Types Of Housing Units Research Articles

Examining surplus and shortage in occupied housing preference in Malaysia

Purpose Housing sufficiency is a critical indicator of national development and growth. However, in most countries, housing affordability remains a significant challenge, leading to a mismatch between housing supply and demand. The purpose of this study is to investigate the housing preferences, current occupation and the resulting surplus and shortage across various housing types. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through a survey, and the analysis focused on quantifying the mismatch between preferred and occupied housing types. Findings Results revealed significant disparities between housing preferences and current occupation, with some housing types experiencing surplus and others facing shortages. The findings uncovered a 23% discrepancy in housing demand and supply. The sensitivity results indicate that 30% of the respondents currently living in a particular type of housing unit would choose to live there if given the option. The specificity results show that 90% of respondents not living in a particular type of housing unit would continue to avoid choosing it. Housing price, income, ethnicity, race and location are the major drivers of the housing preferences. Practical implications Developers can align their projects with consumer preferences to minimize surplus and shortages. Financial institutions may consider these insights when tailoring mortgage products to meet the diverse needs of potential homebuyers. This research provides a valuable foundation for strategic planning and policy formulation aimed at enhancing housing sufficiency and socioeconomic development in Malaysia. Originality/value This study lays the foundation for future research and for incentive mechanisms for homebuyers and developers. The results are useful to policymakers, developers, banks, consultants, housing associations and academics.

Toward sustainable energy transition: understanding electricity-use behavior among low-income urban households in Kumasi

ABSTRACT The residential sector is a critical contributor to global energy consumption. In Ghana, it accounts for 47% of the total electricity consumed. However, inadequate knowledge of categories of residential consumers, their profiles, and the implications on their consumption patterns could impede the development of targeted and sustainable interventions. This study examined the behavioral patterns among low-income urban households in Kumasi, using their socio-demographic and housing characteristics, and self-reported values. This is coherent to the current discourse on Ghana’s transition to zero carbon by 2070 given that Kumasi is the fastest-growing city in the country. Using quantitative methods within a transdisciplinary research design, a survey of 285 households was conducted. The findings yielded varied outcomes. Households reported good electricity use behavior (e.g. covering liquids in the refrigerator) and poor behaviors (e.g. not adjusting the power setting of refrigerators to weather conditions). Logistic regression operations showed associations between energy use behavior, the type of housing units and the type of electricity meters. A significant proportion of respondents exhibited pro-environmental behaviors across all nine value domains. The study concludes that low-income households engage in energy-saving practices. We suggest that policy mediation could enhance the effectiveness of behavioral interventions toward electricity use efficiency.

Intuitive eating in the COVID-19 era: a study with university students in Brazil

BackgroundThe recurrence of weight gain is attributed to the homeostatic regulation of hunger and satiety signals, influenced by metabolic state, nutrient availability, and non-homeostatic mechanisms shaped by reinforced consequences from experiences. In response, Evelyn Tribole and Elyse Resch proposed Intuitive Eating (IE) in 1980, countering restrictive diets. IE, inversely correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI), binge eating, and anxiety/depression symptoms, fosters mind–body-food harmony by recognizing hunger and satiety cues. IE encourages meeting physiological, not emotional, needs, permitting unconditional eating, and relying on internal signals for food decisions. Amidst university students’ stress, exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding their eating behavior, particularly intuitive eating levels, becomes crucial.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the IE level of Brazilian students during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThis cross-sectional study, the first to analyze the Intuitive Eating of students in Brazil during the pandemic, was conducted using an online questionnaire.ResultsThe sample comprised 1335 students, most of whom were women (82.17%), with a mean age of 26.12 ± 7.9 years, and a healthy nutritional status (57.58%). The mean IE score was 3.2 ± 0.6. A significant association was found between the confinement situation, the type of housing unit, and the IE subscale-Unconditional Permission to Eat (p = 0.043). However, there was no association between the other subscales and the total IE scale. Regarding self-reported mental and eating disorders, the most frequent were anxiety (21.2%), depression (6.5%), and binge eating disorder (BED) (4.7%). IE was negatively associated with BED (B = − 0.66; p < .001), bulimia nervosa (B = − 0.58; p < .001), body mass index (BMI) (p < .001) and self-reported anxiety (B = − .102; p = 0.16). The male sex showed a higher IE score compared with the female sex (p < .001).ConclusionWhile no significant association was found between IE and the confinement situation, a significant association was found between housing type and the Unconditional Permission to Eat subscale.

FACTORS AFFECTING HOUSING PRICES: THE CASE OF ISTANBUL-ATAKOY

Different structural and spatial features such as type of housing unit, age of housing unit, size of housing unit, number of rooms, number of bathrooms, construction quality, heating system, parking lot, quality of public services, proximity to centers, distance to health and education facilities, transportation facilities, crime rate, satisfaction with social activities, landscape, environment, pollution and airport noise affect the prices of the housing units. Atakoy is one of the important residential areas of Istanbul with a high quality of life, due to the richness of its green areas and its urban texture, the closeness to centers, high quality of transportation and urban services. The lack of vacant land, the high demand and the high occupancy rate in the region have increased the housing prices considerably, and the importance of the regional housing market. The aim of the study is to determine the characteristics of housing unit that may affect the housing prices in Atakoy. In this context, multiple regression analysis has been made with the data which consist of physical information about 149 housing units for sale in the region and it has been examined which features related to the housing unit how much may affect the housing prices.

Disaster Preparedness Practices of Low and Middle-Income Households in the Coastal Communities in Negros Occidental, Philippines

Disaster preparedness has played a vital role in mitigating disaster risks. A well-planned disaster risk reduction program is effective in minimizing hazards and casualties. The study determined the extent of disaster preparedness practices of households in the coastal communities of a congressional district in the Philippines, particularly on typhoons, in terms of disaster preparedness literacy, participation in community disaster preparedness, and disaster preparedness on supplies and kit contents. A descriptive-comparative research design was used to administer a researcher-made survey instrument to 341 coastal household members. Statistical techniques such as Kolmogorov Smirnov, Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis, Mean, and Standard Deviation were used in the study. The findings revealed a great extent of disaster preparedness practices with significant differences when respondents were grouped according to household income and educational attainment of the household members. However, there were no significant differences when grouped according to household size, type of housing unit, and type of housing structure. Household income is very minimal in purchasing food/kit supplies was identified as the most significant challenge experienced by the households. The study recommends an enhanced Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management (BDRRM) Plan to strengthen the programs, projects, and activities to increase the adaptive capacity and involvement of households toward disaster preparedness.

APPRAISAL OF CONDITIONAL ATTRIBUTES OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN AKURE, NIGERIA

The situation of residential buildings in urban areas must be assessed to ascertain their form and age, functions, convenience, and liveability. As a result, this paper evaluates selected aspects of the condition of residential buildings in Akure, Nigeria. The study's objectives include examining the types of housing units, plot coverage, the number of rooms, and building setbacks. Other factors include housing tenure, the condition of the in-house tap, the type of toilet facilities, and the age of the buildings. The study drew on both primary and secondary data sources. A total of 1,369 people were polled, with 684, 480, and 205 representing the core, transition, and peripheral zones. According to the findings, tenement buildings accounted for 62.3 percent of Akure's residential buildings. In the city core, 88.6 percent of the respondents developed their lands above 50 percent, while 20.0 percent developed their lands above 50 percent on the outskirts. The paper suggests that the relevant stakeholders should enforce the subsisting building regulations, introduce environmental inspectors and mobile courts, and the Ondo State government should invest in urban infrastructure.

Location, Location, Structure Type: Rent Divergence within Neighborhoods

Housing rents are a large share of household budgets and make a large contribution to overall inflation. Rent inflation rates for different types of housing units sometimes diverge, even in the same neighborhoods. We estimate during 2013 to 2016 apartment rents outpaced rents for detached housing in the United States by 0.76 percentage points annually after controlling for location effects. These rent dynamics imply a segmented housing market. They also suggest rent indexes need to be based on data structurally representative of their measurement objective. In particular, indexes based on professionally managed apartment complexes mismeasure the rents for housing generally. Even indexes based on careful geographical sampling, such as the Consumer Price Index’s Owners’ Equivalent Rent component, may be biased by using an unrepresentative mix of apartments and houses.

Older Adults—Their Focus on Food and Future Living: A Grounded Theory Approach

Older adults, also known as the silver generation, are the new healthy generation. This generation has for many decades formed the basis for the prosperity found in Norway. The ageing population is growing rapidly in many countries around the world. The aim of this paper is to understand healthy active older adults’ interpretations of food and meals and their focus on food and future living. Nine CurroCus® group interviews, or fast focus groups, were conducted, lasting 37 to 56 minutes with an average of 45 minutes. Altogether, 76 persons from both genders participated, with an age span of 60 to 87 years, although participants were predominantly female (80%). The main findings indicated that older adults expect good overall experiences at nursing homes, including food and drink with good standards adapted to the individual’s needs and smaller apartments with common rooms for activities; they also actively use technology in their everyday lives. Future research should focus on areas such as user interaction strains around food in nursing homes and home residents, various measures for enabling the elderly to stay at home longer, and the mapping of combinations of food and medicines. In addition, different types of housing units should be better investigated.

Influence of housing methods of young bulls of Hereford breed on their meat productivity and survival rate

The indicators of productivity, survival rate and behavior of young bulls of Hereford breed were studied in a comparative aspect when they were raised in winter in the northern part of Kolpashevsky district of the Tomsk region. During the housing period, low average air temperatures were observed: from 20°С in October to –50°С in December – January and –49°С in February. Bulls of the control group were kept in a unit of the "three-wall" type during wintering, while bulls of the experimental group – in a lightweight unit. The increase in live weight of bulls of experimental group was 2.2 times higher than that in the control group, the slaughter weight was by 68.3 kg and the weight of internal fat was by 6.0 kg more than in the control. In the experimental group, the survival rate of bulls before slaughtering was 2 times higher than that in the control. In terms of live weight, experimental animals from the age of 15 months to slaughter exceeded the control group by 19%. Ethological studies showed that different types of housing units had a significant impact on animal behavior. The feed intake of the bulls of the control group was shorter by 54 minutes, (15%) than that of the experimental group. Animals also spent 95 minutes (20.21%) less on chewing cud compared to the experimental bulls. When kept in a lightweight type of unit, bulls were in motion for a longer time, as a result of which they rested 45 minutes less, which contributed to the increase in the metabolic processes in the body. The animals of the experimental group spent 50 minutes longer on eating food in comparison with the bulls in the “three-wall” unit. The air temperature in a unit of the "three-wall" type was close to the ambient air temperature, wherein the bulls spent most of their time lying down. The profitability of growing bulls in the experimental group exceeded the control indicator by 1.6 times. In the light-type premises, the housing conditions of bulls in the winter period at extremely low air temperatures were most favorable.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЖИЛОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРНОЙ СРЕДЫ В ИРАКЕ: ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ЛИТЕРАТУРА

A review of a number of international, regional and local studies and studies related to the residential architectural environment (1993-2019) aims to describe and define vocabulary and concepts by developing theoretical ideas about the quality of the residential architectural environment in Iraq. In total, 27 studies analyzed the composition of the living environment in Iraq, the current problems of housing policy and the prospects for their resolution. Currently, a large array of informal housing has arisen in Iraq. Life in it is below the level of any claims, both because of poor economic conditions, and because of the lack of urban land, types of housing units, building materials, etc. As a result of this study, a set of factors and concepts relating to objective conditions to lead different options for the architectural living environment in Iraq are highlighted. Seven major factors are identified for the formation of a residential architectural environment: social and cultural, economic, environmental and climatic, geographical, political and security, subjective or psychological, planning. In a study of the residential architectural environment in Iraq, a new understanding of it as an urban context has been developed by understanding the daily behavior of individuals. It depends on specific sociocultural and economic conditions and is formed in accordance with the standards and models of housing construction, taking into account the requirements of modern life. To implement the concept of decent housing and meet housing needs, it is necessary to ensure public access to socially acceptable housing. The study aims to develop strategic concepts for the development of residential architectural environments in Iraq through the development of socially acceptable living environment standards and to identify problems related to informal housing. The study presents the conditions faced by the state when solving its problems in providing housing for the population.

Neighborhood change from the bottom Up: What are the determinants of social distance between new and prior residents?

An important source of neighborhood change occurs when there is a turnover in the housing unit due to residential mobility and the new residents differ from the prior residents based on socio-demographic characteristics (what we term social distance). Nonetheless, research has typically not asked which characteristics explain transitions with higher social distance based on a number of demographic dimensions. We explore this question using American Housing Survey data from 1985 to 2007, and focus on instances in which the prior household moved out and is replaced by a new household. We focus on four key characteristics for explaining this social distance: the type of housing unit, the age of the housing unit, the length of residence of the exiting household, and the crime and social disorder in the neighborhood. We find that transitions in the oldest housing units and for the longest tenured residents result in the greatest amount of social distance between new and prior residents, implying that these transitions are particularly important for fostering neighborhood socio-demographic change. The results imply micro-mechanisms at the household level that might help explain net change at the neighborhood level.

Qualitative Flood Risk assessment for the Western Province of Sri Lanka

The Western Province of Sri Lanka, is comprised of the 03 most densely populated districts, and is home to the administrative and business capital of the country. The Province contributes the highest share, around 41.2%, to the GDP. The mega scale development projects implemented in this province are often challenged by urban flooding, which is caused by heavy rainfall coupled up with urban expansion, deficiencies in the drainage systems, insufficient retention capacity etc., and there is a prioritized need to reduce the impact of floods. This paper presents the results of a qualitative flood risk assessment at the scale of Grama Niladhari (GN) Division, which is the lowest administrative unit in the country. The essence of the method applied for delineating the combined flood risk levels is a statistical expression of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Three types of vulnerabilities, namely, social, economic, and physical (housing), have been considered. The results influence to conclude that the flood risk of population is more sensitive to economic vulnerability than to social vulnerability; also that the type of housing units is a reasonable indicator for assessing the risk of housing. The application of risk information in the decision making process reduces the future flood risk as it allows integration of flood mitigation options during development planning, reduce the vulnerability of population and allocate sufficient funding for relief and rehabilitation.

If We Build it, Will They Come? The Housing Stock and the Socioeconomic Integration of Elementary Schools

Children from poor families achieve more academically if they are enrolled in schools that are socioeconomically integrated, but low-income students are increasingly attending schools characterized by high concentrations of poverty. Providing more housing opportunities for low-income families within the attendance zones of middle- and high-income schools has the potential to reverse this trend, but the link between the housing stock and the socioeconomic segregation of public schools has not been addressed in the existing literature. Using a panel of elementary schools in Florida, we show that increasing the stock of rental and affordable housing units in middle- and high-income neighborhoods has an important effect on the number of poor children attending these schools. Our results also reveal the types of housing units that have the largest impacts.

An Empirical Research on the Difference of Energy Consumption According to the Housing and Regional Characteristics of Seoul

Domestic energy consumption is very high as 9th in the world and relies on import to 96% of total energy consumption. Import costs reach to 195 trillion won. So the government will consistently cut down the energy consumption of the building. Especially, consumption of household energy and commercial energy in Seoul has the most consumption weight that is 55.9% in Korea. Therefore, it is very important to reduce the energy of household part. The purpose of this study is to explore the relation between the consumption of energy and the characteristics of housing and regional income in Seoul. According to the results of this empirical study, the difference of energy consumption was identified by the size of dwelling unit (electricity, water supply and district heating), the type of housing unit (city gas and district heating) and its construction year (electricity and district heating). In addition, the difference of energy consumption by the housing characteristic was remarkable for the lower income group. This study could be used to the basic information for a differentiated application by the dwelling characteristics.

L'appartamento per i ceti medi a Torino: alcune considerazioni

This paper focuses on the themes of a research project currently in progress on apartments for the middle classes in Turin during the boom years. It makes primary use of sources furnished by operators in the estate agency sector in this regional capital of Piedmont (the company Gabetti in particular). The intention is to define the context in which apartments became the principal independent type of housing unit on the market. The factors considered most important for this purpose are the emergence of shared ownership properties as the most common sites for contemporary housing; the definition of commercial categories which necessarily influenced residential building production (ranging from the design of communal spaces to the size of accommodation units); the ways in which supply and demand met, which were increasingly broader and more complex; and the success of the estate agent which established its contemporary professional image during the 1950s and 1960s.

A small house now or a big one later? Choice of housing units in phased upgrading of informal settlements in South Africa

The South African housing policy puts emphasis on broadening access to formal dwelling units for households living below a given monthly income as determined and approved by the government at any given time. The emphasis on a serviced dwelling unit within the housing policy assumes that the preference for a serviced dwelling unit is invariable and rigid among the intended beneficiaries of the upgrading exercise. This study investigated how the time to delivery affects the type of housing unit chosen by subsidy beneficiaries. Using choice data from experiments conducted with residents of sweet homes (an informal settlement in Cape Town), it was found that preference for a bigger housing unit type decreased with an increase in the time to delivery. It is recommended that the housing policies in the developing and underdeveloped regions of the world match beneficiary preferences with available resources in the provision of appropriate housing units to poor households. Key words: Housing subsidies, South Africa, delivery time, beneficiary preferences.

Modeling, Monitoring, and Visualizing Carbon Footprints at the Urban Neighborhood Scale

This paper presents a novel approach for calculating the carbon footprint in an urban region at the scale of individual neighborhoods. The approach is applied to Maricopa County, Arizona, for two different scenarios of growth. Our strategy for monitoring carbon footprints also involves a new form of visualization that goes beyond the two-dimensional thematic maps and provides better representation of multidimensional spatial data. Our monitoring system includes grid-based calculation and visualization of potential carbon dioxide emissions for future years under different policy and behavioral scenarios. To calculate a total carbon footprint value, we designate several varieties of relevant emissions such as housing expenditure and electricity. We develop datasets and models that allow for accurate calculation of the carbon footprint for Maricopa County. We provide emissions information for different types of housing units and compare the results for different future scenarios of household change. Finally, we visualize the results in three-dimensional representations that take into account the multidimensional dataset. We employ an intuitive approach in constructing three-dimensional surfaces of carbon footprints using B-Splines and Bezier techniques. This 3D representation allows for understanding and comparing multidimensional data using transparency, different layers, and superimposition techniques.

Price and Income Elasticities of Demand for Housing Characteristics in the City of Barcelona

Garcia J. and Raya J. M. Price and income elasticities of demand for housing characteristics in the city of Barcelona, Regional Studies. This paper estimates price and income elasticities of demand for housing characteristics using the information of properties appraised in the city of Barcelona (1998–2001). It employs a two-stage approach, estimating hedonic price equations for different districts in order to estimate subsequently the corresponding demand equations. The results allow an analysis to be made of the complementarity or substitutability relationships among the characteristics analysed, and also to catalogue these characteristics as goods. By knowing the price, cross and income elasticities of housing characteristics, policy recommendations can be made about the type of housing units that are the most desirable to be subsidized. Garcia J. et Raya J. M. Les élasticités par rapport au prix et au revenu de la demande de caractéristiques particulières du logement à Barcelone, Regional Studies. A partir des données sur l'immobilier à Barcelone (de 1998 à 2001), cet article cherche à estimer les élasticités par rapport au prix et au revenu de la demande de caractéristiques particulières du logement. On emploie une façon à deux temps qui estime des équations de prix hédonistes pour divers districts afin d'estimer par la suite les équations de demande correspondantes. Les résultats permettent d'analyser jusqu'à quel point les caractéristiques analysées sont complémentaires et substituables, et de classer aussi ces caractéristiques comme biens. En connaissant le prix, les élasticités croisées et les élasticités par rapport au revenu des caractéristiques du logement, on peut faire des recommandations de politique quant aux unités de logement les plus susceptibles d'être subventionnées. Modèles hédonistes Elasticités Demande de logement Garcia J. und Raya J. M. Preis- und Einkommenselastizität der Nachfrage nach Wohnungsmerkmalen in der Stadt Barcelona, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag schätzen wir die Preis- und Einkommenselastizität der Nachfrage nach Wohnungsmerkmalen mit Hilfe von Informationen über die in der Stadt Barcelona im Zeitraum von 1998 bis 2001 bewerteten Merkmale. Zum Einsatz kommt ein zweistufiger Ansatz, bei dem zunächst die hedonischen Preisgleichungen für verschiedene Bezirke geschätzt werden, um anschließend die entsprechenden Nachfragegleichungen zu schätzen. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen eine Analyse der Komplementaritäts- und Ersetzbarkeitsbeziehungen zwischen den untersuchten Merkmalen; ebenso lassen sich diese Merkmale als Güter katalogisieren. Bei einer Kenntnis der Preis-, Kreuz- und Einkommenselastizität von Wohnungsmerkmalen lassen sich Empfehlungen für die Politik formulieren, was die Art der Wohnungseinheiten anbelangt, deren Subvention am wünschenswertesten ist. Hedonische Modelle Elastizitäten Wohnungsnachfrage Garcia J. y Raya J. M. Elasticidades de precios e ingresos en la demanda de características de la vivienda en la ciudad de Barcelona, Regional Studies. En este artículo calculamos las elasticidades de precios e ingresos en la demanda de las características de la vivienda usando información sobre las propiedades valoradas en la ciudad de Barcelona (1998–2001). Empleamos un enfoque bifásico, estimando las ecuaciones de precios hedónicos para los diferentes distritos a fin de calcular posteriormente las correspondientes ecuaciones de la demanda. Los resultados permiten un análisis de las relaciones de complementariedad o sustituibilidad entre las características analizadas; también podemos catalogar estas características como mercancías. Al conocer las elasticidades cruzadas, de precios y de ingresos de las características de las viviendas, pueden realizarse recomendaciones políticas acerca del tipo de viviendas que se deberían subvencionar. Modelos hedónicos Elasticidades Demanda de viviendas

Review of Completed Suicides in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 1999 to 2004

The purpose of this extended review is to assist health care managers, clinicians, prison administrators, and custody staff in identifying and responding effectively to prisoners who present a substantial risk of suicide in the foreseeable future. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) is the largest state-operated prison system in the country, with a census range of 155,365 to 163,346 prisoners between 1999 and 2004. The authors conducted a review of all 154 suicides that occurred in CDCR during this period and examined several factors related to the suicide, including demographic characteristics of the inmate, health care information, suicide method, custody information, and emergency response. The analysis of trends in this six-year review reveals that prisoners who completed suicide were similar to those who took their lives in the community in age distribution and mental health factors. The analysis also found that this group of prisoners who committed suicide had other characteristics or commonalities related specifically to their incarceration. In this review 60% of the suicides were judged to have been foreseeable, preventable, or both. Although suicide is not predictable, the terms "foreseeable" and "preventable" are used to indicate cases in which the risk of suicide was elevated or events occurred that should have triggered clinical or custodial reactions that would have reduced the likelihood of completed suicide. This review provides clues to recognize inmates at elevated risk and identifies some of the health care practices and conditions of confinement to consider for provision of an adequate suicide prevention program.

Evaluating alternative economic growth rates and land use policies for Flathead County, Montana

Nine alternative futures are simulated for Flathead County, Montana for 2000–2014 and 2000–2024. Alternative futures incorporate high, moderate, and low growth rates, and baseline (current), moderately restrictive, and highly restrictive land use policies. Increases in employment are estimated using the IMPLAN regional economic model and translated into acreage requirements for commercial–institutional–industrial (CI&I) units and six types of housing units. Conversion of developable parcels to CI&I and housing units is based on a multiple-criteria score that measures the suitability of developable parcels for various developed uses. Additional jobs and housing units needed to support those jobs increase substantially, particularly for the moderate and high growth rates. Total acreage required for CI&I and housing units exceeds the acreage available for development for the baseline policy with the moderate and high growth rates, and for the moderately restrictive policy with high growth rates. There are no land shortages with any of the growth rates for the highly restrictive land use policy. Moderate and high growth can be sustained through 2024 in Flathead County by implementing a moderately restrictive land use policy if growth rates are moderate, and a highly restrictive land use policy if the growth rates are high.