Types Of Mistreatment Research Articles

A Mixed-Methods Analysis of a Novel Mistreatment Program for the Surgery Core Clerkship.

To review mistreatment reports from before and after implementation of a mistreatment program, and student ratings of and qualitative responses to the program to evaluate the short-term impact on students. In January 2014, a video- and discussion-based mistreatment program was implemented for the surgery clerkship at the Stanford University School of Medicine. The program aims to help students establish expectations for the learning environment; create a shared and personal definition of mistreatment; and promote advocacy and empower ment to address mistreatment. Counts and types of mistreatment were compared from a year before (January-December 2013) and two years after (January 2014-December 2015) implementation. Students' end-of-clerkship ratings and responses to open-ended questions were analyzed. From March 2014-December 2015, 141/164 (86%) students completed ratings, and all 47 (100%) students enrolled from January-August 2014 provided qualitative program evaluations. Most students rated the initial (108/141 [77%]) and final (120/141 [85%]) sessions as excellent or outstanding. In the qualitative analysis, students valued that the program helped establish expectations; allowed for sharing experiences; provided formal resources; and provided a supportive environment. Students felt the learning environment and culture were improved and reported increased interest in surgery. There were 14 mistreatment reports the year before the program, 9 in the program's first year, and 4 in the second year. The authors found a rotation-specific mistreatment program, focused on creating shared understanding about mistreatment, was well received among surgery clerkship students, and the number of mistreatment reports decreased each year following implementation.

Perceived Quality of Life following Elder Mistreatment in Rural India.

Using resilience theory, we examined multiple risks (individual, familial, and mistreatment characteristics) and promotive factors (mastery and social support) associated with perceived quality of life following mistreatment and tested two competing models, compensatory and protective models, to explain the role of promotive factors in the mistreatment-wellbeing linkage. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by administering standardized instruments to 897 randomly selected older adults in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Information from 187 older adults, who, in the interview had reported mistreatment in the past 1 year formed the analysis. Quality of life following mistreatment was measured using the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Mistreatment was measured by an adapted version of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Being single, hailing from a low income family, experiencing high levels of relationship strain, and experiencing more than one type of mistreatment were associated with decreased quality of life. High levels of mastery and social support were associated with high levels of quality of life following mistreatment. There was support for both compensatory and protective-reactive models of resilience. Some of the resources that counteract the negative effects of adversities and mistreatment appear to be effective only at lower levels of mistreatment. Quality of life following mistreatment was influenced by multiple risk and promotive factors, results that are consistent with resilience theory. Concerted efforts must be undertaken to bolster protective factors and minimize risk factors to enhance quality of life following mistreatment.

Using Latent Class Analysis to Identify Profiles of Elder Abuse Perpetrators.

Research suggests that abuser risk factors differ across elder mistreatment types, but abuse interventions are not individualized. To move away from assumptions of perpetrator homogeneity and to inform intervention approaches, this study classifies abusers into subtypes according to their behavior profiles. Data are from the Older Adult Mistreatment Assessment administered to victims by Adult Protective Service (APS) in Illinois. Latent class analysis was used to categorize abusers (N = 336) using victim and caseworker reports on abusers' harmful and supportive behaviors and characteristics. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to determine which abuser profiles are associated with 4 types of mistreatment-neglect, physical, emotional, and financial-and other sociodemographic characteristics. Abusers fall into 4 profiles descriptively labeled "Caregiver," "Temperamental," "Dependent Caregiver," and "Dangerous." Dangerous abusers have the highest levels of aggression, financial dependency, substance abuse, and irresponsibility. Caregivers are lowest in harmful characteristics and highest in providing emotional and instrumental support to victims. The 4 profiles significantly differ in the average age and gender of the abuser, the relationship to victims, and types of mistreatment committed. This is the first quantitative study to identify and characterize abuser subtypes. Tailored interventions are needed to reduce problem behaviors and enhance strengths specific to each abuser profile.

Advocacy for Equity: Extending Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Predominantly White Suburban Schools

Background/ContextThis article describes Black educators in predominantly White suburban schools who have used advocacy through the lens of culturally relevant pedagogy and serve as Educational Cultural Negotiators to help the students of color in these spaces academically and socially. This article highlights the advocacy needed to address the plight of students of color in suburban schools who disproportionately lag behind their White and Asian counterparts.Purpose/Focus of StudyThis research focuses on the experiences and reflections of five Black educators who have directed after-school programs in predominantly White suburban schools. Through their experiences and reflections, this study provides a snapshot—part of a larger study—of the ways Black educators use culturally relevant pedagogy to advocate for students of color.SettingFour suburban high schools in a Midwest metropolitan region of the United States.Research DesignQualitative research (i.e., portraiture) was used to capture the reflections and experiences of five Black educators (18–30 years of experience) in predominantly White suburban high schools. I interviewed participants three times during the course of a year, with the last interview conducted as a focus group. I developed interview questions thematically to provide information on each director's background, the role they played in influencing Black and Latino/a student achievement, their experiences as they helped program participants, their insight on sustaining program directors, and suggestions for educational leaders and educators of Black and Latino/a students.Findings/ResultsParticipants shared a sense of racial uplift to address issues of concern with Black and Latino/a students. Racial uplift manifested in the form of racial and academic advocacy. Racial advocacy came through protecting students from various types of mistreatment, neglect, and macro and micro forms of racism. Educators worked with the staff and students to help navigate and negotiate the racial space. Academic advocacy came through encouraging and supporting students to reach their highest potential though mentor-ship, tutoring, student life workshops, college visits, and cultural field trips.

The Discriminatory Patient and Family: Strategies to Address Discrimination Towards Trainees.

Trainee mistreatment remains an important and serious medical education issue. Mistreatment toward trainees by the medical team has been described; mistreatment by patients and families has not. Motivated by discrimination towards a resident by a family in their emergency department, the authors sought to identify strategies for trainees and physicians to respond effectively to mistreatment by patients and families. A purposeful sample of pediatric faculty educational leaders was recruited from April-June 2014 at Stanford University. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, semistructured one-on-one interviews were conducted. Participants were asked to describe how they would respond to clinical scenarios of families discriminating against trainees (involving race, gender, and religion). Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and anonymized. The authors analyzed interview transcripts using constant comparative analysis and performed post hoc member checking. This project was IRB approved. Four themes emerged from interviews with 13 faculty: assess illness acuity, cultivate a therapeutic alliance, depersonalize the event, and ensure a safe learning environment. Participants wanted trainees to feel empowered to remove themselves from care when necessary but acknowledged that removal was not always possible or easy. Nearly all participants agreed that trainee and faculty development was needed. Suggested educational strategies included team debriefing and critical reflection. Discrimination towards trainees by patients and families is an important issue. As this type of mistreatment cannot be fully prevented, effective preparation is essential. Effective response strategies exist and can be taught to trainees to empower responses that protect learners and preserve patient care.

Victims with Intellectual Disabilities through the Spanish Criminal Justice System

This research is the result of analysing twenty-nine cases of persons with intellectual disabilities who were victims of some type of mistreatment or abuse and who, after filing a complaint, were processed through the criminal justice system – not always with all the recommended support. The study analyses the experiences of these alleged victims of crime to determine the source and scope of the primary obstacles blocking their access to proper and effective protection under the law, in order to assess Spain's compliance with Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 October 2012, which establishes minimum standards for the rights, support, and protection of victims of crime. Based on the report's conclusions, the authors formulate a number of recommendations for lawmakers.

Elder Mistreatment and its Subtypes across Different Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Groups among U.S. Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

To examine the risk of overall elder mistreatment (EM) and its subtypes in each sociodemographic and socioeconomic group based on different definitional criteria. In person interviews were conducted with 3,159 Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago Area from 2011 to 2013. Psychological mistreatment, physical mistreatment, sexual abuse, caregiver neglect, and financial exploitation were measured using definitional approaches from the least strict to the strictest criteria. Physical, psychological mistreatment, and financial exploitation were closely correlated with each other, but caregiver neglect was not correlated with any other types of mistreatment. The risk of EM and its subtypes across sociodemographic groups differed by types and definitions of mistreatment. Future longitudinal studies are needed to quantity the risk and protective factors associated with EM and its subtypes with consideration of definitional issues in Chinese aging populations.

Creating a Positive Learning Environment: Educational Film and Discussion Guide

Abstract Introduction The overall objectives of this teaching session are to demonstrate types of mistreatment as defined by the Association of American Medical Colleges and to begin a discussion a...

Elder Mistreatment and Health Status of Rural Older Adults.

There is limited information on the nature of and health factors associated with elder mistreatment in rural areas. To address this gap in the literature, the current study described the nature of such mistreatment and investigated the association between different types of mistreatment and health factors among 897 randomly selected elderly persons in rural India. The results show that elder mistreatment was widely prevalent (21%). Furthermore, the higher frequency of and simultaneous occurrence of multiple types of mistreatment (83.4%) suggest that mistreatment was a continuous stressor. The presence of overall mistreatment was positively associated with depression symptoms and subjective health status. The higher levels of chronicity and multiple mistreatments further increased depression symptoms and lowered the health status of those who were mistreated. Although women, more than men, were more likely to experience mistreatment, chronic mistreatment, and multiple mistreatments, there were no significant gender differences in the mistreatment-health relationship. These findings suggest that older adults with depression symptoms and poor health should be screened for mistreatment.

Elderly abuse: risk factors and nursing role.

Elderly abuse is still a hidden problem, often underestimated. It is much more common than the data available suggest. Unfortunately, the incidence is expected to grow with the progressive increase in the elderly population in the future. The aim was to examine the available literature in the last 5 years to define the state of art on this phenomenon, with particular regard to the nursing role in elderly abuse, focusing on the possible types of mistreatment, the motivations and preventive interventions. Articles published in the last 5 years regarding the mistreatment of the elderly were selected, by using scientifically recognized databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge. Several keywords were used for the query among which were: "elderly abuse" and "elderly abuse in nursing home". Moreover, to better understand the entity of the phenomenon, we also searched the corresponding keywords for child abuse. Considering the Scopus database, only 78 out of 1,342 published articles in the last 5 years deal with abuse of the elderly in relation to nursing, representing a very small part (5.81%) of the considered sample. Comparing the number of articles, the ratio child/elderly is equal to 1/0.04, underlying the poor interest of research on this phenomenon. Moreover, it was observed that elderly abuse in nursing homes is still underreported in both original articles and reviews. Despite the aging of the population, elderly abuse and neglect still remain hidden problems, overlooked and also underestimated in the literature.

Learning About Medical Student Mistreatment From Responses to the Medical School Graduation Questionnaire

Although evidence of medical student mistreatment has accumulated for more than 20 years, only recently have professional organizations like the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the American Medical Association truly acknowledged it as an issue. Since 1991, the AAMC's annual Medical School Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) has included questions about mistreatment. Responses to the GQ have become the major source of evidence of the prevalence and types of mistreatment. This article reviews national mistreatment data, using responses to the GQ from 2000 through 2012; examines how students' experiences have changed over time; and highlights the implications of this information for the broader medical education system. The authors discuss what mistreatment is, including the changing definitions from the GQ; the prevalence, types, and sources of mistreatment; and evidence of students reporting incidents. In addition, they discuss next steps, including better defining mistreatment, specifically public humiliation and belittling, taking into account students' subjective evaluations; understanding and addressing the influence of institutional culture and what institutions can learn from current approaches at other institutions; and developing better systems to report and respond to reports of mistreatment. They conclude with a discussion of how mistreatment currently is conceptualized within the medical education system and the implications of that conceptualization for eradicating mistreatment in the future.

Frequency and Negative Impact of Medical Student Mistreatment Based on Specialty Choice

According to responses to the Association of American Medical Colleges' Medical School Graduation Questionnaire, 17% to 20% of medical students report mistreatment. This study examined the longitudinal nature of medical student mistreatment based on specialty choice. From 2003 to 2010, the authors surveyed all medical students at one institution at the end of their third year, assessing the frequency and impact of any mistreatment based on specialty choice. They analyzed quantitative data on the frequency, impact, sources, and trends over time and qualitative data from students' open-ended responses and compared data by specialty interest (primary care versus subspecialty). Of the 1,059 students sent the survey, 801 (76%) responded. Mistreatment based on specialty choice was common. The frequency and impact of such mistreatment were tightly correlated (Pearson r = 0.8, P < .001). The nature of mistreatment differed between students interested in primary care and those interested in a subspecialty, occurred more commonly on specific clerkships, and originated most often from resident physicians. Students perceived that teaching opportunities and evaluations were negatively affected by their specialty choice. An association was found between the theme of respect and students reconsidering their specialty choice. These patterns of mistreatment were stable over the study period, despite several professionalism initiatives. Mistreatment based on specialty choice is a distinct and common phenomenon perpetuated by faculty, residents, and peers. More research is needed to explore the potential hidden curriculum drivers of these findings and to develop interventions specifically targeting this type of mistreatment.

Which Are the Factors Associated to Child Mistreatment? Use of a Routinely Collected Specific Dataset for Surveillance in a Belgian Pediatric Unit

Introduction: Child abuse is a serious health problem with compelling evidence that the phenomenon is common throughout the world. The Center “SOS enfants ULB” is a specialized team, established in a pediatric ward, which had mission to prevent and to treat the situations of children victims of physical, sexual, psychological abuse or of neglect. Our objectives were to describe the characteristics of 439 children hospitalized for (suspicion of) maltreatment and to investigate different factors potentially associated with the children at risk of neglect or maltreatment, the children victims of neglect and the physically maltreated children. Methods: Chi square test and multinomial logistic regression models with clustered robust standard error were applied to assess the relationship between the three types of mistreatment and the potential associated factors. Results: Maltreatment was observed for almost one in two children (48.7%) and approximately four on ten (41.5%) were considered at risk. Physical abuse was the most prevalent (57.9%) among the maltreated children and neglect was the second most prevalent (37.4%) form of maltreatment. Regarding the criteria leading to hospitalisation, at least one protective criterion was observed for a little more than eight children on ten. The parental criteria have shown that social problems and conjugal conflicts were the most prevalent for this category of hospitalisation criteria. Conclusion: These data, concerning the hospitalized children for which there is (suspicion of) mistreatment, collected by this team make important contribution to describing child maltreatment and its associated factors. Despite the fact that these hospitalized cases may be probably more serious than those who were not reported, every event, however small it may be, should be known for better organizing each level of prevention.

Characteristics Associated with Psychological, Physical, Sexual Abuse, Caregiver Neglect and Financial Exploitation in U.S. Chinese Older Adults: Findings from the Population-Based Cohort Study in the Greater Chicago Area

This study examined the socio-demographic and health related characteristics of elder mistreatment (EM) in a community-dwelling older Chinese population. Methods: Guided by a community-based participatory research approach, the PINE study conducted in-person interviews with 3,159 U.S. Chinese older adults aged 60 years and older in the Greater Chicago area from 2011–2013. Participants answered questions regarding psychological, physical and sexual mistreatment, caregiver neglect, and financial exploitation. Definitional approaches for EM subtypes were constructed from least restrictive to most restrictive. Results: The sociodemographic and health-related characteristics associated with EM differed by type of mistreatment and by the operational definition used. Living with fewer people, having been born in countries other than China, poorer health status, and lower quality of life were significantly correlated with physical mistreatment. Only higher education was positively and significantly associated with sexual mistreatment and only poorer health status was consistently correlated with psychological mistreatment among all definitions. Male gender, higher educational levels, higher income, fewer children, and having been in the U.S. for fewer years were significantly correlated with financial exploitation. As for caregiver neglect, older age, having more children, having been in the U.S. for more years, poorer health status, lower quality of life, and worsening health over the past year were consistently correlated with caregiver neglect with different definitions. Conclusions: Prevention and intervention programs on EM should be geared towards specific types of mistreatment. Studies on EM should conduct a thorough analysis to justify the operational definition used.

Inching Toward Inclusiveness: Diversity Climate, Interpersonal Conflict and Well-Being in Women Nurses

Interpersonal conflict is a type of mistreatment acknowledged to be a serious problem in the United States workplace, particularly for women. This interpersonal conflict is related to negative outcomes in women, as well as the exclusion of women in the workplace, which highlights the importance of investigating ways to reduce this conflict. There is reason to believe that features of the social work environment may impact the prevalence of interpersonal conflict targeted at women. In particular, the extent to which a workplace includes social norms prohibiting mistreatment based on differences—a diversity climate—should be associated with lower levels of interpersonal conflict for women. As such, the goal of the current study was to examine the impact of diversity climate on the experience of interpersonal conflict in women. Additionally, well-being outcomes—burnout and engagement—were assessed as part of a model of diversity climate, interpersonal conflict, and outcomes. In a sample of 172 White women nurses from the northwestern U.S., three sources of conflict (physicians, manager and coworker) were found to relate negatively with diversity climate perceptions. Diversity climate perceptions were also associated with higher work engagement, and indirectly related to both engagement and burnout through conflict. The findings indicate that cultivating a diversity climate might be an important strategy to reduce interpersonal conflict experienced by women in the workplace.

Is it Mistreatment? Mistreatment Education for Medical Students Entering Clinical Training

OPEN ACCESSOctober 3, 2013Is it Mistreatment? Mistreatment Education for Medical Students Entering Clinical Training Shalini Reddy, MD, Paul Ogden, Vineet Arora, Michael Elnicki, Heather Harrell, Venkat Boddapati, Cynthia Ledford, Mark Fagan, Alex Mechaber, May Jennings Shalini Reddy, MD University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences The Pritzker School of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author , Paul Ogden Texas A&M HSC College of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author , Vineet Arora University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences The Pritzker School of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author , Michael Elnicki University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author , Heather Harrell University of Florida College of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author , Venkat Boddapati University of Chicago Google Scholar More articles by this author , Cynthia Ledford Ohio State University College of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author , Mark Fagan Brown University Medical Center Google Scholar More articles by this author , Alex Mechaber University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author , May Jennings University of Alabama School of Medicine Google Scholar More articles by this author https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.9569 SectionsAbout ToolsDownload Citations ShareFacebookTwitterEmail AbstractAbstractMistreatment in the learning environment is a topic of great concern for medical schools and medical students who wish to train in healthy learning environments. On the 2012 Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire, 47.1% of students responded that they had personally experienced some type of mistreatment. The most commonly reported forms of mistreatment included public humiliation, being subjected to offensive remarks, and being asked to perform personal service. Because the particular behaviors constituting these forms of mistreatment are not specified, educators have struggled to teach students how to interpret behaviors in the learning environment. This resource is an interactive workshop for rising clinical students on mistreatment education. The goal of this module is to provide students with a nuanced approach to mistreatment. We focus on the gray areas that often lead students to wonder, “Have I been mistreated?” The scenario scripts are designed to serve as triggers for discussion about mistreatment in clinical settings. The accompanying slide set is used with the scenario scripts to facilitate interaction. The pocket cards help students interpret common situations that may occur during clinical training. These scenario scripts, along with the accompanying slide set and pocket cards, are designed to help students work through the nuanced aspects of mistreatment. The slide set may also be used to raise awareness among residents and faculty about appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. Educational Objectives By participating in this workshop, students will be able to: Review common clinical scenarios that may occur during their training.Discuss the interaction in a scenario and whether or not it represents mistreatment.List examples of scenarios that represent mistreatment and similar scenarios that do not represent mistreatment.Identify institution-specific resources where they can report instances and issues of abuse. Sign up for the latest publications from MedEdPORTAL Add your email below FILES INCLUDEDReferencesRelatedDetails FILES INCLUDED Included in this publication: Instructor's Guide.pdf MISTREAT pocket card.pdf Mistreatment reference list.pdf Scenario 1 script.pdf Scenario 2 script.pdf Scenario 3 script.pdf Scenario 4 script.pdf Scenario 5 script.pdf Scenario number 1.pptx Scenario number 2.ppt Scenario number 3.pptx Scenario number 4.ppt Scenario number 5.pptx To view all publication components, extract (i.e., unzip) them from the downloaded .zip file. Download editor’s noteThis publication may contain technology or a display format that is no longer in use. Copyright & Permissions© 2013 Reddy et al. This is an open-access publication distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike license.KeywordsProfessionalismMistreatmentProfessional EthicsClinical TrainingMedical Students Disclosures None to report. Funding/Support None to report. Loading ...

The National Elder Mistreatment Study: Race and Ethnicity Findings

The prevalence of elder mistreatment with respect to race and ethnicity was examined in an unweighted sample of 5,777 participants (5,776 participants in weighted sample). Random Digit Dialing methodology was used to select a representative sample of community-dwelling older adults, and the survey was available in English and Spanish. Mistreatment types included emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. Race- and ethnicity-based differences were largely absent, and the only observed increase was for physical mistreatment among non-White older adults; however, this association was not sustained in multivariate analyses controlling for income, health status, and social support. Findings are in contrast to prior reports of increased risk of mistreatment in minority populations and point to correlated and modifiable factors of social support and poor health as targets for preventive intervention.

Bullying among schoolchildren: Differences between victims and aggressors

ObjectiveTo identify the factors associated with bullying behaviors among adolescents by analyzing victims, aggressors and victims/aggressors separately. MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in a representative sample of 3,089 secondary school students (13-18 years old) in Barcelona (Spain). To define bullying behaviors, we used three questions about different types of mistreatment (jeering, attacking, marginalizing). ResultsCompared with secondary school students not involved in bullying, victims, aggressors and victims/aggressors were more likely to be boys and to report negative mood states. Victims were younger, were more overweight or obese and were lighter cannabis users, while aggressors were also younger but reported more antisocial behaviors and more cannabis and alcohol use. Victims/aggressors reported more antisocial behaviors and were overweight. ConclusionsBeing involved in bullying, independently of the role adopted, was associated with health-related problems, which can lead to psychological disorders in adulthood.

Pilot study on the prevalence of abuse and mistreatment during clinical internship: a cross-sectional study among first year residents in Oman

ObjectiveTo evaluate perceptions of being mistreated during internship among first year Oman Medical Specialty Board residents.DesignA cross-sectional study.SettingTraining centres for Oman Medical Specialty Board.ParticipantsFirst year medical residents following completion of...

Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Mistreatment in South Carolina: The South Carolina Elder Mistreatment Study

The purposes of this study were to (a) derive prevalence estimates for elder mistreatment (emotional, physical, sexual, neglectful, and financial mistreatment of older adults [age 60 +]) in a randomly selected sample of South Carolinians; (b) examine correlates (i.e., potential risk factors) of mistreatment; and (c) examine incident characteristics of mistreatment events. Random Digit Dialing (RDD) was used to derive a representative sample in terms of age and gender; computer-assisted telephone interviewing was used to standardize collection of demographic, correlate, and mistreatment data. Prevalence estimates and mistreatment correlates were obtained and subjected to logistic regression. A total of 902 participants provided data. Prevalence for mistreatment types (since age 60) were 12.9% emotional, 2.1% physical, 0.3% sexual, 5.4% potential neglect, and 6.6% financial exploitation by family member. The most consistent correlates of mistreatment across abuse types were low social support and needing assistance with daily living activities. One in 10 participants reported either emotional, physical, sexual, or neglectful mistreatment within the past year, and 2 in 10 reported mistreatment since age 60. Across categories, the most consistent correlate of mistreatment was low social support, representing an area toward which preventive intervention may be directed with significant public health implications.