Types Of Mineral Admixtures Research Articles

Study on the chloride ion binding rate of sulfoaluminate cement mortars containing different mineral admixtures

In this study, the chloride ion (Cl−) binding rate of sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) mortars containing different mineral admixtures was investigated. This is essential to improve the durability of concrete structures in high Cl− environments, especially where they are susceptible to Cl− attack such as coastlines and marine structures. The effects of Cl− concentration, curing age, and the type and amount of mineral admixture on the Cl− binding rate of SAC mortars were analyzed. It was found that the content of water-soluble Cl− in SAC mortars decreased with the increase of curing age, while the Cl− binding ratio increased accordingly, indicating that its resistance to internal Cl− permeation increased. The addition of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) can significantly improve the Cl− binding rate of SAC mortars, and the Cl− binding rate increases to 46.6% with 20% of FA and 38.7% with 40% of GGBS. The effects of mineral admixtures on the microstructure and phase composition of SAC mortars were further investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed that the addition of FA and GGBS promoted the formation of C-S-H (calcium silicate hydrate) gels and improved the resistance of SAC mortars to Cl− penetration. On the other hand, the excessive addition of silica fume (SF) decreased the Cl− binding rate, whereas a moderate amount of limestone powder (LP) improved the Cl− binding rate. The study of the Cl− binding rate of SAC mortars can help to evaluate their resistance to Cl− erosion in real projects, thus guiding the optimization of concrete formulations and the improvement of durability.

Study of Semi-Adiabatic Temperature Rise Test of Mineral Admixture Concrete

The concrete used in the main structures of subway stations has a high degree of constraint. Consequently, temperature changes and shrinkage during construction frequently lead to significant constraint stress, which can result in structural cracking. Therefore, cement with low hydration heat is commonly used in engineering to reduce the temperature of concrete during its age. Aiming at the problem of hydration and heat release caused by concrete construction, based on the principles of concrete hydration heat release and a numerical analysis method, an optimized semi-adiabatic temperature rise test method has been introduced to investigate concrete temperature rise characteristics with different mineral admixtures. The following conclusions were obtained: The effect of reducing the heat of hydration is related to the content and material properties of different mineral admixtures, but not the type of mineral admixture to be incorporated. The temperature rise performance of four common mineral admixtures is as follows: ① total cooling capacity: limestone powder > slag, fly ash > metakaolin; ② early heat generation rate: metakaolin > slag > fly ash > limestone powder; ③ heat reduction rate in the middle and late periods: metakaolin > limestone powder > fly ash > slag.

Study on the effect of double mineral admixtures on the properties of high water materials

In this paper, different contents of fly ash, silica fume, slag, and Nano-SiO2 were added to the high water material. Then, fly ash-silica fume, slag-silica fume, and Nano SiO2-silica fume are mixed into the high water material. Through the strength test of two groups of specimens, the influence of different types of mineral admixtures and blending ratios on the physical and mechanical properties of high-water materials was studied. The mechanical parameters of high water doped materials were measured by ultrasonic method, and the internal pore structure of high water doped materials was analyzed. In the case of double mixing, the optimal mixing amount is 4% fly ash and 6% silica fume, and the 7 d compressive strength of this group of specimens is increased by 15.85% compared with the original high water material. Through ultrasonic detection, the first wave is smooth and stable, the longitudinal wave amplitude curve is flat, the peak difference is slight, and the periodic amplitude is uniform, indicating that the structure of this group of specimens is dense. The shear modulus is increased by 20.31%, Young’s modulus is 1.3 times, and the volume modulus is 8.9 times that of the original high water material. The research findings suggest that high water materials can be modified by double mixing.

Value-added utilization of ultrafine ferronickel slag as a novel type of high-quality mineral admixture: A feasibility study

In this study, a novel type of high-quality mineral admixture, ultrafine ferronickel slag, is manufactured and designed, and the feasibility of its utilization in cement and concrete is systematically investigated. It was found that after mechanical grinding, ultrafine ferronickel slag can be used as a novel and special high-quality mineral admixture, which improves the microstructures and properties of concrete in an efficient way. Ultrafine ferronickel slag shows little adverse effect on the early-age strength, and effectively increases the later-age strength of concrete. It improves the resistance to chloride ion penetration and the resistance to sulfate attack of concrete. It also reduces the total porosity and refines the pore in concrete. With the increase of ultrafine ferronickel slag content, the proportion of large pores with diameters more than 100 nm decreases, and the proportion of pores with diameters less than 100 nm increases significantly, especially for the small pore with diameters less than 10 nm. In addition, ultrafine ferronickel slag presents good compatibility with polycarboxylate superplasticizer and significantly produces a pozzolanic reaction consuming portlandite. This study provides a new way for the value-added utilization of ferronickel slag and promotes the sustainable development of high-quality active mineral admixture in alternative binder design.

Obsidiyen Tozu Katkılı Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Betonun Taze Beton ve Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a special type of concrete with high workability. This type of concrete is preferred and used as innovative concrete because it does not require vibration, has high fluidity, can be applied quickly and requires minimum workmanship. The high workability of self-compacting concrete depends on the type and amount of various chemical and mineral admixtures in its content. In this study, self-compacting concrete groups were produced by using obsidian powder, which is a rock of volcanic origin, at 15, 20 and 25% ratios instead of cement. In these groups; flow-table, V-Funnel flow, L-box, U-box fresh concrete tests and compressive strength tests were carried out after 7 and 28-days of standard water curing. When the test results are examined; it was determined that obsidian powder improved the self-compacting fresh concrete properties. In addition, it has been determined that the concrete mixtures produced using obsidian can have high compressive strength.

Evaluation of the Performance of Low-Cement Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites Containing Desert Sand and Ground Scoria Rocks.

Fine aggregates are the main ingredients that control the success of the preparation and performance of strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCCs). Worldwide deserts can be used as eternal sources of fine aggregates for the preparation of SHCCs. Arabian Peninsula desert sand spreads over the largest desert area in the world, covering an area of 2,300,000 km2 among the Arabian Gulf countries. White and dune desert sands were procured for use in this study. The morphological structure is important in selecting the appropriate sand for use in the preparation of SHCCs. The utilization of microfibers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has become common practice for the preparation of SHCCs. The presence of desert sand is proven to enhance the dispersibility of PVA due to its spherical structure, which alleviates the friction among the ingredients forming SHCCs. Two mechanisms are defined under the tensile force at the interface of microfibers and natural sand, namely, a strong frictional force leading to rupture or a weaker force causing pullout. The synergy between fibers and fine aggregate grains depends on their surface characteristics, which can be modified using different types of mineral admixtures. In this research, the alignment of microfibers as an indication of the quality of dispersion could be evaluated using a proposed approach based on an advanced technique of microstructural analysis. PVA dispersion and its relation to strain-hardening properties are visually correlated to the surface interaction of the mineral admixture and dune sand. The microdurability and cost effectiveness of SHCCs could be assessed using the proposed approach, as depicted by the results obtained in this research work.

Time variation law of chlorine diffusion coefficient of marine concrete structures in tidal zone and its influence on service life

Chloride diffusion coefficient (Da) is an important parameter to predict chloride ion concentration in concrete, which is of great significance to the study of durability and service life of concrete structures in the Marine environment. The alternating wet and dry environment in tidal zone has a significant impact on the deterioration of concrete's chloride ion erosion resistance. It is extremely important to study the chloride ion diffusion coefficient in the tidal zone. In this paper, the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient (Da) and its time-dependent constant (m) of concrete were calculated on the basis of a large number of natural exposure test data and engineering data in tidal zone at home and abroad, the time-varying law of chloride diffusion coefficient of marine concrete structures in tidal zone were discussed. The ChaDuraLife Model, DuraCrete model and Life-365 model were utilized to calculate the service life of concrete structures based on the immersed tube tunnel in the north Marine environment of China. The results showed that Da in tidal zone decreases with exposure time and presents a power function relationship. It was found that proper addition of mineral admixtures could improve the chloride ion erosion resistance of concrete structures in tidal zone during long-term service by reducing the chloride ion diffusion coefficient. The type of mineral admixture and the value of m would affect the calculation result of the service life of concrete structures. The addition of mineral admixture would lead to the increase of m, thus prolonging the service life of concrete structures. Service life calculated by different models was changed. The value of m of DuraCrete model was larger, so the calculated service life was longer. Similarly, the calculated service life of Life-365 model was shorter. It was noted that the ChaDuraLife Model was the most economical and safe model to predict the service life of concrete structures.

A New Type of Mineral Admixture and Its Impact on the Carbonation Resistance of EPS Concrete

In this study, the effect of microbead dosages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) on the carbonation resistance of expanded polystyrene (EPS) concrete was investigated. Five groups of EPS concrete specimens were produced and underwent rapid carbonation testing. The carbonation depth and strength after carbonation of the specimens were measured at different carbonation ages (7 days, 14 days, and 28 days) and analyzed to determine the effect of microbead dosages and compressive strength on carbonation resistance. Results indicated that the carbonation depth increased with the progression of carbonation time. The introduction of microbeads was found to significantly improve the carbonation resistance of EPS concrete, leading to a reduction in carbonation depth of over 50% after 28 days and an increase in strength after carbonation by 18–56%. A relative compressive strength model for EPS concrete after carbonation was developed, which could accurately characterize the growth of compressive strength. Based on the analysis of EPS concrete carbonation depth data, a prediction model for the carbonation depth of EPS concrete with microbead dosage was established through fitting, providing improved accuracy in predicting carbonation resistance. The microstructure of EPS concrete was also examined using scanning electron microscopy to uncover the underlying mechanisms of microbead enhancement on carbonation resistance. These findings have potential implications for future research and engineering applications in the carbonation resistance of EPS concrete.

Mechanical characteristics of fiber-reinforced microcapsule self-healing cementitious composites by orthogonal tests

This study combined the microcapsule self-healing system with fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), and investigated the effects of microcapsule content, mineral admixture type, mineral admixture content, and fiber type on tensile and compressive strength, ductility, and self-healing properties of the fiber-reinforced microcapsule self-healing cementitious composites by the orthogonal test method. For the uniaxial tensile and cubic compression tests, the optimum tensile strength group consists of a 2.2 mass ratio of GGBS, PE fiber, and no microcapsules. The optimum compressive strength group consists of a 2.2 mass ratio of GGBS, hybrid fiber, and no microcapsules. Microcapsule content and fiber type are the main factors affecting tensile properties, and an increase in the microcapsule content will reduce the tensile strength and compressive strength of the matrix. The optimum tensile strain group consists of 10% microcapsule content and a 2.2 mass ratio of GGBS and PE fiber. The results of the energy-based steady-state crack propagation test show that the fiber type is the most critical factor affecting the ductility, and the tensile ductility of the PE fiber group is higher than that of the PVA fiber group. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) diagram proved the healing effect of the fiber-reinforced microcapsule self-healing cementitious composite.

Modification of ultrafine blast furnace slag with steel slag as a novel high-quality mineral admixture to prepare high-strength concrete

Ultrafine blast furnace slag is a type of active mineral admixture used in high-strength concrete. However, it always causes ultrahigh temperature rise and autogenous shrinkage. In this study, the feasibility of modifying ultrafine blast furnace slag with steel slag as a novel high-quality mineral admixture preparing high-strength concrete to alleviate the temperature rise and autogenous shrinkage problems was systematically investigated. Results show that steel slag has a good effect on delaying the onset of main exothermic peak, reducing the peak value, and decreasing the cumulative heat release of cement-ultrafine blast furnace slag composite binder. Modification of ultrafine blast furnace slag with steel slag to prepare high-strength concrete effectively reduces the growth rate and value of the temperature rise and the autogenous shrinkage on the premise of ensuring the strength, workability and impermeability. This novel steel slag-ultrafine blast furnace slag high-quality mineral admixture efficiently realizes the optimization of high-strength concrete preparation.

Microstructure of cementitious materials under the coupling effects of Cl− and Mg2+ in a marine tidal environment

To reveal the deterioration mechanism of cementitious materials serving in the marine tidal environment, this study investigates the microstructures of cementitious materials under the coupling effects of Cl− and Mg2+. This study mainly analyzes the phase composition, pore structure distribution, and micromorphology of the hardened cementitious materials with 30 % fly ash (FA), 30 % ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), or a combination of 15 % FA and 15 % GGBS under different Mg2+ concentrations. The effects of Mg2+ concentration and mineral admixture type on chemically bound chloride ions and their microstructures are investigated. The results show that a large amount of Friedel’s salt is formed under the coupling effects of 0.6 mol/l Cl− and 0.1 mol/l Mg2+. A corrosive solution with a high concentration of Mg2+ is not conducive to the forming of Friedel’s salt. In a Cl− or Cl−-Mg2+ environment, GGBS can chemically bind more chloride ions than FA. With the increase of Mg2+ concentration, more pores and cracks appear on the sample surface. In a Cl−-Mg2+ corrosive solution, cementitious materials with mineral admixtures are more porous than pure cementitious materials. Cementitious materials hardened with GGBS are more porous than those materials hardened with FA. Thus, GGBS is more conducive to improving the materials’ resistance to chloride ions than FA.

Improvement of fresh and hardened properties of a sustainable HFRSCC using various powders as multi-blended binders

Hybrid fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (HFRSCC) has been very popular in recent years due to its high mechanical, durability and flexural performance. HFRSCC properties are also closely related to its workability properties. Therefore, a high proportion of binder material is required to provide a uniform distribution of the fibers in the matrix. The use of mineral admixtures replaced by cement has a vital importance to improve especially the workability of HFRSCC mixtures, resulting in reduction of CO2 emission because the production of 1 ton Portland cement releases about 1 ton of CO2. For this reason, in this study, the effects of multi-blended (binary, ternary and quaternary) binders containing Portland Cement (PC), fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (BS) and limestone powder (LP) on the workability (Slump-flow, T500, J-ring and V-funnel) and hardened (compressive, splitting tensile and flexural tensile strength) properties of HFRSCC as well as flexural performance for 7, 28 and 90 days are investigated. The first of three group mixtures in this study consists of only control mixture (Control) without fiber and mineral admixture blends (MAB), in second group there are four SCC mixtures with only MAB replaced by cement as binary, ternary, quaternary SCC-MAB and the last group also includes four SCC mixtures with both mineral admixtures same as second group and hybrid fiber (HFRSCC-MAB). The total binder amount, water/binder ratio, fine aggregate/all aggregate ratio and fiber hybridization are kept constant while the mineral admixture type and blending system are variable parameters. According to the test results, among the HFRSCC-MAB blends, the quaternary blend system performed the best in terms of workability, followed by the binary blends containing FA. In addition, when it came to ultimate strengths, hybrid fiber-reinforced samples with ternary blends performed best for compressive strength, while hybrid fiber-reinforced samples with binary blends containing FA performed best for splitting tensile and flexural tensile strengths. Finally, it has been seen that the use of various powders as multi-blended binders is a successful solution to obtain high workability for uniform distribution of fibers in HFRSCC as well as high compressive strength and flexural performance, resulting in economical, eco-friendly and sustainable composite.

Effects of mineral admixture on properties of cement-based foam material developed for preventing coal spontaneous combustion

This study investigated the cement-based foam material (CBFM) used in mine fire-extinguishing materials by using a self-made compound foaming agent, water, cement, mineral admixture included fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag (BFS) and silica fume (SF), etc. The effects of mineral admixture type, dosage, foam content and water-binder ratio on the properties of CBFM were analyzed using the orthogonal tests, further determining the optimal ratio of CBFM. Moreover, the influence of mineral admixture type on the performance of the CBFM was analyzed by comparing the scanning electronic microscope and X-ray diffraction test. As a result, when the BFS content was 20%, the foam content was 2 times that of the cementitious slurry, and the water-binder ratio is 0.5, the overall performance of CBFM could be optimized. The surface morphology and mineral component investigation exhibited that CBFM with BFS as a mineral admixture had the more uniform closed-cell structure than FA and SF. Moreover, the novel material had the inhibitory effect on the transformation of calcium aluminate hydrate and hydrated calcium sulfoaluminate, which in turn could maintain the strength of the composite. The experimental results showed that the fire extinguishing and cooling effect of CBFM was better than that of traditional fly ash foam, and it could quickly cool down the temperature burning coal pile within 30 min. In addition, the solidification products of CBFM would form a wrapping layer on the surface of the loose coal pile, inhibiting the contact between coal and air, further preventing coal spontaneous combustion effectively.

Compatibility of Ether-Based Poly-Carboxylate Superplasticizer with Mineral Admixtures Blended with OPC

The marsh cone test is a defined procedure to determine the quantitative fluidity of cement with mineral admixtures along with the saturation dosage and the efficiency of the superplasticizer (SP). In the present study, three mineral admixtures, micro-silica (MS), fly ash (FA), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were used as cement replacement. Poly-carboxylate ether-based superplasticizer was used as a chemical admixture. Blends of cement and mineral admixtures with water/binder (w/b) ratios ranging from 0.40 to 0.60 at every interval of 0.05 were examined against the different dosages for SP. All the binder mixes reached a saturation dosage for SP, after which there is no change in the fluidity of the mix. The obtained dosage is considered the maximum amount of SP added to the concrete with the respective binder type. The replacement percentage of cement with mineral admixture also affected the fluidity of the binder mix. A decrease in the fluidity of binder mix was observed on increasing the amount of mineral admixture in it. At a higher w/b ratio, a significantly less SP dosage is required to attain saturation point and vice-versa. Based on the experimental investigation, it is concluded that the efficiency of SP depends on its dosage, the w/b ratio, the type and amount of mineral admixture.

On the grinding effects of high-silicon iron tailings.

The main chemical component of high-silicon iron tailings (HSITs) is SiO2; HSITs also include some oxides such as Al2O3 and CaO. Mechanical activation can reduce the particle size of HSITs and enhance their pozzolanic activity such that they can be used as a type of mineral admixture for cement-based materials (CBMs). This study aims to investigate the mechanical activation (ultrafine grinding) effects of HSITs, including physical and crystallization structure effects. The particle distribution, specific surface area, density, and solubility of HSITs were tested using laser particle size analysis and other routine physical testing methods. Their crystal structures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry (DSC-TG). Grinding reduced the particle size of HSIT particles and increased their specific surface area, wherein the minimum D50 was 5.75 μm, the maximum specific surface area was 7608 m2/kg, and the corresponding grinding time was 3.5 h. With an increase in grinding time, the solubility showed an increasing trend; however, the density showed a decreasing trend. The change was fast before 3.5 h or 4 h and then slowed down, but the final solubility was still higher than its initial level, while the final density was still lower than its initial level. Grinding reduced the degree of crystallization of the minerals in HSITs and increased the microscopic strain and disorder of its crystal structure. These changes were significant for a grinding time of 0-3.5 h, after which the changes tended to be slow. The symmetry and integrity of the SiO2 structure decreased with grinding. The activity index of the HSIT powder was higher than 0.6. Ultrafine grinding improves the particle size distribution of HSITs and reduces the crystallinity of their main minerals, which in turn increases their chemical reactivity. It can be said that ultra-finely ground HSIT powder is pozzolanic and can be used as a mineral admixture for CBMs, and its grinding limit can be inferred to be 3.5 h.

Influence of Dolomite Rock Powder and Iron Tailings Powder on the Electrical Resistivity, Strength and Microstructure of Cement Pastes and Concrete

Dolomite rock powder (the waste stone residue in the production of machine-made sand and stone processing) and iron tailings powder formed by mineral processing industry are solid wastes, which occupy land resources, pollute the environment and release toxic substances without reasonable processing. The dolomite rock powder and iron tailings powder composing a large number of active substances could be advantageous to the cement-based materials. In this study, the electrical resistivity of cement paste and concrete was measured. Meanwhile, the influence of dolomite rock powder and iron tailings powder on the compressive strength of concrete was investigated. The electric flux of concrete was determined to estimate the chloride ion permeability. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were obtained to investigate the hydration of cement paste. Results showed the electrical resistivity of all specimens presented in this order: specimens with iron tailings < specimens with dolomite rock powder < blank specimens < specimens with ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) < specimens with fly ash. The correlation between electrical resistivity and curing age of cement paste or concrete has been deduced as a quadratic function. The addition of GGBS could improve the compressive strength of concrete. Meanwhile, when the other three types of mineral admixtures were added, 5% by mass ratio of the total binder materials was the optimum for the compressive strength. The curing ages, the fly ash, the GGBS and 5% dolomite rock powder or 5% iron tailings powder demonstrated a positive effect on the chloride ion impermeability. However, when higher dosages of dolomite rock powder or iron tailings powder were added, the effect was the opposite. Finally, the compactness of the microstructure and the Ca(OH)2 of cement paste could be improved by a small dosage of dolomites or iron tailings (less than 5%).

Mineral admixtures utilization in different areas: A review

Nowadays, the electricity required in the developing countries are mostly dependent on Coal-Based thermal Power plants. During the course of production of electricity, the solid waste residue namely Fly Ash (FA), which is left behind causes serious impact to the environment. On the other hand, another residue, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) which is produced from the molten iron slag is also disposed on the land surface, resulting which several bad impacts occur on the heath of the environment. Apart from these mineral admixtures, one more such ash namely Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is also produced by the processes of burning of the rice husk itself. Some of the ashes which are directly produced by the burning of hard Bituminous coal together with hard Anthracite give rise to the mineral admixture to be often known as Silica Fume. Metakolin is also another type of Mineral Admixture which is produced by the burning of kaolin clay. In some countries, the production of Palm Tree is so high that electricity is generated there by burning of Palm shell and husk. During production, the residue, which is equally harmful to the environment, is known as Palm Oil Fly Ash (POFA). The problem does not lie with alone; the major issues is of storage of all these mineral admixtures. In most of the countries these solid waste mineral admixtures are placed on a large open area of the land. Such mineral admixtures are toxically associated with heavy metals which cause to leach the ground water and the soil as well. But researchers have found that these mineral admixtures being considered as solid waste, are, in fact, very useful materials and have also proven their worth over a period of time. This paper aims at focusing on the various ways of utilizing the different Mineral Admixtures in various areas of Civil Engineering. Also in the paper, there is strategical focus on the proper management of mineral admixtures to make use of these solid wastes, in order to save our Environment.

Study of Development of Hydrating Temperatures and Reduction of Volume Changes in Concretes

One of the main characteristics in the concreting of massive waterproof structures and dam bodies is the prediction of crack formation. This prediction is associated with an understanding of the mechanics of development of hydration temperatures that affect in particular the selected binder parts of concrete. A suitable combination of cement with mineral admixtures, as well as the use of so-called shrinkage-reducing admixtures, seems to be an effective tool for influencing the dynamics of development and maximum values of hydration temperatures. Appropriate selection of the formula itself can significantly extend the lifetime of the mentioned structures. The paper is focused on monitoring the influence of different types of mineral admixtures on the effect of volume changes of cement pastes. The association of these volume changes with the development of hydration temperatures of these pastes was also observed. In order to minimize both of these phenomena, the possibility of using a shrinkage-reducing admixture was verified.

Assessment of High Performance Self-Consolidating Concrete through an Experimental and Analytical Multi-Parameter Approach.

High-performance self-consolidating concrete is one of the most promising developments in the construction industry. Nowadays, concrete designers and ready-mix companies are seeking optimum concrete in terms of environmental impact, cost, mechanical performance, as well as fresh-state properties. This can be achieved by considering the mentioned parameters simultaneously; typically, by integrating conventional concrete systems with different types of high-performance waste mineral admixtures (i.e., micro-silica and fly ash) and ultra-high range plasticizers. In this study, fresh-state properties (slump, flow, restricted flow), hardened-state properties (density, water absorption by immersion, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, stress-strain relationship, modulus of elasticity, oven heating test, fire-resistance, and freeze-thaw cycles), and cost of high-performance self-consolidating concrete (HPSCC) prepared with waste mineral admixtures, were examined and compared with three different reference mixes, including normal strength-vibrated concrete (NSVC), high-strength self-compacted concrete (HSSCC), and high-performance highly-viscous concrete (HPVC). Then, a multi parameter analytical approach was considered to identify the optimum concrete mix in terms of cost, workability, strength, and durability.

The Synergic Effects of Mineral Admixtures in Ternary Blended Cement: A Review

In the last decades, using mineral admixture in concrete became very necessary to improve concrete properties and reduce CO2 emissions associated with the cement production process. Subsequently, more sustainable concrete can be obtained. Ternary blended cement containing two different types of mineral admixture can achieve ambitious steps in this trend. In this research, the synergic effects of mineral admixtures in ternary blended cement and its effects on concrete fresh properties, strength, durability, and efficiency factors of mineral admixture in ternary blended cement, were reviewed. The main conclusion reached after reviewing many literature pieces is that the concrete with ternary blended cement, depending on types of mineral admixtures used, replacement percentages by weight of cement, and age of concrete, exhibited superior properties than with no mineral admixtures and corresponding binary blended cement concrete.