from previous research that takes social ventures as a distinct organizational type, this study investigates the relationship between the pro‐market institutions in a country and the degree of hybridity in social ventures, focusing on the dimension of organizational goals. Additionally, it examines the contingent effects of organizational activities, such as the novelty of market offering and the implementation of social performance measurement. Combining Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data in 2009 and 2015 with other cross‐national databases, we test our theoretical predictions using 3648 startup social ventures across 42 countries. We find that pro‐market institutions have an inverted U‐shaped effect on the degree of hybridity in social ventures. Furthermore, the novelty of market offering and social performance measurement attenuate the impact of pro‐market institutions on organizational hybridity by shifting the inverted U‐shape to relatively negative and linear. Through this cross‐level empirical exploration, we develop a richer explanation of organizational hybridity and contribute to the growing literature on social ventures and hybrid organizations.

Employee Technostress: Analyzing the Influence of Sociodemographic Characteristics on Techno-Stressors and Their Consequences

Technostress has garnered increasing interest in recent times due to the pervasive role of technology and its impact on well-being and overall quality of life. Understanding and addressing technostress is crucial to promoting healthier relationships with technology, mitigating its negative effects, and developing strategies to manage the challenges it poses. This article presents a set of sociodemographic characteristics, explores their relationships with different dimensions of technostress (i.e., techno-stressors), and analyzes the consequences of these techno-stressors. The aim of this research is threefold: first, we examine how the sociodemographic characteristics of gender, age, living arrangement, education level, work experience, tenure, organization size, and organization type relate to techno-stressors, namely techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, techno-insecurity, and techno-uncertainty. Second, we identify technostress profiles based on their levels of technostress across these five dimensions. Third, we analyze the impact of the selected sociodemographic variables in predicting cluster membership and examine differences in role overload, role conflict, life satisfaction, and work–family conflict across the identified clusters. Data were collected cross-sectionally from a convenience sample of 1187 Chilean workers and analyzed using R Studio for Windows. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and multinomial logistic regression were performed. Our results show that certain sociodemographic variables have a significant impact on specific dimensions of technostress. We also identified three distinct clusters based on their technostress levels (high, moderate, and low). Cluster 1 emerged as the profile with the lowest levels across all dimensions, cluster 2 displayed moderate levels, and cluster 3 exhibited the highest levels. Multinomial logistic regression also revealed that living alone, education level, tenure, and organization size were all significant predictors of technostress cluster membership. There were also significant differences among the three clusters in terms of the consequences of technostress. Specifically, individuals in the high technostress cluster reported higher levels of role overload and role conflict, lower life satisfaction, and greater work–family conflict. Future research avenues and implications for mental health and well-being are discussed at the end of the article.

The Century-Long Struggle for the Leadership of World Sport

In less than a century, sport has evolved from a hobby for a few European gentlemen into a global phenomenon involving people from all walks of life and of all ages. Media coverage of large sport events, especially the modern Olympic Games, has contributed greatly to increasing and widening sport’s appeal and turning it into an activity enjoyed by countless millions of people of both sexes, whether grassroots participants, spectators or elite athletes. Three types of organizations have sought to lead world sport: (1) The International Olympic Committee, which awards Olympic Games to host cities; (2) international sport federations, each of which establishes universal rules for its sport and recognizes national federations; and (3) certain governments and intergovernmental organizations. The century-long geopolitical struggle for the leadership of world sport can be divided into five periods. Although the International Olympic Committee currently holds the upper hand, the emergence of new actors may threaten its dominant position.

Feminization of the health workforce in China: exploring gendered composition from 2002 to 2020.

Feminization of health workforce has been globally documented, but it has not been investigated in China. This study aims to analyze changes in the gendered composition of health workforce and explore the trend in different types of health workforce, health organizations and majors within China's health system. The data were collected from China Health Statistical Yearbook from 2002 to 2020. We focused on health professionals including doctors, nurses, and pharmacists in health organizations. Trend analysis was employed to examine the change in the ratio of female health workforce over 18years. The estimated average annual percent change (AAPC) was estimated, and the reciprocals of variances for the female ratios were used as weights. In China, health professionals increased from 4.7 million in 2002 to 10.68 million in 2020. Health professionals per 1000 population increased from 3.41 in 2002 to 7.57 in 2020. The ratio of female health professionals significantly increased from 63.85% in 2002 to 72.4% in 2020 (AAPC = 1.04%, 95% CI 0.96-1.11%, P < 0.001). Female doctors and pharmacists increased 4.7 and 7.9 percentage points from 2002 to 2020. Female health workers at township health centers, village clinics, centers for disease control and prevention had higher annual increase rate (AAPC = 1.67%, 2.25% and 1.33%, respectively) than those at hospital (0.70%) and community health center (0.5%). Female doctors in traditional Chinese medicine, dentistry and public health had higher annual increase rate (AAPC = 1.82%, 1.53% and 1.91%, respectively) than female clinical doctor (0.64%). More women are participating in the healthcare sector in China. However, socially lower-ranked positions have been feminizing faster, which could be due to the inherent and structural gender norms restricting women's career. More collective and comprehensive system-level actions will be needed to foster a gender-equitable environment for health workforce at all levels.