Ideal Type Research Articles

Rogers-Ramanujan type identities and Chebyshev polynomials

Recently, Andrews [Ann. Comb. 23 (2019), pp. 443–464] discovered a family of Rogers-Ramanujan type identities by introducing Chebyshev polynomials of the third and the fourth kinds into Bailey pairs. Motivated by Andrews’ work, Sun [Ramanujan J. 60 (2023), pp. 761–794] obtained a companion identity for Dyson’s favorite identity and a number of Rogers-Ramanujan type identities based on a new Bailey pair involving Chebyshev polynomials of the third kind. In this paper, we establish many new identities involving Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind by constructing several new Bailey pairs and inserting them into various weak forms of Bailey’s lemma. Some special cases of those identities yield many new and known Rogers-Ramanujan type identities. In particular, we derive several identities which are analogous to Dyson’s favorite identity. It is interesting that the right hand sides of some identities are sums of modular forms with different weights.

The Modern Conversion Type of Cultural Identity and Literacy Role in the Context of Traditional Craft Revitalization: The Case of Lacquerware of the Yi Ethnic Group in Liangshan, China

This study examines the modernization and transformation of Liangshan Yi lacquerware in China, focusing on its cultural identity and the role of literacy. As a vital symbol of the Yi people’s material culture, this traditional craft embodies rich cultural values and aesthetic sensibilities. However, amidst societal changes, technological advancements, and external cultural influences, Liangshan Yi lacquerware faces both challenges and opportunities. To sustain its relevance, this heritage must adapt and innovate to meet contemporary demands. By combining qualitative research and creative practice, the study investigates how literacy—the ability to convey cultural narratives through craft—supports the preservation and evolution of Yi lacquerware. It offers insights and strategies for its sustainable development while contributing to the broader discourse on modernizing traditional crafts.

A note on the log-perturbed Brézis-Nirenberg problem on the hyperbolic space

We consider the log-perturbed Brézis-Nirenberg problem on the hyperbolic spaceΔBNu+λu+|u|p−1u+θuln⁡u2=0,u∈H1(BN),u>0inBN, and study the existence vs non-existence results. We show that whenever θ>0, there exists an H1-solution, while for θ<0, there does not exist a positive solution in a reasonably general class. Since the perturbation uln⁡u2 changes sign, Pohozaev type identities do not yield any non-existence results. The main contribution of this article is obtaining an “almost” precise lower asymptotic decay estimate on the positive solutions for θ<0, culminating in proving their non-existence assertion.

The TCP transcription factor TAC8 positively regulates the tiller angle in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The tiller angle, one of the critical factors that determine the rice plant type, is closely related to rice yield. An appropriate rice tiller angle can improve rice photosynthetic efficiency and increase yields. In this study, we identified a transcription factor, TILLRE ANGLE CONTROL 8 (TAC8), that is highly expressed in the rice tiller base and positively regulates the tiller angle by regulating cell length and endogenous auxin content; TAC8 encodes a TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF transcriptional activator that is highly expressed in the nucleus. RNA-seq revealed that TAC8 is involved mainly in the photoperiod and abiotic stress response in rice. Yeast two-hybrid assays verified that TAC8 interacts with CHLOROPHYLL A/B-BINDING PROTEIN 1, which responds to photoperiod, and haplotype analysis revealed that a 34-bp deletion at position 1516 in the promoter region and a 9-bp deletion at position 153 in the coding region can result in impaired function or loss of function of TAC8. This study provides a new genetic resource for designing ideal plant types with appropriate rice tiller angle.

Establishment of terminal selector combinations in optic lobe neurons.

The medulla is the part of the Drosophila optic lobe with the greatest neuronal diversity, in which the identity of each neuronal type is specified in progenitors and newborn neurons via the integration of temporal, spatial, and Notch-driven patterning mechanisms. This identity is maintained in differentiating and adult neurons by the expression of neuronal type-specific combinations of terminal selectors, which are transcription factors expressed continuously during development and in the adult that are thought to control all neuronal type-specific gene expression. However, how the patterning mechanisms establish terminal selector expression is unknown. We have previously characterized the temporal and Notch origin of medulla neurons. Here we have used single-cell mRNA-sequencing to characterize their spatial origins and identified two new spatial subdomains. Together, this makes the medulla the first complex brain structure for which the patterning mechanisms specifying the identity of each neuronal type are known. This knowledge allowed us to identify correlations between patterning information, terminal selector expression and neuronal features. Our results suggest that different subsets of the patterning information accessible to a given neuronal type control the expression of each of its terminal selectors and of modules of terminal features, including neurotransmitter identity. Therefore, the evolution of new neuronal types could rely on the acquisition of modules of neuronal features pre-determined by their developmental origin.

Impacts of amino acid-linked platinum(II) complexes on DNA structure.

The discovery of cisplatin (cisPt) as an effective anticancer agent was a milestone in the health industry. Despite its success, undesired side effects and acquired resistance still limit the therapeutic usefulness of cisPt. Intrastrand adduct formation at consecutive purines and structural modifications of DNA caused by platinum(II) complexes are important factors for antitumor efficacy. In this study, we examined amino acid-linked platinum(II) complexes, collectively referred to as AAPt, for antiproliferative activity and ability to induce DNA bending. The antiproliferative activity of one AAPt complex tested against a prostate cancer cell line was comparable to that of cisPt, whereas only activity of the AAPt complex was lower in a normal human prostate cell line. Various AAPt analogues were examined for impact on the structures of DNAs with four different purine dinucleotide target sites (GG, AG, GA, and AA) and compared to the parent cisPt. The roles of side-chain identity, chirality, and coordination type (e.g., (N,O) vs. (N,N)) of AAPt complexes are discussed with respect to DNA adduct formation and ability to induce DNA bending. Although the AAPt complexes display different nucleotide preferences (A for AAPt vs. G for cisPt), DNAs containing GG-platinum adducts display a greater degree of bending compared to DNAs with AA-platinum adducts.

Enacting Mysticism in the World: Practical Sufism in the Tariqa Karkariyya and Alawiyya

In this article, I will touch on the ethical and moral possibilities of mysticism. On the one hand, I discuss the kinds of ethical work required to open and cultivate experiences of the divine. On the other hand, I look at how those experiences of the divine create new opportunities for kinds of ethical relationships to oneself, to others, and to the divine. In doing so, I connect the practices of asceticism—zuhd—with the types of experience characteristic of Sufi mysticism through the concept of tarbiya. Understanding taṣawwuf as an ongoing process in which experiences of the divine are a part, not an end, helps us grasp the intransitive nature of the term taṣawwuf itself. The goal in doing so is to think through what an ‘inner-worldly’ mysticism might look like—a category noticeably absent from Weber’s analysis. Part of its absence, I would suggest, is due to the fact that it does not map onto the passive–active distinction between mysticism and asceticism he tends to draw. But rather than merely critique Weber’s model, which, of course, is grounded in ideal types, and therefore nothing ever fits solely into one of his categories, my goal is to consider what an active inner-worldly mysticism might look like. In other words, what are the modes of ethical engagement and action made possible by those experiences which are considered to be direct experiences of the divine and how are those direct experiences in turn made possible by different kinds of ethical work? In this article, I will consider each of these in relation to two Sufi orders based on my fieldwork in Morocco—the Karkariyya and the Alawiyya. These are two closely related orders that are part of the Shadhiliyya, and they share several members within their spiritual lineages, with the split dating only to the 20th century. Through an analysis and comparison of the two groups, I investigate what an active mysticism could look like in the world today and hope to create new spaces for comparative mysticism that would see mystics as deeply concerned with changing their social worlds.

Toward a theorization of ideal type bureaucratic regimes: A comparative perspective from India and Pakistan

Previous studies on bureaucracy have enhanced our comprehension of bureaucracies’ roles and impacts in the policy process. However, a gap exists in the public administration literature regarding the conceptualization of bureaucracy through the lens of “Bureaucratic Regimes.” To address this gap, this article theorizes the concept of a “bureaucratic regime” and categorizes it into six distinct ideal types: Enabling, Inhibiting, Semi-effective, Ineffective, Effective, and Kleptocratic. This classification is based on an analysis of critical factors, such as the historical legacy of colonialism, administrative traditions, political cultures, economic development, social norms, tenure security, ideational influences, welfare spending, and policy outcomes, all contributing to the formation of bureaucratic regimes. By examining the Indian Administrative Service and the Pakistan Administrative Service, this study asserts that these services exhibit characteristics of a “Kleptocratic Bureaucratic Regime.” This regime is characterized by the extensive privileges enjoyed by its officers, resulting in substantial public expenditure but subpar policy outcomes. The study highlights the significance of viewing bureaucratic regimes as valuable conceptual tools for comparative analysis and policy evaluation. Consequently, it contributes not only to public administration theory but also holds implications for practical policymaking.

Exploring disparities in research through the lens of epistemic exclusion: A focus on Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy

AbstractEpistemic exclusion is a form of scholarly devaluation based on disciplinary and identity‐based biases within systems of evaluation. In two studies, we draw upon the theory of epistemic exclusion to explore potential biases shaping journal review and publication processes in Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (ASAP). In Study 1, we coded 1293 manuscripts submitted to ASAP between 2016 and 2021 to determine if there were disparities in the review and publication of manuscripts centered on race/racism, gender/sexism, intersectionality, or other marginalized social identities/systems of oppression (focal manuscripts) compared to manuscripts not focused on these topics (non‐focal manuscripts). Results indicated both types of manuscripts were submitted to similar levels of scrutiny, and focal manuscripts were 1.85 times more likely to be published. In Study 2, we surveyed 106 authors who had submitted to ASAP to explore differences in experiences of epistemic exclusion across types of research and social identities (race and gender) and investigate whether epistemic exclusion was related to authors being published. Results indicated that researchers conducting marginalized research experienced less epistemic exclusion than their counterparts. Women experienced more epistemic exclusion than men, though Asian/Asian American/Pacific Islander, underrepresented minority, and White scholars experienced similar levels of exclusion. Experiences of epistemic exclusion were negatively associated with being published. Implications and future directions are discussed.

임상간호사의 간호전문직관 유형분류 및 영향요인 검증

Objectives This study was conducted to classify the latent types of professional identity among clinical nurses and to examine the impact relationships of clinical decision-making ability, critical thinking disposition, and patient safety knowledge on each type of professional identity. Methods To this end, latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis of nursing professional intuition were conducted on 173 nurses from general hospitals in J Province, convenience-sampled from September 15 to October 13, 2023. Results The results showed that: first, the latent profile analysis of professional identity identified three distinct groups. Second, there were differences in work proactivity, job satisfaction, clinical decision-making ability, critical thinking disposition, and patient safety knowledge according to the latent profile types of professional identity. Third, the impact relationships of general characteristics, clinical decision-making ability, critical thinking disposition, and patient safety knowledge on the latent profile types of professional identity among nursing students were examined. Conclusions Based on these findings, the study suggests the need for establishing educational strategies at universities to enhance the professional identity of nursing students.

Роль социальной активности молодежи в выраженности идентичностей и их согласованности

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective.&lt;/strong&gt; To identify the role of commitment to various forms of social activity in the expression of student youth identities and their consistency. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background.&lt;/strong&gt; Social activity is the sphere of socialization of young people. Therefore, in the process of its implementation, various socio-psychological formations of the individual are formed. One of the most important is social and personal identity, considered in this study as the effects of social activity. The most important task is to study the role of involvement in various forms of activity in the formation of social identity and the stability of the personal role identity of young people. Such scientific knowledge will allow to establish the potential of social activity in the formation of youth identity. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study design.&lt;/strong&gt; The factor structure of social identity and the relationship between types of identity and forms of social activity were studied. To establish the types of identity, factor analysis was used, the presence and nature of the relationship were recorded through correlation and regression analyses. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Participants.&lt;/strong&gt; 442 residents of Russia (average age 21,8; 33,5% men, 66,5% women). &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements. &lt;/strong&gt;Questionnaire, including 18 scale questions, meaningfully describing the forms of social activity (R.M. Shamionov, etc.); 17 categories of social identity, identified on the basis of preliminary piloting; methodology of stability of personal-role identity (E.A. Petrash, V.B. Nikishina). &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results. &lt;/strong&gt;Various categories of social identity form 4 enlarged groups (types) based on factor analysis. Various forms of social activity of young people form 4 enlarged groups (types) based on factor analysis: identity &amp;ndash; personal, Internet-user, political and civil-family identity. The effects of combinations of different forms of social activity is the formation of a particular type of social identity. Forms of social activity explain from 21% to 36% of variations in social identity. The most pronounced relationship between the stability of personal-role identity was found with civic identity. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;onclusions.&lt;/strong&gt; The inclusion of students in certain forms of social activity can contribute to the formation of various types of identity and achieve a certain level of them. It is also established that the consistency of personal-role identity is positively conditioned by religious and family-household activity, and protest, spiritual and leisure forms contribute to its decrease.&lt;/p&gt;

Культурно-историческая теория как методологическая рамка типологизации цифровой идентичности

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;The purpose of the article is to develop a theoretical and methodological framework for typologization a person&amp;rsquo;s digital identity based on the following criteria: 1) the role of the digital environment and digital device; 2) the position of the person&amp;rsquo;s event center; 3) the position of the center of human self-determination. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background. &lt;/strong&gt;The digital environment is becoming such a significant sphere of modern man&amp;rsquo;s existence, that it determines the peculiarity of the social situation of the development of a modern man at different age stages, and determining the cultural and historical specifics of the development of higher mental functions and processes. In accordance with these transformations, a trend in academic research related to the building of a new conceptual framework for understanding a changing person is emerging. The author focuses on the foundations of ideas about the digital identity of the individual, which are formed in socio-psychological and anthropological studies. It is shown that research optics in identifying the content parameters of this identity is often narrowed, which leads to the reduction of a complex, multi&amp;ndash;component education &amp;ndash; the identity of a person in the digital world &amp;ndash; to a separate part, which is not enough to build a complex image of a modern man. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methodology. &lt;/strong&gt;The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific methods of analysis, comparison and typologization. The understanding of the types of digital identity is based on the foundations of the modern interpretation of the Cultural and Historical Approach applied to the peculiarities of the digital environment as a significant sphere of human existence. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions. &lt;/strong&gt;The theoretical and methodological framework for typologizing the digital identity of a person based on criteria of the role of the digital environment and digital device; the position of the event center of a person; the position of the center of human self-determination is presented A number of types of digital identity are described through set of appropriate scenarios of human behavior in the digital environment: 1) a person with a completed mind; 2) a person with digital physicality; 3) an algorithmic person; 4) a returning person and 5) an information tramp.&lt;/p&gt;

Взаимосвязь мотивов конструирования этнической идентичности и индивидуальных ценностей у русских старшеклассников из центрального и дальневосточного регионов России

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective. &lt;/strong&gt;The aim of the study is to verification the hypothesis about the regional specificity of the relationship between the motives of constructing ethnic identity and individual values among Russian high schoolers from the central and far eastern regions of Russia. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background. &lt;/strong&gt;Youth are a particularly vulnerable group in situations of permanent uncertainty and atypical crises. It is therefore important to explore the resource potential of different types of social identity and its factors among young people. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study design. &lt;/strong&gt;We have conducted a comparative quantitative analysis of the results of the survey of the ethnic majority from the two mono-ethnic Russian regions (in May 2023). &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Participants. &lt;/strong&gt;Russian high schoolers ages 15 to 18 from Smolensk (185 Russians, &lt;em&gt;M &lt;/em&gt;= 16,3, &lt;em&gt;SD &lt;/em&gt;= 0,48, 59,5% of girls) and Khabarovsk (134 Russians, &lt;em&gt;M&lt;/em&gt; = 16,8, &lt;em&gt;SD&lt;/em&gt; = 0,72, 67,9% of girls) participated in the study.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements. &lt;/strong&gt;We used the Scale of Rapid Assessment of Ethnic Identity by N.M. Lebedeva, &amp;ldquo;Portrait Values Questionnaire&amp;rdquo; by S.H. Schwarz and author&amp;rsquo;s items formulated to assess motives of constructing ethnic identity.&lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;. Most respondents clearly feel themselves to be members of the Russian ethnic group, but do not see ethnic identity as a significant resource for meeting important needs. The dominant value basis of ethnic identity motives for Russian high schoolers from Smolensk is the Tradition value, and for Russian high schoolers from Khabarovsk &amp;ndash; the Achievement value and the Universalism-Nature value. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions. &lt;/strong&gt;There is a regional specificity of formation and value bases of construction of the Russian ethnic identity among young members of the ethnic majority in conditions in mono-ethnic environment.&lt;/p&gt;

Trafficker or Trafficked? Predicting Victim versus Offender Status of Female Defendants in Federal Sex Trafficking Prosecutions Using the T.R.A.P. Typology

ABSTRACT While female victims of sex trafficking continue to face criminal indictments in sex trafficking prosecutions, the extent of the problem and an understanding of the victims it disproportionately impacts is unclear. This study investigates the extent to which victims of trafficking are prosecuted in sex trafficking cases, and what defendant-, victim-, and trafficking-related patterns predict who is likely to be a victim. We begin by presenting the T.R.A.P. Typology of female defendants in sex trafficking prosecutions which places female defendants in types based on whether they have a trafficker, recruit victims, perform administrative functions, and engage in prostitution. The T.R.A.P. Typology yields five groups: manager, bottom, associate, partner, or CEO. Using federal prosecutions data, we categorized 399 female defendants using this typology to systematically determine their victim versus offender status and its predictors. Significant patterns emerge. Victims (the combined manager and bottom ideal types) constitute 53% of defendants and are younger, more likely to be white or black, and are involved with sex trafficking organizations that are most likely to traffick adult, American women via online and outdoor solicitation. The results have implications for victim-centered criminal justice responses and offer empirical support for various policy reforms.

Enhancer Dynamics and Spatial Organization Drive Anatomically Restricted Cellular States in the Human Spinal Cord.

Here, we report the spatial organization of RNA transcription and associated enhancer dynamics in the human spinal cord at single-cell and single-molecule resolution. We expand traditional multiomic measurements to reveal epigenetically poised and bivalent active transcriptional enhancer states that define cell type specification. Simultaneous detection of chromatin accessibility and histone modifications in spinal cord nuclei reveals previously unobserved cell-type specific cryptic enhancer activity, in which transcriptional activation is uncoupled from chromatin accessibility. Such cryptic enhancers define both stable cell type identity and transitions between cells undergoing differentiation. We also define glial cell gene regulatory networks that reorganize along the rostrocaudal axis, revealing anatomical differences in gene regulation. Finally, we identify the spatial organization of cells into distinct cellular organizations and address the functional significance of this observation in the context of paracrine signaling. We conclude that cellular diversity is best captured through the lens of enhancer state and intercellular interactions that drive transitions in cellular state. This study provides fundamental insights into the cellular organization of the healthy human spinal cord.

Initial management of acute pancreatitis

Abstract The management of acute pancreatitis (AP) has undergone significant changes in recent years, driven by new research that challenges previous practices. Moderate-intensity, targeted fluid therapy is now favoured over more aggressive strategies. While evidence on the ideal type of fluid is limited, lactated Ringer's solution may be associated with better outcomes. Effective pain control and early oral nutrition, when possible, are key components of treatment. Antibiotic use should be limited to proven or highly suspected infections, avoiding prophylactic use. Urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is indicated in patients with acute cholangitis. Cholecystectomy performed during the same admission for mild biliary AP is safe and effectively prevents relapses.

Lions, Game Players and Niche Providers: Universities' Positioning in Funding Competitions in Germany

ABSTRACTThis research addresses two important developments in the academic field: First, universities are transforming into organisational actors, gaining more responsibilities and capacities for strategic action, and second, competition has reached a new level. An important driver of competition and universities' development towards strategic actorhood is funding contests in which actors compete with proposals over a limited timeframe with clear evaluation criteria. In Germany, funding contests are central to the crystallisation of a broader competitive positioning and universities develop different strategic approaches in relation to them. We focus on two large‐scale funding contests to analyse universities' heterogeneous positioning strategies: The German Excellence Initiative (EI) and the Quality Pact for Teaching (QPL). We empirically develop three ideal types of universities in terms of strategic positioning (lions, niche providers and game players) and examine different strategic approaches taken by universities when relating to internal and external reference groups.

Learning for sustainability in higher education institutions: a theoretical evaluation of a construction framework

Purpose This study aims to propose a framework for constructing a sustainable higher education institution (HEI) from the perspective of transformative learning. Design/methodology/approach This literature review focused on the construction framework, using themes of transformative learning approach and learning cycles and transitions approach. Findings This study reviews the articulation between the levels of transformative learning (instrumental, conventional, green and sustainable HEIs) and learning cycles (single-loop, double-loop and deutero-learning). The study explores how the maturity of HEI, process until it achieves higher levels of sustainability. However, positioning a HEI on a macroscale level is utopian as it represents an ideal type, using Max Weber’s terminology, which can only be overcome through deep institutional changes driven by sustainable concerns. Research limitations/implications The limitations of the framework, links to the limited number of studies that applied the I3E model – acronym for inform, engage, empower and embed – (Cebrián, 2016) and the lack of deepening of the four elements proposed to understand the process of sustainable management. The article expands on the literature by proposing ways for HEIs to engage toward a paradigm shift and a critical-based sustainable transformation. Practical implications This article provides an integrated approach for incorporating sustainable practice concerns into education, management, research and university–society relations. In addition, the results provide policymakers in HEIs with an understanding that transformative learning guides protocols to address challenging sustainability issues, in addition to new perspectives, approaches and understandings that bring the maturity levels of HEIs closer to an ideal sustainability model. Originality/value The study opens space for new research to be conducted, investigating how progress occurs in the face of sustainability and how it can be improved, in addition to serving for HEIs as a guide to actually becoming spaces where there is greater awareness, social justice, ethics and critical thinking. By using the transition to sustainability approach, it is possible to view how HEIs move toward a transition, understanding how it is managed and can be improved.

Этническая, гражданская и глобальная идентичности русских старшеклассников: связь с ценностями

&lt;p&gt;The article examines the relationship between individual values and the ethnic, social, and global identities of Russian high school students. In the context of social self-determination and the identification of individuals with various social groups during the transition to adulthood, it is essential to explore the resource potential of different types of social identity in relation to the motivational and value dimensions of personality. The sample comprised 155 participants from Moscow (54% female), 156 from Smolensk (63% female), and 173 from Khabarovsk (66% female), all aged 15 to 18 years and identifying as Russian. Respondents completed the S. Schwartz "Portrait Value Questionnaire" (PVQ-RR) and the modified &amp;ldquo;Identification with Humanity&amp;rdquo; (IWAH) technique by S. McFarland, as adapted by T.A. Nestik. As a result of regression analysis, it was determined that the primary predictor of ethnic identity among Russian high school students, regardless of their region of residence, is the meta-value of Conservation. Conversely, the primary predictor of global identity is the meta-value of Self-Transcendence, which aligns with findings from similar studies with adults. We identidied a number of correlations of individual values with three types of identity specific to each sample. The interpretation of the research results considered the socio-economic context of the regions studied.&lt;/p&gt;

Vehicle re-identification with multiple discriminative features based on non-local-attention block

Vehicle re-identification (re-id) technology refers to a vehicle matching under a non-overlapping domain, that is, to confirm whether the vehicle target taken by cameras in different positions at different times is the same vehicle. Different identities of the same type of vehicles are one of the most challenging factors in the field of vehicle re-identification. The key to solve this difficulty is to make full use of the multiple discriminative features of vehicles. Therefore, this paper proposes a multiple discriminative features extraction network (MDFE-Net) that can enhance the distance dependence on the vehicle’s multiple discriminative features by non-local attention, which in turn enhances the discriminative power of the network. Meanwhile, to more directly represent the retrieval capability of the model and enhance the rigor of model evaluation, we introduce a novel vehicle re-id model evaluation metric called mean positive sample occupancy (mPSO). Comprehensive experiments implemented on challenging vehicle evaluation datasets (including VeRi-776, VRIC, and VehicleID) show that our model robustly achieves state-of-the-art performances. Moreover, our novel metric mPSO further proves the powerful retrieval capability of the MDFE-Net.