License Type Research Articles

A comparison between select open source and proprietary integrated library systems

Purpose– As libraries face budget cuts, open source integrated library systems are an attractive alternative to proprietary choices. Even though open source software is free to acquire, administrators must consider factors other than initial purchase price. This study aims to provide direction and context for libraries considering migration to an open source integrated library system.Design/methodology/approach– The comparison is qualitative and uses case studies, license agreements and copyright law, and user manuals and brochures. These comparisons divide into four areas: functions, adoption and technical support, usability, and economics.Findings– Major functions that libraries need in an integrated library system are available for open source software. There are no significant differences in usability between open source and proprietary integrated library systems. Internal IT provides a significant role in open source adoption. The relatively new type of open source software licensing may cause confusion for libraries and software developers.Originality/value– This study considers initial migrations to open source integrated library systems as a key component in overall software adoption. The study qualitatively examines the migration process comparing extant case studies. In addition, the examination of licensing agreements and copyright as well as a comparative review of essential functions are provided.

Networks, Social Influence, and the Choice Among Competing Innovations: Insights from Open Source Software Licenses

Existing research provides little insight into how social influence affects the adoption and diffusion of competing innovative artifacts and how the experiences of organizational members who have worked with particular innovations in their previous employers affect their current organizations' adoption decision. We adapt and extend the heterogeneous diffusion model from sociology and examine the conditions under which prior adopters of competing open source software (OSS) licenses socially influence how a new OSS project chooses among such licenses and how the experiences of the project manager of a new OSS project with particular licenses affects its susceptibility to this social influence. We test our predictions using a sample of 5,307 open source projects hosted at SourceForge. Our results suggest the most important factor determining a new project's license choice is the type of license chosen by existing projects that are socially closer to it in its inter-project social network. Moreover, we find that prior adopters of a particular license are more infectious in their influence on the license choice of a new project as their size and performance rankings increase. We also find that managers of new projects who have been members of more successful prior OSS projects and who have greater depth and diversity of experience in the OSS community are less susceptible to social influence. Finally, we find a project manager is more likely to adopt a particular license type when his or her project occupies a similar social role as other projects that have adopted the same license. These results have implications for research on innovation adoption and diffusion, open source software licensing, and the governance of economic exchange.

Assessing the Validity of On-Premise Alcohol License Data in Six Communities in California: Operating Characteristics and Outlet Densities

This study evaluated State of California alcohol license records as a measure of businesses selling alcohol for consumption on premise. In 2008, researchers attempted to visit all 799 licensed restaurants, bars, and pubs in six medium-sized cities near San Francisco. Surveys collected detailed business characteristics for a subsample of 151 bars or restaurants that included a separate bar area. Results suggest inaccuracies of official records regarding license locations and types (bar/pub vs. restaurant). Analyses also indicate that establishment characteristics are related to local alcohol outlet densities. Study implications and limitations are discussed.

A survey of artificial neural network training tools

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are currently an additional tool which the engineer can use for a variety of purposes. Classification and regression are the most common tasks; however, control, modeling, prediction and forecasting are common tasks as well. For over three decades, the field of ANN has been the center of intense research. As a result, one of the outcomes has been the development of a large set of software tools used to train these kinds of networks, making the selection of an adequate tool difficult for a new user. This paper aims to help the ANN user choose the most appropriate tool for its application by providing a large survey of the solutions available, as well as listing and explaining their characteristics and terms of use. The paper limits itself to focusing on the tools which were developed for ANN and the relevant characteristics of these tools, such as the operating systems, hardware requirements, license types, architectures and algorithms available.

Lifetime Pesticide Use and Telomere Shortening among Male Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study

Background: Telomere length (TL) in surrogate tissues may be influenced by environmental exposures.Objective: We aimed to determine whether lifetime pesticides use is associated with buccal cell TL.Methods: We examined buccal cell TL in relation to lifetime use of 48 pesticides for 1,234 cancer-free white male pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective cohort study of 57,310 licensed pesticide applicators. Participants provided detailed information on lifetime use of 50 pesticides at enrollment (1993–1997). Buccal cells were collected from 1999 to 2006. Relative telomere length (RTL) was measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used linear regression modeling to evaluate the associations between specific pesticides and the logarithm of RTL, adjusting for age at buccal cell collection, state of residence, applicator license type, chewing tobacco use, and total lifetime days of all pesticide use.Results: The mean RTL for participants decreased significantly in association with increased lifetime days of pesticide use for alachlor (p = 0.002), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; p = 0.004), metolachlor (p = 0.01), trifluralin (p = 0.05), permethrin (for animal application) (p = 0.02), and toxaphene (p = 0.04). A similar pattern of RTL shortening was observed with the metric lifetime intensity-weighted days of pesticide use. For dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), we observed significant RTL shortening for lifetime intensity-weighted days (p = 0.04), but not for lifetime days of DDT use (p = 0.08). No significant RTL lengthening was observed for any pesticide.Conclusion: Seven pesticides previously associated with cancer risk in the epidemiologic literature were inversely associated with RTL in buccal cell DNA among cancer-free pesticide applicators. Replication of these findings is needed because we cannot rule out chance or fully rule out bias.

The Pattern Language of Software Licensing

Software licensing and attendant technologies manage the creation, use, and distribution of software, and also allow for the administration of the resource and the revenue stream from exploitation of the product where appropriate. Although a software license is simply an agreement forming a legal relationship between the user of the software and the vendor, it is a vital part in the evolution of the software idea to market product. Software developers are always seeking new ways to improve the licensing mechanisms that are currently used. The diversity of the business models drives the need for different types of software licenses. In this paper we present a pattern language for software licensing: a set of patterns that can be used by novice or senior programmers to design and integrate an appropriate license type into their software products. Each pattern provides a solution to a well-known problem.

The Influence of Profession and Therapy Type on the Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions

Sexual dysfunctions are serious mental health issues that affect an estimated 1 in 3 Americans, yet many people with sexual dysfunctions do not seek treatment. Health services research on variables related to access, barriers, costs, and outcomes of treatment may help improve the quality of care. The current research is a retrospective analysis of administrative data from CIGNA that explores whether the type of profession (i.e., psychologist, social worker, marriage and family therapist, or professional counselor) or therapy modality (i.e., individual, conjoint, or mixed-mode, a combination of individual and conjoint therapy) influence the outcomes of mental health treatment. Participants included 230 men and 189 women between the ages of 18 to 101 years from all regions of the United States who received treatment for sexual disorders from 2001 to 2006. Results indicate that outcomes are similar across the different license types. Results also suggest that mixed-mode therapy has lower dropout rates and longer retention than individual or conjoint therapy. These results suggest that using a combination of relational and individual sessions may be beneficial for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions.

Patron offending and intoxication in night-time entertainment districts (POINTED): A study protocol

Miller, P., Pennay, A., Jenkinson, R., Droste, N., Chikritzhs, T., Tomsen, S., Wadds, P., Jones, S. C., Palmer, D., Barrie, L. & Lubman, D. I. (2013). Patron offending and intoxication in night-time entertainment districts (POINTED): A study protocol. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 2(1), 69-76. doi: 10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.74 (http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v2i1.74)Risky alcohol consumption is the subject of considerable community concern in Australia and internationally, particularly the risky drinking practices of young people consuming alcohol in the night-time economy. This study will determine some of the factors and correlates associated with alcohol-related risk-taking, offending and harm in and around licensed venues and night-time entertainment precincts across five Australian cities (three metropolitan and two regional). The primary aim of the study is to measure levels of pre-drinking, drinking in venues, intoxication, illicit drug use and potentially harmful drinking practices (such as mixing with energy drinks) of patrons in entertainment areas, and relating this to offending, risky behaviour and harms experienced. The study will also investigate the effects of license type, trading hours, duration of drinking episodes and geographical location on intoxication, offending, risk-taking and experience of harm. Data collection involves patron interviews (incorporating breathalysing and drug testing) with 7500 people attending licensed venues. Intensive venue observations (n=112) will also be undertaken in a range of venues, including pubs, bars and nightclubs. The information gathered through this study will inform prevention and enforcement approaches of policy makers, police and venue staff.

New Jersey's License Plate Decal Requirement for Graduated Driver Licenses: Attitudes of Parents and Teenagers, Observed Decal Use, and Citations for Teenage Driving Violations

Objectives: On May 1, 2010, New Jersey implemented a law requiring teenagers with learner's permits or probationary licenses to display reflective decals on the front and rear license plates when they drive. The current study examined attitudes of parents and teenagers toward this requirement, use of decals, and reported violations and police enforcement of the graduated driver license law. Method: Statewide telephone surveys of representative samples of parents and teenagers were conducted in February to April 2010 and March to June 2011. Use of decals among probationary license holders was observed at 4 high schools in fall 2010 and in spring 2011 and hand-out surveys were distributed. Data on citations issued for violations of the graduated driver license law were obtained. Results: When interviewed in spring 2011, a large majority of parents of probationary license holders, parents of learner's permit holders, and teenagers with probationary licenses disapproved of decals for probationary licenses. About two thirds of both sets of parents and about half of teenagers disapproved of decals for learner's permits. Support for decals for both license types declined significantly from 2010 to 2011. For parents and teenagers alike, opposition was mainly attributed to concern about identifying and/or targeting teenage drivers by other drivers, predators, or police. In 2011, 77 percent of parents of probationary license holders said that their teenagers had decals for the vehicles driven most often; 46 percent said their teenagers always used decals. Fifty-six percent of parents of learner's permit holders said that their teenagers had decals for the vehicles driven most often; 37 percent said that their teenagers always used decals. Teenagers’ reported violations of license restrictions either increased or were similar in 2011 compared to 2010. Observed rates of decal use by probationary license holders at high schools in spring 2011 ranged from 24 to 64 percent. The number of statewide citations for teenage licensing law violations doubled in the year after the decal requirement took effect compared to the prior year. Excluding decal violations, citations increased by 52 percent. Conclusions: Early examination of New Jersey's decal requirement found widespread opposition, primarily due to concerns about identifying/targeting teenage drivers, though first-hand reports of such incidents were very rare. Many teenagers do not use the decals. Increased issuance of citations for violations of the teenage licensing law suggests that decals are facilitating police enforcement. However, based on teenagers’ self-reports, the requirement does not appear to have achieved the ultimate goal of increased compliance.

Analysis of Pedestrian Accidents in Irbid City, Jordan

The numbers of people who are walking and bicycling continues to increase all over the world and pedestrian accidents are becoming a serious problem in the developed and developing countries. However, the problem is more severe in the developing countries, such as Jordan where pedestrians represented 32.5% of all traffic accident fatalities and 23.8% of all traffic accident injuries during the year 2010. This study aims at analyzing pedestrian accidents in Irbid city, as an example for urban areas in Jordan, based on a total of 1090 pedestrian accidents that have occurred in the City during the three years period (1999 - 2001). The analysis was based on pedestrian characteristics, driver characteristics, accident time, accident location, weather, road surface condition, illumination condition, vehicle characteristics, speed limit, accident severity, pedestrian faults, and driver faults. Geographic Information System (GIS) tool was used to locate all pedestrian accidents over the study area. The results of the study showed that the majority of pedestrian accidents have occurred at non-intersection locations, during clear and sunny weather, on dry surface, during daylight, and at low speed limits. Also, more pedestrian accidents have occurred during the afternoons, on Thursdays, and during July. The majority of involved drivers in pedestrian accidents were males, with private license type, driving private vehicles and committed the fault of “not giving priority to pedestrians”. The majority of pedestrian victims were males, children less than 15 years old, and hit by vehicles while crossing the road.

Open source: the Russian experience (legislation and practice)

The emergence of so-called free or open-source software and the growth of its economic importance in various industries make questions regarding the legal status of free/open-source licenses especially important. In December 2010, new draft amendments to the Civil Code were published, introducing new concepts in order to reflect the ideas pursued by these types of licenses. This article analyzes existing problems with the legal status of free/open-source licenses, whether proposed amendments may solve them, and what risks they may create. Since Russia is among the first countries trying to include provisions on free/open-source licenses in its legislation, such analysis may be of interest to foreign lawmakers since the concept of open source is universal all over the world.

Open Source: The Russian Experience (Legislation and Practice)

The emergence of so-called “free” or “open source” software and the growth of its economic importance in various industries makes questions regarding the legal status of free/open source licenses especially important. In December 2010 new draft amendments to the Russia’s Civil Code were published, introducing new concepts in order to reflect the ideas pursued by these types of licenses. This article analyzes existing problems with the legal status of free/open source licenses, whether proposed amendments may solve them, and what risks they may create. Since Russia is among the first countries trying to include provisions on free/open source licenses in its legislation, such analysis may be of interest to foreign lawmakers since the concept of open source is universal all over the world.

An economic analysis of ecosystem restoration concession policy in Indonesia: a new strategy for sustainable forest management?

To tackle the high rate of deforestation in Indonesia’s production forests, a new type of licence was introduced in 2004 known as an Ecosystem Restoration Concession (ERC) or IUPHHK-RE by the Indonesian Government. For the first time, production forests could be managed for the purpose of restoration instead of logging. At the same time, however, the economic feasibility of ecosystem restoration concessions has to be proved if they are to be made attractive as a business opportunity. This paper examines the business feasibility of ERCs using a cost-benefit analysis method. The results show that the benefits of natural ecosystems are not well recognised and hence it is difficult to attract funds or investment for ERCs. Therefore policy support and sustainable funding mechanisms are needed for ERCs to ensure their economic viability.

A research on mobbing behaviors football trainers face in club environment

The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions of football trainers about mobbing according to their age groups, license types, graduation levels and training years. In this research, the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ), which was developed by Einarsen, Raknes, Matthiesen and Hellesoy, adapted to Turkish by Cemaloglu (6), applied to 754 trainers participating in the seminars within the cities of Ankara, Batman, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Elazig, Gaziantep, Mardin, Tokat and Samsun whichin the trainer development seminars were organized jointly by the Turkish Football Federation and Turkish Football Coaches Association in 2010-2011. The missing and faulty questionnaires were excluded from the study, and 515 ones were evaluated. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed by the reliability analysis and the non-parametric variance analysis. There were statistically significant differences in the sub-dimensions of the negative acts scale between their age groups for football trainers (p 0.05). As a result, it is possible to say that if sportive expectations are not met in football clubs, the pressures of football club managers, media or supporters may negatively affect on football trainers. Hence, the research findings show that the behaviors of mobbing can be evaluated as features peculiar to football, and mostly the youngest trainers are influenced by this situation.

Package Licenses in Patent Pools with Basic and Optional Patents

Patent pools are established by the patent holders in order to promote R & D and technological standards, etc. This paper investigates the patent holders’ incentive to form a patent pool, the patent pool’s licensing behavior, and the anticompetitive effect of a patent pool. Our model is characterized by the following two features. First, we consider the different two types of patent: basic and optional. Second, we consider a patent pool that offers two types of a package license: single and multiple. Our results yield some implications for a patent pool that is characterized by the complementarity between basic and optional patents.

Costs of treating depression with individual versus family therapy.

Depression is one of the most common concerns that bring clients to treatment. Although marriage and family therapy has been shown to be an effective treatment, little research exists regarding the cost-effectiveness of related services. In this study, we examined claims data for 164,667 individuals diagnosed with depression to determine (a) differences in the cost of treating depression according to type of therapy and license type, (b) differences in recidivism rates by age, gender, type of therapy, and type of mental health professional, and (c) differences in cost-effectiveness by therapy modality and type of professional. The results showed that services provided by marriage and family therapists resulted in the lowest recidivism rate, and family therapy services were the least expensive.

New Open Access Option for JBO

The Journal of Biomedical Optics (JBO) has a new benefit for authors who support the journal through payment of voluntary page charges. Starting in January 2013, research articles for which such page charges are paid will gain open access immediately at publication. All review and tutorial articles will continue to enjoy unconditional open access. Open access will enable anyone to read your article online at no charge and should lead to more awareness of your research and may result in more citations. In addition, authors will retain copyright for open access articles through a Creative Commons attribution license (CC-BY gold open access; see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). This is the type of license that many employers and research-funding agencies prefer or require.

Perceptions of driver distraction among teenage drivers

Teenage drivers have been shown to have some of the highest crash risks. Crash data provide some insights on factors related to crash likelihood, but rarely capture all issues that can arise from driver distraction. The goal of this study was to assess teenage drivers’ opinions and perceptions of driver distraction. A survey of 1893 Iowa teenagers was conducted to determine and compare the frequency of engagement in distracting activities while driving to their opinions of what they actually consider to be distractions. A cluster analysis was conducted based on their indicated engagement in distracting activities with three groups emerging and classified as INFREQUENT, MODERATE, and FREQUENT engagers. Across all cluster groups, the majority (over 80%) indicated that they considered text messaging to be a distracting task. However, those clustered as FREQUENT engagers still reported a high level of texting while driving even though they considered this task to be distracting. A binary logistic regression model (adjusted for miles driven and license type) showed that FREQUENT and MODERATE engagers were more likely to be involved in a crash when compared to INFREQUENT engagers. The study demonstrates that not all teenagers place themselves at risk. There are subgroups of teenage drivers that often engage in activities they know are distracting, potentially putting themselves in danger. However, this is not the case for all teenage drivers and it is important to target interventions appropriately as well as foster a culture of safety both in schools and at home.

Dative (first) complements in Basque

This article examines dative complements of unergative verbs in Basque, i.e., dative arguments of morphologically “transitive” verbs, which, unlike ditransitives, do not co-occur with a canonical object complement. We will claim that such arguments fall under two different types, each of which involves a different type of non-structural licensing of the dative case. The presence of two different types of dative case in these constructions is correlated with the two different types of complement case alternations which many of these predicates exhibit, so that alternation patterns will provide us with clues to identify different sources for the dative marking. In particular, we will examine datives alternating with absolutives (i.e., with the regular object structural case in an ergative language) and datives alternating with postpositional phrases. We will first examine an approach to the former which relies on current proposals that identify a low applicative head as case licenser. Such approach, while accounting for the dative case, raises a number of issues with respect to the absolutive variant. As for datives alternating with postpositional phrases, we claim that they are lexically licensed by the lower verbal head V.

Sin Tax, Forgiveness and Public Health Governance

This essay will explore sin taxes at a foundational level examining the explicit and implicit ramifications of this public policy. The primary purposes of sin taxes can be found in the underlying (albeit contradictory) elements of revenue generation and public health and these two factors serve as core points of analysis, that underscore a growing disconnect between these elements, calling into question the viability of such a public health governance structure. A lesser explored approach to sin taxes is to analyze the implicit message of this taxing strategy as a type of license to engage in the very conduct such an instrument is directed to prevent. Pushing the implicit inquiry, it can be argued that sin taxes extend beyond a mere gesture of acquiescence and constitute a deliberate form of public forgiveness. Unlike most forms of forgiveness that have been identified in the literature, sin tax seen as a modern day indulgence may ,in fact ,promote a public health policy that is both irresponsible and counterproductive. This essay will examine the link between forgiveness and sin taxes in three parts. First the nature and purposes of sin taxes will be explored. Second, the piece will consider the link between forgiveness and sin tax, and lastly it will explore whether sin taxes can be reformed in ways that are more consistent with improved public health governance.