Type Of Meters Research Articles

Fraud Detection on Power Grids While Transitioning to Smart Meters by Leveraging Multi-Resolution Consumption Data

The technological upgrade of power utilities to smart metering is a process that can take several years. Meanwhile, smart meters coexist with previous generations of digital and electromechanical power meters. While the smart meters provide high-resolution power measurements, electromechanical meters are typically read by an operator once a month. The coexistence of these two technologies poses the challenge of monitoring non-technical losses (NTL) and fraud where some customers’ consumption is sampled every 15 minutes, while others are sampled once a month. In addition, since companies already have years of monthly historical consumption, it is natural to reflect how the past data can be leveraged to predict and improve NTL on smart grids. This work addresses both problems by proposing a multi-resolution deep learning architecture capable of simultaneously training and predicting input consumption curves sampled 1 a month or every 15 minutes. The proposed algorithms are tested on an extensive data set of users with and without fraudulent behaviors collected from the Uruguayan utility company UTE and on a public access data set with synthetic fraud. Results show that the multi-resolution architecture performs better than algorithms trained for a specific type of meters (i.e., for a particular resolution).

Monitoring of the Efficiency and Conditions of Induction Motor Operations by Smart Meter Prototype Based on a LoRa Wireless Network

The installation of smart meters in the industry to monitor induction motors (IMs) provides easy access to the measurements of the electrical and mechanical variables, which improves the installation process. Using smart meters in industry requires temporary high-resolution data to improve the energy efficiency (EE) and power factor (PF) of IMs. For these purposes, Long Range (LoRa) is an ideal wireless protocol for the usage in industries due to its low energy consumption. In addition, it provides secure communications and long range indoors and outdoors. LoRa avoids the need to install antennas or routers to extend coverage, as each gateway can service 300 LoRa devices with distances of up to 10 km. For this purpose, this research successfully developed a new prototype for a low-cost IM Efficiency Monitoring System using LoRa (IMEMSL). IMEMSL is based on the Arduino open-source electronic platform. It sends the acquired data through the LoRa low-power wide-area-network (LPWAN) and cloud access gateway. This document describes the hardware and software design and implementation. The experimental results are presented and discussed. Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and time on air measured endorse the use of LoRa for this type of meters. The approximate cost of the prototype was €72 and €93 for the versions without and with Global Positioning System (GPS), respectively.

ОБ УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИИ ИНКЛИНОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЯ СКОРОСТИ ПРИДОННЫХ ТЕЧЕНИЙ

The article describes the advanced design of Tilt Current Meter (TCM), developed in the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology. This type of meters is used in recent years mainly in Western countries due to low cost, ease of manufacture and the possibility of replication. In most designs the device is a physical pendulum in the form of a long floating cylinder attached to a stationary platform and deviating from the vertical in the action of hydrodynamic force. The tilt is recalculated to the flow rate by the accelerometer signals. The main drawback of the existing samples is the presence of contaminating signals in measurements due to transverse auto – oscillations of the cylinder in a stable flow in the formation of vortices wake. In the advanced design the watertight container with the electronics block and the additional element of buoyancy are placed in an external rigid shroud. The shroud is made of cylindrical plastic pipe with a wall perforation area of 55%, this measure effectively prevents the appearance of transverse oscillations in a wide range of Reynolds numbers. For the developed design the simple calculation ratios allowing to carry out estimation of a measuring range and sensitivity of the meter on the basis of its geometrical and mass parameters are given. The improved design of the ISTT is primarily intended for the measurement of weak bottom currents, although it is possible to regulate the sensitivity for measurements in the surf zone. The range of measured bottom current velocities is 3–56 cm/s with a maximum relative error of 25% for small velocities and 3–5% for maximum velocities.

Optimal Meter Placement for Water Distribution System State Estimation

Real-time state estimates (SEs) of nodal demands in a water distribution system (WDS) can be developed using data from a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. These estimates provide information for improved operations and customer service in terms of energy consumption and water quality. The SE results in a WDS are significantly affected by measurement characteristics, i.e., meter types, numbers, and topological distributions. The number and type of meters are generally selected prior to a SCADA layout. Thus, selecting measurement locations is critical. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology that optimally locates field measurement sites and leads to more reliable SEs. An optimal meter placement (OMP) problem is posed as a multiobjective optimization form. Three distinctive objectives are formulated: (1) minimization of nodal demand estimation uncertainty; (2) minimization of nodal pressure prediction uncertainty; and (3) minimization of absolute error between demand estimat...

Modelling and calibration of a ring-shaped electrostatic meter

Ring-shaped electrostatic flow meters can provide very useful information on pneumatically transported air-solids mixture. This type of meters are popular in measuring and controlling the pulverized coal flow distribution among conveyors leading to burners in coal-fired power stations, and they have also been used for research purposes, e.g. for the investigation of electrification mechanism of air-solids two-phase flow. In this paper, finite element method (FEM) is employed to analyze the characteristics of ring-shaped electrostatic meters, and a mathematic model has been developed to express the relationship between the meter's voltage output and the motion of charged particles in the sensing volume. The theoretical analysis and the test results using a belt rig demonstrate that the output of the meter depends upon many parameters including the characteristics of conditioning circuitry, the particle velocity vector, the amount and the rate of change of the charge carried by particles, the locations of particles and etc. This paper also introduces a method to optimize the theoretical model via calibration.

An astigmatic wavelength meter

An astigmatic scheme of a laser wavelength meter based on a single air-gap Fizeau interferometer is described. For a multimode laser, the accuracy in determining the center of gravity of a spectrum is within 1GHz. Two complementary testing techniques are proposed for the instrument. By using them, it was shown for the first time that, for this type of meters, a systematic error arises and increases with a decrease in the radiation-spectrum width. The effect is periodic in the lasing frequency and results from a weak beam that is brought about by a reflection from the front surface of the interferometer. Moreover, in the previously designed optical schemes, this effect is so strong that unambiguous determination of the wavelength of a single-frequency radiation is impossible. The use of an astigmatic scheme helps additionally attenuate the influence of the third beam, thus eliminating the ambiguity in the results and reducing the absolute error to a value of p1.5 GHz.

Milwaukee Experience with Compound Meters

Milwaukee's experience with compound meters dates from May, 1912, when the Meter Department installed, for service test, a 4-inch compound meter of a reliable make, on the service of the meter repair shop. This service is used solely for the testing apparatus and one hydraulic sidewalk lift. The stream flows on this line are from 3 inches to y^-inch. On April 1, 1920, with a total registration of 3,455,022 cubic feet on the dial of the current section of the meter, and 689,652 cubic feet on the dial of the disc section, this meter was subjected to a weight test and the following results were obtained. On the 2-inch stream size (the largest permissible with present arrangement of testing apparatus) the current section meter showed an accuracy of 100.1 per cent and on the f -inch stream 96.6 per cent, while on the disc section operation the percentage of accuracy on the J-inch stream was 100.8, on the f-inch stream 99.2, on the r^-inch stream 99.2, and on the y^-inch stream 84.4. In this meter there is a point of alternation or change over of stream flow through the current and disc section at about the f -inch stream. That is, at this point the valve is in a state of suspension or leakage and permits the diversion of a stream through each section too small for accurate registration on either. This condition, however, is not of very great concern, as it is not very probable that in actual service use the valve would remain in this suspended position for any period, due to the fluctuation of pressure and variation in consumption. With a view to determining the relative accuracy of the compound type and the disc type of meters, a test was conducted for a period of one week by installing a 3-inch bronze case meter on the line in conjunction with the 4-inch compound, the compound meter being a sub-meter to the disc meter. The disc meter is one which