Insertion Type Research Articles

Static systems to obtain 3D spheroid cell models: a cost analysis comparing the implementation of four types of microwell array inserts

3D cell culture models in the form of spheroids are undoubtedly the best approach to understand complex cellular physiological mechanisms. These structures have been used in a plethora of applications, spanning from pharmaceutical to regenerative medicine, showing potential for complete tissue and organ development. All these different applications demand large quantities of uniform spheroids regarding size and geometry and several methods have already been proposed to address this demand. Along with scientific and technical aspects, cost analysis is equally important to assess the feasibility of each system to better fit the intended scale and application with appropriate cost-benefit ratio. Herein, we describe a case study comparing the costs of four microwell arrays, three commercial systems, and a proprietary device developed in-house. The cost analysis considered three scale scenarios ranging from batches of 100, 1000 and 5000 spheroids. The main cost drivers and limitations were identified, to enable future additional process improvement. Overall, the resulting case study offered insights in terms of quality, reproducibility, feasibility, and costs for the implementation of 3D model static systems in a cell culture laboratory either for academic use or for small-scale or start-up companies.

Investigation on the effect of interlaced yarn structures on bending properties of textile reinforced cement composite with cold plasma treated polypropylene fabric

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of yarn intermingling parameters on the bending properties of cement-based composites reinforced with polypropylene fabric treated under cold plasma. In this research, FDY (Fully drawn yarn) polypropylene yarn by three types of Heberlein intermingle jet inserts (P212, P412, S16), was subjected to entanglement process. Then, meshes were woven in plain weave design. The meshes were subjected to cold plasma jet treatment with argon and nitrogen at different exposure time. The fabric surface roughness was studied by friction test. Reinforced cement composite beams were made which after 28 days of storage in water, were subjected to 4-point bending test. The results show that the jet insert change with changing the degree of entanglement affects the toughness and bending properties. The max toughness is related to the plasma untreated fabric reinforced cement composite containing raw yarn (FDY) which is equal to 2388.875 (N.mm). Also, the max bending force is related to the fabric-reinforced sample consisting of interlaced yarn by P412 jet insert and plasma untreated fabric (1249.567 (N)).

A Closer Look at Precision Hard Turning of AISI4340: Multi-Objective Optimization for Simultaneous Low Surface Roughness and High Productivity.

This article reports an extended investigation into the precision hard turning of AISI 4340 alloy steel when machined by two different types of inserts: wiper nose and conventional round nose. It provides a closer look at previously published work and aims at determining the optimal process parameters for simultaneously minimizing surface roughness and maximizing productivity. In the mathematical models developed by the authors, surface roughness at different cutting speeds, depths of cut and feed rates is treated as the objective function. Three robust multi-objective techniques, (1) multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), (2) multi-objective Pareto search algorithm (MOPSA) and (3) multi-objective emperor penguin colony algorithm (MOEPCA), were used to determine the optimal turning parameters when either the wiper or the conventional insert is used, and the results were experimentally validated. To investigate the practicality of the optimization algorithms, two turning scenarios were used. These were the machining of the combustion chamber of a gun barrel, first with an average roughness (Ra) of 0.4 µm and then with 0.8 µm, under conditions of high productivity. In terms of the simultaneous achievement of both high surface quality and productivity in precision hard turning of AISI 4340 alloy steel, this work illustrates that MOPSA provides the best optimal solution for the wiper insert case, and MOEPCA results are the best for the conventional insert. Furthermore, the results extracted from Pareto front plots show that the wiper insert is capable of successfully meeting both the requirements of Ra values of 0.4 µm and 0.8 µm and high productivity. However, the conventional insert could not meet the 0.4 µm Ra requirement; the recorded global minimum was Ra = 0.454 µm, which reveals the superiority of the wiper compared to the conventional insert.

Investigation of an Automated Potting Process for High Volume Insert Assembly in Honeycomb Structures

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Threaded, potted inserts are commonly used as a standard connecting element for sandwich components, which are used for aircraft interior. Since they often offer the only detachable connection, they are used in very high quantities. To ensure a material bond between the inserts and the honeycomb structure, the joint is filled with adhesive. Despite the high number of inserts, this process is performed manually. Recent research has shown new approaches for automated gripping and placement of the inserts by an industrial robot that yield high potential for cost savings and increased productivity. Automated adhesive insertion, so-called potting, has not been considered so far but is an essential contribution to the full automation of the entire process chain. The amount of adhesive varies depending on the type of insert and its position on the honeycomb structure. During the potting process, it is also mandatory to prevent air inclusions, to fulfill safety requirements in the aviation industry. This paper presents an approach for automated potting to further increase the degree of automation during sandwich panel production. First, the range of insert types is analyzed and the joint geometries are investigated. Based on the derived requirements, an automation concept is introduced and a parameter study is carried out. Optimal parameters are derived which can be used for process control. Finally, the overall process capability is shown and evaluated using a flexible, automated system.</div></div>

Superalloy manufacturing application on CNC machine tool

The paper presents one real application to manufacturing a superalloy material, taking into consideration their properties (creep-rupture) that recommend them for high-temperature applications dedicated to the aerospace manufacturing area. Aspects related to milling operations on the CNC machine tool are underlined. Thus, several milling strategies are detailed, depending on the type of cutting tool and the material of the removable inserts, but also aspects related to the milling process itself, which involves information’s about the characteristics of the material of the part, optimal ways of chip formation depending on the type of inserts. Three different milling strategies were analysed with the target to obtain the best solution to manufacturing the superalloy materials to keep is possible, more the time live of the cutting tools, but at the same time, to reduce the time of manufacturing. It was obtained a significant reducing time of manufacturing and was implemented different milling CAM solutions with useful conclusions for future applications.

Comparative assessment of periodontal tissue condition during prosthetics with different types of inserts for aesthetic crowns

The advantages of the restoration of chewing teeth with ceramic inlays and composite materials are determined by the favorable physical and mechanical properties of modern ceramics with zero water absorption, optimal coefficient of thermal expansion, low thermal conductivity, biological compatibility and chemical stability in the oral cavity.. It is ceramics that is considered the most chemically inert material, and even the components - wear products that appear during abrasion do not cause allergic or toxic reactions in the oral cavity or inflammation of the marginal gums.
 The aim of the study was to assess the state of the periodontal tissues of teeth restored with different types of inlay core and, thus, to predict the development of pathological processes in the tissues surrounding the restored root.
 The conducted clinical and laboratory studies showed the significant advantages of the method of manufacturing a hip insert made of ceramics developed by us. Thus, according to the results of a comparative study of the dynamics of the level of glycogen in the periodontal tissues of the roots of teeth restored under aesthetic crowns with the use of root tabs, it is obvious that the use of ceramic tabs during prosthetics with ceramic crowns does not cause inflammatory processes in the periodontal tissues, but after traumatic exposure by preparation and preparation of the tooth before prosthetics, recover quite quickly to the level of the indicator at the healthy gingival margin.

Novel Intronic Mutations of TBK1 Promote Aberrant Splicing Modes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) has been identified as a causative gene of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the Caucasian population in 2015. Here, we sequenced for TBK1 variants in a cohort of 15 familial ALS (fALS) and 275 sporadic ALS (sALS) of Chinese origin by targeted next-generation sequencing. We identified one likely benign missense variant (p. Ser398Pro), two missense variants of uncertain significance (p. Ile37Leu and p. Tyr677Asn), and two novel heterozygous variants in introns of TBK1, c.1522-3T > G and c.2066 + 4A > G. We performed splicing assays through minigene plasmids and RNA pull-down assay to determine that the two substitutions of nucleotides disrupted the binding of the important splicing regulator hnRNPA1 and promoted aberrant pre-mRNA splicing modes. The c.1522-3T > G variant promoted nearly 50.0% of abnormal transcripts (3 different types of insertions and deletions (indels) in junction of intron 13-exon 14) and the c.2066 + 4A > G variant inhibited about 75.0% inclusion of exon 19, both causing premature stop codon and producing TBK1 protein without CCD2. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the expression of TBK1 with intronic variants was lower since less TBK1 distribution was observed in HEK293T cells. Both patients carrying TBK1 c.1522-3T > G and c.2066 + 4A > G variants developed a rapidly progressive ALS, with a survival of 31 and 10 months, respectively. The frequency of loss of function (LoF) variants in TBK1 was 0.73% in sALS in our cohort. We emphasize that intronic sequencing and pre-mRNA splicing analysis cannot be ignored to demonstrate the complex mutational spectrum and pathogenesis of ALS.

Genetic Dissection of CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Inheritance of Independently Targeted Alleles in Tobacco α-1,3-Fucosyltransferase 1 and β-1,2-Xylosyltransferase 1 Loci

We determined the specificity of mutations induced by the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing system in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) alleles and subsequent genetic stability. For this, we prepared 248 mutant plants using an Agrobacterium-delivered CRISPR-Cas9 system targeting α-1,3-fucosyltransferase 1 (FucT1) and β-1,2-xylosyltransferase 1 (XylT1) genes, for which the mutation rates were 22.5% and 25%, respectively, with 20.5% for both loci. Individuals with wild-type (WT) alleles at the NbFucT1 locus in T0 were further segregated into chimeric progeny (37–54%) in the next generation, whereas homozygous T0 mutants tended to produce more (~70%) homozygotes than other bi-allelic and chimeric progenies in the T1 generation. Approximately 81.8% and 77.4% of the homozygous and bi-allelic mutations in T0 generation, respectively, were stably inherited in the next generation, and approximately 50% of the Cas9-free mutants were segregated in T2 generation. One homozygous mutant (Ta 161-1) with a +1 bp insertion in NbFucT1 and a −4 bp deletion in NbXylT1 was found to produce T2 progenies with the same alleles, indicating no activity of the integrated Cas9 irrespective of the insertion or deletion type. Our results provide empirical evidence regarding the genetic inheritance of alleles at CRISPR-targeted loci in tobacco transformants and indicate the potential factors contributing to further mutagenesis.

Case report of unusual insertion of the fibularis brevis muscle

The fibularis brevis and fibularis longus muscles belong to the lateral compartment of the leg. The fibularis brevis is morphologically variable, especially in the number of tendons and place of insertion. Its type of insertion is correlated with the presence of a fibularis digiti quinti, which is also anatomically variable. We present a case study based on dissection of a seventy-three-year-old female cadaver with an unusual insertion of the fibularis brevis muscle. The tendon had three bands inserting into the fifth metatarsal bone. There was a coexisting fibularis digiti quinti, which was fused with the fibularis tertius muscle. Awareness of such anatomical variation could be useful during reconstructive surgery and planning rehabilitation protocols.

Effect of various inserts on flow behavior of Fe2O3 beads in a three-dimensional silo subjected to cyclic discharge- Part II: Exploration of internal dynamic properties

This paper investigates internal dynamical properties of Fe2O3 beads in 3D silos subjected to cyclic discharge by using discrete element modeling. The effect of inserts on the internal dynamic properties was explored. Six types of inserts, including the absence of inserts for comparison, were adopted in this study: conical insert, disk insert, BINSERT, hollow cylinder insert and hollow silo insert. Results reveal that the installation of inserts affects wall tractions, solid volume fraction and coordination number, depending on insert geometry and placement position. The gradients in the wall tractions are larger in the hopper region than in the cylindrical region. The hollow cylinder and hollow silo inserts separate the granular flows, leading to smaller solid fractions and exhibiting more uneven distributions in coordination number. The silos with conical and disk inserts generally show larger coordination numbers than the other silos. The effect of inserts on friction mobilization is markedly limited.

No Difference in Postoperative Knee Flexion and Patient Joint Awareness Between Cruciate-Substituting and Cruciate-Retaining Medial Pivot Total Knee Prostheses: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study.

This study aimed to clarify differences in clinical results, including in patients' joint awareness, between cruciate-substituting (CS) and cruciate-retaining (CR) medial pivot total knee arthroplasty (TKA) over a 10-year follow-up. A total of 333 TKAs were included in this study. There were 257 cases of CS and 76 cases of CR TKAs. Knee range of motion, Knee Society Score, and radiological outcomes were assessed. The patients' joint awareness was evaluated using the Forgotten Joint Score-12 at the final follow-up. The survival rate with respect to reoperation or revision was analyzed. The mean follow-up period was 10 ± 1.7 years, and the loss to follow-up was 5.4%. All clinical outcomes improved significantly after surgery in both groups (P < .001). Postoperative knee flexion was 118° ± 13° in the CS group and 116° ± 10° in the CR group (P= .10). The mean Forgotten Joint Score-12 scores were 57 ± 27 points in the CS group and 56 ± 28 points in the CR group (P= .59). Ten years after the operation, the survival rates for reoperation were 96.3% in the CS group and 94.2% in the CR group (P= .61), and those for revision were 98.4% and 98.7% in the CS and CR groups, respectively (P= .87). Other postoperative clinical results did not differ between the 2 groups. In this 10-year follow-up study, medial pivot TKA, regardless of polyethylene insert type, showed a high survival rate and good patient awareness of the prosthetic joint.

The Cartilage Wear Index: a new evaluation method to improve patient selection in surgical treatment of recurrent posterior glenohumeral instability.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to validate glenoid cartilage lesions as a negative prognostic factor and to define a new image-based preoperative evaluation method to identify surgical candidates for arthroscopic labral refixation with suture anchors in posterior shoulder instability.MethodsTwenty-six patients who underwent arthroscopic posterior labral repair for shoulder instability were evaluated. Only patients with structural dynamic posterior instability were included. We evaluated on preoperative magnetic resonance arthrogram: glenoid version, humeral head subluxation, type of capsular insertion, and the cartilage lesions using the new Cartilage Wear Index (CWI). Two subgroups were analyzed with regard to the preoperative CWI and shoulder outcome scores: Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation (SANE) and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI).ResultsThe median age at operation was 28 (interquartile range = 21-33) years. Median overall postoperative outcome assessment demonstrated a SANE of 90 and a WOSI of 385. The median CWI was 1.02. Subgroup analysis revealed worse median WOSI and SANE scores in patients with a CWI >1.02 and a strong correlation between a high preoperative CWI and a higher postoperative WOSI score (R = 0.58; P = .038).ConclusionThe CWI can be useful to identify patients who might obtain better outcomes when treated with arthroscopic labral repair in posterior shoulder instability.

Postoperative femoral anteroposterior position while standing correlates with the posterior tibial slope and posterior femoral condylar offset in medial pivot total knee arthroplasty.

After total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the femur tends to be located posteriorly under weight-bearing (WB) conditions, and a paradoxical femoral anterior motion occurs, leading to joint instability. We aimed to clarify factors which affect the postoperative femoral anteroposterior position relative to the tibia under WB conditions (A-P position) in medial pivot (MP) TKA. Among 126 knees (81 women) with primary TKA using MP prosthesis for varus osteoarthritic knees, 70 knees had cruciate-retaining inserts (CR) with the reduced conformity and 56 knees had cruciate-substituting inserts (CS) with the full conformity. Using the three-dimensional (3D) assessment system, the associations between the A-P position and the factors including pre- and postoperative lower extremity alignment, component positions, and posterior femoral condylar offset (PCO), were assessed regarding the type of inserts. Significant correlations were seen between the A-P position and posterior tibial slope (PTS), medial PCO, and lateral PCO. Regarding the difference between the two inserts, the PTS, medial PCO, and lateral PCO significantly correlated with the A-P position in the CR, but only the PTS correlated in the CS. The increased PTS and decreased PCO were the dominant factors for the A-P position in MP TKA.

Equivalent outcomes of ultra-congruent and standard cruciate-retaining inserts in total knee arthroplasty.

No systematic review has compared the clinical outcome of anterior stabilized ultra-congruent and standard cruciate-retaining inserts in fixed-bearing primary total knee arthroplasty. This study aimed to compare the outcomes and establish the superiority or equivalence of these inserts. Pubmed, EMBASE, Medline, AMED, ERIC, and Proquest databases were searched electronically. PRISMA guidelines were followed in the conduct of the study.The clinical outcomes compared in the meta-analysis were overall knee score, WOMAC, score for knee function, score for knee pain, SF-12 PCS, knee flexion, manipulation under anaesthesia for postoperative knee stiffness, revision total knee arthroplasty or change of polyethylene insert for post-operative instability (relative risk [RR]) and survivorship.Study quality was evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and the Modified Jadad scale. Fourteen studies comprising 9989 knees (three RCTs and 11 comparative case-cohort studies) were included for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The pooled analysis of the ultracongruent insert and the standard cruciate retaining insert was based on a cohort of 2860 and 7129 TKA, respectively. Knee pain was significantly better in patients that had standard inserts (p = 0.02; 95% CI -1.06 to -0.10), and the physical component of health-related quality of life was also significantly better in patients that had standard inserts (p = 0.02; 95% CI -6.43 to -0.64). There was a 72% lesser chance of revision TKA or change of insert for postoperative instability in knees that had been implanted with ultracongruent inserts (RR = 0.28; p = 0.0002; 95% CI 0.15-0.55). There was no difference in the otheroutcome measures.There was nosignificantdifference between the two inserts, considering the minimal clinically important difference or absolute ratio. Differences observed between the two types of inserts were not clinically significant. Therefore, based on current evidence,arthroplasty surgeons canuse either of these inserts with cruciate-retaining knee prosthesis. Therapeutic study, Level II.

The Effectiveness of Postpartum IUD Compared to Interval IUD in ‘Aisyiyah Hospital Klaten

BACKGROUND: Postpartum IUD (PPIUD) insertion is performed 10 min after the placenta is born until 48 h postpartum, interval method is installed after 4 weeks postpartum. The use of this contraception will provide a distance between pregnancies not to be too close. AIM: To assess the effectiveness of PPIUD and the interval on complaints and complications in acceptors. METHODOLOGY: This study used a cross-sectional design. The subjects were women who gave birth vaginally and cesarean section at the ‘Aisyiyah Hospital Klaten with PPIUD and interval acceptors installed. Complaint data obtained through history taking, complications obtained from ultrasound, inspeculo examination, and vaginal swab. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-nine subjects consisted of 82 (63.6%) PPIUD and 47 (36.4%) interval. On ultrasound examination, 126 (97.7%) subjects had no abnormalities, two (1.6%) had abnormalities, and one (0.8%) found ovarian cysts. On inspeculo examination, 89 (69.0%) subjects found no erotion, and 40 (31.0%) did not find abnormalities. Vaginal swab examination showed that 119 (92.2%) subjects had pathogenic bacteria, ten (7.8%) were normal. The fungus was positive in 75 (58.1%) subjects, and no fungus was in 54 (41.9%), while in NGO, positive was 18 (14.0%) subjects, and negative was 111 (86.0%). There was a significant relationship that the type of IUD insertion had husband’s complaints (p = 0.021), the erosion incidence (p = 0.011), the presence/absence of threads (p = 0.01), and the presence of fungus (0.00). PPIUD is more effective than interval IUD. CONCLUSION: PPIUD is more effective in terms of the lack of complaints from the husband, the incidence of erosion, the presence or absence of threads, and found of fungus on the vaginal swab than interval IUD.

Comprehensive analysis of prime editing outcomes in human embryonic stem cells.

Prime editing is a versatile and precise genome editing technique that can directly copy desired genetic modifications into target DNA sites without the need for donor DNA. This technique holds great promise for the analysis of gene function, disease modeling, and the correction of pathogenic mutations in clinically relevant cells such as human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Here, we comprehensively tested prime editing in hPSCs by generating a doxycycline-inducible prime editing platform. Prime editing successfully induced all types of nucleotide substitutions and small insertions and deletions, similar to observations in other human cell types. Moreover, we compared prime editing and base editing for correcting a disease-related mutation in induced pluripotent stem cells derived form a patient with α 1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency. Finally, whole-genome sequencing showed that, unlike the cytidine deaminase domain of cytosine base editors, the reverse transcriptase domain of a prime editor does not lead to guide RNA-independent off-target mutations in the genome. Our results demonstrate that prime editing in hPSCs has great potential for complementing previously developed CRISPR genome editing tools.

Recombinant inbred lines and next-generation sequencing enable rapid identification of candidate genes involved in morphological and agronomic traits in foxtail millet

We constructed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) between a Japanese and a Taiwanese landrace of foxtail millet and employed next-generation sequencing, such as flexible ddRAD-seq and Nanopore sequencing to identify the candidate genes involved in the crop evolution of foxtail millet. We successfully constructed a linkage map using flexible ddRAD-seq with parents and RILs and detected major QTLs for each of three traits: leaf sheath colors, spikelet-tipped bristles (stb), and days to heading (DTH). (1) For leaf sheath colors, we identified the C gene on chromosome IV. (2) We identified a homeobox (HOX14) gene for stb on chromosome II, which shows homology with HvVrs1 in barley. (3) Finally, we identified a QTL with a large effect on DTH on chromosome II. A parent of the RILs from Taiwan and Yugu1 had a Harbinger-like TE in intron 3 of this gene. We also investigated the geographical distribution of the TE insertion type of this gene and found that the insertion type is distributed in the northern part of East Asia and intensively in South and Southeast Asia, suggesting that loss/reduction of function of this gene plays an important role in spreading into the northern part of East Asia and subtropical and tropical zones.

Roughness evaluation of 4340 steel with two types ceramic tools in milling.

The study evaluated roughness obtained in milling ABNT 4340 steel hardened with two types of cutting tools based on aluminum oxide with magnesium oxide addition (Al2O3 + MgO) and another with zirconium oxide (ZrO2). The experimental procedure adopted was the complete orthogonal arrangement with four parameters (input factors) and 10 levels. The behavior of two types of experimental ceramic inserts (Al2O3 + MgO) and (Al2O3 + ZrO2) were tested at three cutting speeds (200; 300; 400 m.min-1), in three feeds (0.05; 0.10; 0.15 mm.rev-1), in two machining depths (0.10 and 0.20 mm) and dry milling. The response factors were the surface roughness (Ra) and (Rt). 36 tests were carried out for each type of insert, 18 in the forward direction and 18 in the return direction, totaling 72 tests with roughness measurements in both paths, both in the outward and in the return path along the length of the insert. milled region. The milling was concordant in both paths. The average values of roughness (Ra) and (Rt) (surface quality) found in milling with the two types of ceramic tools are compatible with the usual field of application for finishing and usually obtained with grinding. The roughness (Ra) was 0.753 μm and (Rt) was 5.57 μm in milling with the Al2O3 + MgO insert and with the Al2O3 + ZrO2 insert, the roughness (Ra) was 0.957 μm and the (Rt) of 6.88 μm. The lowest roughness values were obtained with cutting speeds of 300 m.min-1 for Ra and 200 m.min-1 for Rt with 0.05 mm/rot feed and 0.10 mm depth.

Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) based Multiple-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) paradigm for hard turning process parameters

This paper presents Multiple-Criteria Decision Optimization (MCDA) of Hard Turning Process Parameters of OHNS steel based with focus on wiper insert geometry. Wiper inserts are generally preferred in metal removing processes for better surface finish. In hard turning operation wiper inserts can be considered as a potential substitute for grinding operation. In this investigation hard turning trials are conducted on OHNS steel with 55 HRc using conventional and wiper insert of 0.8 and 1.2 mm nose radius. Taguchi based L36 array with five process parameters namely type of insert, nose radius, speed (RPM), depth of cut and feed is used for Design of Experiment. Five responses are evaluated which are roughness parameters Ra and Rt, metal removal rate, power consumption and cycle time. Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) based Multiple-Criteria Decision Optimization (MCDA) of Hard Turning Process Parameters is carried out to find out optimum process parameters for responses mentioned above. The optimized process parameters during the investigation are Wiper Insert geometry with nose radius 1.2 mm, speed of 1200 RPM, feed of 0.2 mm/rev. and depth of cut 0.1 mm. At above parameters Ra 0.181 µm, MRR 2292.11 (mm3/min), Power 0.45 (Kw) and Cycle time of 14 (s) are the responses.

Structural design and optimization of a turning tool embedded with thin-film strain sensors for in-process cutting force measurement

A tool system integrated with machining and measurement is constructed by using thin film strain sensors and tool integration technology, which provides a new research method for studying the machining mechanism and automatic monitoring of the machining process. In this paper, three kinds—elastic sleeve type, fast insert type, and insert type—of tool cutting force measurement systems of the turning tool embedded with thin-film micro-sensors are designed. High strain sensitivity can be obtained through setting the elastic region of the tool bar on the premise of meeting the tool strength and stiffness. The system can realize integration between the thin-film strain sensor and tool bar quickly and efficiently. It is simplified as a cantilever beam structure for analysis after setting the shape of the sensor elastic substrate as a rectangle. The expression between strain and deflection of the elastic substrate is established when the free end is subjected to tangential force and bending moment, and the influence of the substrate’s structural parameters on the deflection is analyzed. In order to further improve the strain effect, six kinds of other shapes of the substrate structure are optimized, deducing the expression between the structure parameters and deflection; the corresponding substrate structure atlas is established, comparing and analyzing the deflection of the rectangular structure substrate. Five kinds of metal substrate materials are selected. In the functional film system of the thin-film strain sensor, the scheme of aluminum oxide and titanium nitride as the transition layer, silicon nitride as the insulating layer, and Ni–Cr alloy as the resistance grid layer is adopted. The research results show that this scheme can improve the adhesion between the insulating layer and the substrate, improve the resistance sensitivity coefficient of the sensor, and meet the application requirements of the cutting force measurement system.