Types Of Memory Research Articles

The Importance of Playing from Memory: Considering the Multi-Sensory Approach in Memorizing Music

It is important for students to play from memory in musical learning. However, some students are afraid of memory lapses. This paper will focus on the benefits of performing from memory in terms of performers and audiences and then introduce the advantages and disadvantages of three types of sensory memory: kinesthetic memory, visual memory and aural memory. Finally, this essay will emphasize the importance of a multi-sensory approach to memorizing music. After that, some methods can be considered by instrumental teachers to help students memorize music.

Remembering the good and bad and the self and others in a culturally modulated self-memory system

ABSTRACT Wang and Conway (2006, Autobiographical memory, self, and culture. In L.-G. Nilsson, & N. Ohta (Eds.), Memory and society: Psychological perspectives (pp. 9–27). Psychology Press) posit that remembering takes place in a culturally modulated self-memory system in which working self-goals are shaped by society and, in turn, influence the encoding and construction of memories in a culturally canonical fashion. The current research examined the self-goal of competence, which manifests through self-enhancement versus self-improvement motivations, in influencing remembering in different cultural contexts. We conducted two cross-cultural studies to examine memories for personal successes and failures (Study 1) and autobiographical and vicarious experiences (Study 2) in connection with individuals’ positive self-views. European Americans recalled a greater number of success than failure memories (Study 1) and US participants recalled a greater number of autobiographical than vicarious memories (Study 2), which was further associated with positive self-views at the individual level. In contrast, Asian (Study 1) and Chinese participants (Study 2) recalled even-handedly the different types of memories, and the memory retrieval was unrelated to individuals’ self-views. We discuss the findings in light of the different manifestations of the competence goal in shaping memory in the culturally modulated self-memory system.

Female Genealogy and Cultural Memory in Georgia

Three generations of women creators of Georgian cinema belonging to the same family, the Gogoberidze family, will form the basis for this research, which aims to explore the notion of female genealogy through a multimodal ethnography. What type of memories does this female genealogy shape and how is it shaped by them? My research combines bibliographical research, interviews, and film analysis. By doing so, I examine how family memories as story-telling cross different expressive media and bridge generations by postulating the role of affective memory as key factor for the formation this genealogy. In addition to that, I pinpoint to the fact of the creative resignification of genealogy as part of these women’s engagement with cinema but also the social struggles of their times (feminism, anti-Russian politics, etc.).

Performance Analysis of 6T, 8T and 10T SRAM Cell in 45nm Technology

The rise of portable battery-powered devices has emphasized the significance of low power IC design. Embedded SRAM units have become indispensable elements within contemporary SOCs due to their substantial footprint. In research circles, SRAM is highly regarded as a semiconductor memory type, highlighting its crucial role in the VLSI sector. In this paper, 6T, 8T and 10T SRAM cells design is estimated for power consumption and delay. This proposed work presents the schematic, simulation of analysis of 6T, 8T and 10T SRAM cells at 45 nm technology. The Cadence Virtuoso software is utilized for creating schematic diagrams and layouts, while the ASSURA library is employed for conducting design rule checks (DRC) and layout versus schematic (LVS) comparisons to verify the alignment between the layout and the schematic. In the process, a low VDD of 1 V is taken for the design. The results shows that 10T SRAM is efficient in terms of read and write delay and power consumptions.

An immersive virtual reality-based object-location memory task reveals spatial long-term memory alterations in Long-COVID

Object-location memory (OLM) is a type of declarative memory for spatial information and consists of the individual's ability to establish accurate associations between objects and their spatial locations. Long-COVID describes the long-term effects of the COVID-19 disease. Long-COVID patients show medial temporal lobe dysfunction and neuropsychological alterations affecting memory. This study aimed to assess OLM in a group of Long-COVID patients, n=66, and a Control group of healthy individuals with similar age and sex composition, n=21, using an immersive virtual reality (iVR)-based OLM task. We also explored associations between the performance in the iVR-based OLM task and general cognitive function (MoCA), and both verbal (VSTM) and visuospatial (SSTM) span. The Long-COVID group showed fewer correct responses, made more task attempts, and invested more time in the iVR-based OLM task than the Control group. Delayed memory was more severely altered than immediate memory in Long-COVID participants. Better MoCA scores of the Long-COVID group were strongly associated with shorter times to complete the immediate recall of the iVR-based OLM task. Besides, the months elapsed since the COVID-19 infection were slightly associated with fewer correct responses in the immediate and 24-hour recalls. These results corroborate previous findings of memory alterations in the Long-COVID syndrome using an iVR-based OLM task, adding new evidence on spatial memory and long-term memory in this population. Implementing spatial iVR tasks to clinical research may improve our understanding of neuropsychological disorders.

Design and High Performance Evaluation of a Low Power Bit-Line SRAM PMOS Biased Sense Amplifier

Sense amplifiers developed into very big circuits due to their significant role in Memory design. The sense amplifier plays a significant role in terms of its recital, Functionality and reliability of the memory circuits. Fast access time and low power Dissipation are achieved with newly developed circuits of sense amplifiers for low voltage supply. Static RAM is the sense amplifiers at the ends of the two Complementary bit lines that amplify the small voltages to a normal logic level. Static RAM (SRAM) is a type of random access memory that retains data bits in its Memory as long as power is supplied. The proposed circuit is a P-type metal oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) biased sense amplifier, which provides very high, output Impedance, has reduced sense delay, and has reduced power dissipation. It performs the same operations as conventional circuits. The proposed circuit has a smaller number of transistors, so sensing delay and power consumption are also reduced. These circuits are simulated and examined using the Tanner EDA tool employing 180 nm technology library parameters. Key Words: Low power consumption, Power Consumption, Sense amplifiers, sense delay, static RAM.

Object Recognition Memory Deficits in ADHD: A Meta-analysis.

Object recognition memory allows us to identify previously seen objects. This type of declarative memory is a primary process for learning. Despite its crucial role in everyday life, object recognition has received far less attention in ADHD research compared to verbal recognition memory. In addition to the existence of a small number of published studies, the results have been inconsistent, possibly due to the diversity of tasks used to assess recognition memory. In the present meta-analysis, we have collected studies from Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases up to May 2023. We have compiled studies that assessed visual object recognition memory with specific visual recognition tests (sample-match delayed tasks) in children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD. A total of 28 studies with 1619 participants diagnosed with ADHD were included. The studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Quadas-2 tool and for each study, Cohen's d was calculated to estimate the magnitude of the difference in performance between groups. As a main result, we have found a worse recognition memory performance in ADHD participants when compared to their matched controls (overall Cohen's d ~ 0.492). We also observed greater heterogeneity in the magnitude of this deficit among medicated participants compared to non-medicated individuals, as well as a smaller deficit in studies with a higher proportion of female participants. The magnitude of the object recognition memory impairment in ADHD also seems to depend on the assessment method used.

An antiferromagnetic spin phase change memory

The electrical outputs of single-layer antiferromagnetic memory devices relying on the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect are typically rather small at room temperature. Here we report a new type of antiferromagnetic memory based on the spin phase change in a Mn-Ir binary intermetallic thin film at a composition within the phase boundary between its collinear and noncollinear phases. Via a small piezoelectric strain, the spin structure of this composition-boundary metal is reversibly interconverted, leading to a large nonvolatile room-temperature resistance modulation that is two orders of magnitude greater than the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect for a metal, mimicking the well-established phase change memory from a quantum spin degree of freedom. In addition, this antiferromagnetic spin phase change memory exhibits remarkable time and temperature stabilities, and is robust in a magnetic field high up to 60 T.

Current challenges and forecasts in maize grain production and consumption in Mexico

Objective: to analyze production and consumption of maize grain in Mexico, with time series and recurrent neural networks, to describe the present and future situation of maize cultivation. Design/ Methodology/ Approach: key variables were analyzed in graphs and maps created in Excel® and SCImago Graphica®, respectively. Forecasts for the year 2050 were obtained in Python© with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) of the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) type, and were compared with the years 1980 and 2020. Results: the largest production of white and yellow maize grain was obtained by the United States and China. Mexico ranks seventh, is not competitive in exports, and relies on imports of yellow maize grain from the United States to supply demand. The Mexican states that implemented technology packages showed higher yields and production. By 2050, maize grain production in Mexico will increase due to the technological advances of Agriculture 5.0 Although it would not be enough to supply the apparent consumption of the growing population, for this reason imports will increase. Limitations/ Implications of the study: analysis of the possible future, created from time series through RNN-LSTM, helps to guide decision-making in the present. Findings/ Conclusions: new agricultural public policies are needed to guide, in the long term, the challenges of maize grain production and consumption in Mexico to guarantee food sovereignty.

Cage effects on synaptic plasticity and its modulation in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characterized by impairments in executive function including different types of learning and memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP), thought to underlie the formation of memories, has been studied in the Fmr1 mouse model of FXS. However, there have been many discrepancies in the literature with inconsistent use of littermate and non-littermate Fmr1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) control mice. Here, the influence of the breeding strategy (cage effect) on short-term potentiation (STP), LTP, contextual fear conditioning (CFC), expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits and the modulation of NMDARs, were examined. The largest deficits in STP, LTP and CFC were found in KO mice compared with non-littermate WT. However, the expression of NMDAR subunits was unchanged in this comparison. Rather, NMDAR subunit (GluN1, 2A, 2B) expression was sensitive to the cage effect, with decreased expression in both WT and KO littermates compared with non-littermates. Interestingly, an NMDAR-positive allosteric modulator, UBP714, was only effective in potentiating the induction of LTP in non-littermate KO mice and not the littermate KO mice. These results suggest that commonly studied phenotypes in Fmr1 KOs are sensitive to the cage effect and therefore the breeding strategy may contribute to discrepancies in the literature.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.

Past Happiness and Broken Future Horizon of Oncological Patients during Chemotherapy-A Quantitative Exploration of a Phenomenological Hypothesis.

Understanding the impact of cancer on the experience of time is crucial in the context of hope and recovery. This study, a follow-up to a previous qualitative study of ovarian cancer patients - explored two types of such experiences-the memory of past happiness and the limited future planning. A sociodemographic questionnaire with nine questions about the experience of time was used on a convenience sample of 202 patients with various cancers, predominantly women with breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer. It was found that the respondents experienced increased focus on the present, decreased focus on the future, and a sense of unpredictability, with a relatively short temporal horizon measured in weeks and months, not years. Almost half of the respondents (46%) measured time during treatment by the rhythm of chemotherapy and check-ups, which thus appeared as the most meaningful events. The increase in the frequency with which patients underwent chemotherapy mildly affected their focus on the present (R = 0.25, p < 0.05), likely because of the discomfort of the side effects. The correlations between age and time in treatment, on the one hand, and the experience of time, on the other, were negligible. Changed temporal experience during chemotherapy is a factor that can have an impact on patients' well-being and ability to cope with the disease. It thus should be taken into account when planning oncology care.

ОБРАЗ КОЛЛЕКТИВНОГО ПРОШЛОГО В ПРАЗДНИКЕ-СОСТЯЗАНИИ PALIO DI SIENA

The article analyzes the reflection of Italy's collective past expressed in folk festivals, in particular, a detailed description of the il Palio holiday in the city of Siena in the Tuscany region is presented. This event annually gathers many tourists from all over the world on the main square of one of the most ancient cities of Italy, and this is due to the presence of a sacred component in the structure of the holiday, as well as thanks to those methods that organically developed at the most important historical moment in the development of a rich and politically successful region. The semantic concepts of the Palio holiday are considered through the prism of research by scientists of the sociological field E. Durkheim, M. Halbwaks, P. Nora, who consistently develop the ideas of the genius of a place, a social fact, an intangible value involving the whole society. The relevance of the work is explained by the continuing interest in festive culture, which is a factor in the reconstruction of the past and its actualization in the present. The allocation of different types of memory makes it possible to expand the sphere of influence of cultural phenomena on public life.

General Energy Decay Study for Memory Type Timoshenko System with Thermoelasticity Type III with Memory Damping Terms

General Energy Decay Study for Memory Type Timoshenko System with Thermoelasticity Type III with Memory Damping Terms

The Connection Between Mental Performance and Sleep

Although our understanding of sleep physiology is growing, and many of the mechanisms of sleep have been explained, studies have focused on the effect of sleep on learning and memory processes due to the increase in sleep after learning. However, it is still unclear what kind of information processing occurs in the brain during sleep and what effects of information processing-related events are transferred from wakefulness to sleep. Research on information processing during sleep suggests that sleep has a positive impact on memory function. However, it is unclear whether specific sleep stages, such as NREM and REM, are exclusively dedicated to certain types of memory, such as semantic or event memory. When evaluating the research and approaches discussed above, it can be concluded that information processing occurs during sleep. However, it is important to note the limitations of studying information processing during sleep due to the challenges of conducting research in this state. Despite spending a third of our lives asleep, our understanding of the benefits of sleep remains limited. It is a fact that information processing occurs during sleep. It is a fact that information processing occurs during sleep. However, studies investigating this phenomenon are limited. Research on sleep, memory, and information processing can help us understand learning, consciousness, and memory processes during sleep, as well as the function of sleep neurophysiology.

Habituation leads to short but not long term memory formation in mosquito larvae

In animals, memory allows to remember important locations and conserve energy by not responding to irrelevant stimuli. However, memory formation and maintenance are metabolically costly, making it worthwhile to understand the mechanisms underlying different types of memory and their adaptive value. In this study, we investigated the memory persistence of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae, after habituation to a visual stimulus. We used an automated tracking system for quantifying the response of mosquito larvae to the passage of a shadow, simulating an approaching predator. First, we compared different retention times, from 4 min to 24 h, and found that mosquito larvae only exhibited memory capabilities less than 3 h after training. Secondly, we investigated the role of inter-trial intervals in memory formation. In contrast to other aquatic invertebrates, mosquito larvae showed no long-term memory even at long inter-trial intervals (i.e., 5 min and 10 min). Our results are discussed in relation to the ecological constraints.

Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) show episodic-like memory through the incidental encoding of information.

Episodic memory describes the conscious reimagining of our memories and is often considered to be a uniquely human ability. As these phenomenological components are embedded within its definition, major issues arise when investigating the presence of episodic memory in non-human animals. Importantly, however, when we as humans recall a specific experience, we may remember details from that experience that were inconsequential to our needs, thoughts, or desires at that time. This 'incidental' information is nevertheless encoded automatically as part of the memory and is subsequently recalled within a holistic representation of the event. The incidental encoding and unexpected question paradigm represents this characteristic feature of human episodic memory and can be employed to investigate memory recall in non-human animals. However, without evidence for the associated phenomenology during recall, this type of memory is termed 'episodic-like memory'. Using this approach, we tested seven Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) on their ability to use incidental visual information (associated with observed experimenter made 'caches') to solve an unexpected memory test. The birds performed above chance levels, suggesting that Eurasian jays can encode, retain, recall, and access incidental visual information within a remembered event, which is an ability indicative of episodic memory in humans.

Migration-aware slot-based memory request scheduler to guarantee QoS in DRAM-PCM hybrid memories

Emerging hybrid memory technologies composed of non-volatile memories (NVM) and DRAMs exhibit significant access speeds and capacity improvement. High application performance is feasible by dynamic migration (or relocation) of pages (data) between the memory types. While NVM is used for its density during memory allocation, moving write-intensive pages from NVM to DRAM helps to improve the execution and response time of applications. Existing techniques propose solutions to dynamically identify the pages that need to be moved immediately or in regular intervals. Such an immediate or interval-based rigid migration regime may hamper the service of the regular memory requests, which in turn affects the memory service rate.To alleviate the impact on service rate and improve the quality-of-service (QoS) of the device, this paper proposes a scheduling method to identify the instant at which to migrate the eligible page. Along with regular memory requests, these eligible migration candidate pages are given reserved time slots by taking into account the current memory request rate. Our proposed methods aim to optimize the migration overheads by avoiding unnecessary migrations and at the same time guaranteeing future accesses to the migrated pages. This results in improved execution time and memory response time for the applications.

Improving access to psychological intervention in low-middle income settings: Results from a waitlist-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of the MemFlex intervention for trauma-exposed Afghan youth.

Low-intensity interventions targeting a range of mental health issues offer a scalable approach for young trauma survivors in low-middle income countries. Here, we present results from a proof-of-concept, randomized, waitlist-controlled trial evaluating MemFlex, an autobiographical memory-based intervention, for trauma-exposed Afghan youth residing in Iran. MemFlex seeks to reduce the negative and overgeneral memory biases which maintain and predict poor mental health. Young people aged 12-18 years (N = 40) with parents who had experienced forced migration from Afghanistan were recruited from high schools in Karaj City in Iran. All had experienced a traumatic event in the last year. Participants were randomized to receive four weeks of a group-based delivery of MemFlex or Waitlist. Our primary cognitive outcome was autobiographical memory flexibility, that is, the ability to deliberately retrieve any memory type on demand. Primary clinical outcome was emotional distress, measured on the Farsi version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Results indicated that MemFlex participants demonstrated large effect sizes for pre-to-post improvement in memory flexibility (d = 2.04) and emotional distress (d = 1.23). These improvements were significantly larger than Waitlist (ds < .49), and were maintained at three-month follow-up. Positive benefits were observed for completion of MemFlex, and future comparison against an active intervention appears warranted. Further evaluation of MemFlex in this context may offer a low-cost, and low-resource intervention to improve access to psychological intervention for young migrants in low-middle income countries.

MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone) administered to mice during development of the central nervous system produces persistent learning and memory impairments

BackgroundSynthetic cathinones (SC) constitute the second most frequently abused class of new psychoactive substances. They serve as an alternative to classic psychostimulatory drugs of abuse, such as methamphetamine, cocaine, or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Despite the worldwide prevalence of SC, little is known about their long-term impact on the central nervous system. Here, we examined the effects of repeated exposure of mice during infancy, to 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a SC potently enhancing dopaminergic neurotransmission, on learning and memory in young adult mice.MethodsAll experiments were performed on C57BL/6J male and female mice. Animals were injected with MDPV (10 or 20 mg/kg) and BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine, 25 mg/kg) during postnatal days 11–20, which is a crucial period for the development of their hippocampus. At the age of 12 weeks, mice underwent an assessment of various types of memory using a battery of behavioral tests. Afterward, their brains were removed for detection of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation with immunohistochemistry, and for measurement of the expression of synaptic proteins, such as synaptophysin and PSD95, in the hippocampus using Western blot.ResultsExposure to MDPV resulted in impairment of spatial working memory assessed with Y-maze spontaneous alternation test, and of object recognition memory. However, no deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory were found using the Morris water maze paradigm. Consistently, hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis were not interrupted. All observed MDPV effects were sex-independent.ConclusionsMDPV administered repeatedly to mice during infancy causes learning and memory deficits that persist into adulthood but are not related to aberrant hippocampal development.

Effect of negative emotion on prospective memory and its different components

Prospective memory is an important and complex social cognitive ability, which is easily disturbed by negative emotions. According to the relationship between prospective memory cues and ongoing tasks, prospective memory can be divided into focal prospective memory and non-focal prospective memory. This study focuses on the influence of negative emotions on different types of prospective memory. In Experiment 1, 117 participants were recruited, using a 2 (emotion: negative, neutral) × 2 (cue focality: focal, non-focal) between-subjects design to initially explore whether negative emotions can interfere with the prospective memory of both focal cue and non-focal cue. The results show that negative emotions simultaneously reduce both types of prospective memory performance. At the same time, negative emotions occupy additional attention resources and impair the prospective component of prospective memory with non-focal cues. In Experiment 2, 64 participants were recruited to improve the difficulty of the retrospective component of prospective memory with non-focal cues, and the influence of negative emotions on different components of prospective memory with non-focal cues was further explored. The results show that negative emotions can impair both the prospective and retrospective components of prospective memory. In short, the results of this study indicate that negative emotion can impair prospective memory, and the impairment effect is not limited by the cue type of prospective memory. Meanwhile, negative emotion will occupy more attentional resources and simultaneously affect the prospective and retrospective components of prospective memory.