Housing Type Research Articles

Enhancement of Indoor Thermal Comfort Using Alternative Building Materials and Construction Technology in Low Income Housing - A Case of Trivandrum, Kerala

In India, rapid urbanisation followed by increased demand for housing has led to higher energy consumption in the building sector and a larger percentage of which is contributed by the housing sector. And the population using affordable housing is higher compared to other developed countries (MOUHA, 2013). The occupants tend to achieve the desired level of thermal comfort by personal adjustments and mechanical means. Using energy intensive methods for comfort is not feasible for a country, like India, with a low energy economy. This study analyses the indoor thermal comfort in low income housing with respect to the building materials and construction technology used. Two typologies of housing were studied which includes a row housing constructed using conventional materials, with hollow brick cement plastered walls and RCC roof slabs, and a vertical stacking multi dwelling constructed using Laurie Baker’s alternative construction technology, with rat-trap bond brick walls and filler slabs. The study explored the current scenario of housing based on a thermal comfort field study using questionnaire survey and onsite measurements (following ASHRAE class II protocol) which was then simulated using Design Builder software changing the wall material used to understand the improvement in indoor thermal comfort. An adaptive thermal comfort model and neutral temperature was generated for both types of housing which was then compared with IMAC Model ranges. The adaptive comfort ranges obtained for both housing were too warm than the acceptable ranges and the PMV values in row housing are hot, while that in vertical stacking is slightly warm to warm. The neutral temperature obtained in vertical stacking housing (28 deg C) is within the acceptable range, whereas that of row housing (28.8 deg C) is greater than the upper limit range of neutral temperature under the IMAC model. The results showed that building material with good thermal performance can cause a significant reduction in indoor temperatures thus improving indoor thermal comfort. Thus indoor thermal comfort in low income housing can be improved by using alternative construction technology, without compromising cost-effectiveness and affordability, and thus contributing to energy efficiency.

Issues of Urban Conservation and Collective Memory. The Case of the Asia Minor Post-refugee Urban Neighbourhood Germanika at Nikea, Piraeus, Greece.

The paper presents the main findings of a research conducted at an Asia Minor post-refugee urban neighborhood located at the Greater Piraeus Region within the metropolitan area of Athens. The research took place from October 2022 to January 2023. The main findings of the research outline the issue of urban conservation in terms of urban collective memory. The paper explores the contemporary physiognomy of an urban Asia Minor refugee settlement that comes up against dereliction, uncontrolled building activity and demolitions of the old refugee houses. To explain the significance of these settlements, the paper combines literature review and field work. Field work includes original cartographic depiction of the exact location of the remaining refugee houses as well as documentation through original drawings of typical housing units in the area. The aim of the paper is to put in the forefront the issue of declaration in terms of collective memory in cases where the socio-cultural significance counterweights the architectural value of the buildings.

Analysis of the socio-economic and cultural factors affecting malaria prevention in provinces with high malaria prevalence in Zambia

Malaria, which is endemic in all the provinces of Zambia, remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Records of the high prevalence of malaria is evident in Northern, Eastern, Muchinga and Luapula provinces, despite the implementation of malaria control and prevention strategies aimed at interrupting the disease transmission, which includes the use of treated mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying, presumptive, and treatment therapy among others. These provinces' socio-cultural and economic factors were explored to ascertain if they might contribute to the altered effectiveness of malaria control interventions that have proved successful in other provinces. This study analysed the socio-cultural and economic factors affecting malaria prevention in provinces with high malaria prevalence in Zambia. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to selective households in the four study provinces. 1,580 people participated in the study, with a response rate of 98.8%. 684 were male, and 896 were female. Findings suggest practices and beliefs concerning socio-cultural and economic factors influence the success of malaria control interventions in the provinces. Low levels of education and lack of it, directly impacted the understanding of malaria prevention, transmission, and interventions. Self- medication, use of leftover medicines, and seeking treatment late were attributed to low-income levels in all the four provinces. Type of housing and occupation exposed individuals to malaria infection. Tailoring malaria preventive measures to the socio-cultural and economic practices of the provinces will help reduce malaria cases in the provinces.

Households’ willingness to pay for waste management improvement in Gombe municipality of Kinshasa, DRC

The setting of the willingness to pay for the reservation and protection of the environment is one of the answers that economics science is giving to the environmental problems that society is increasingly confronted with. This study uses the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) in the municipality of Gombe for the improvement of household waste management. A survey based on 300 households showed that the income, the type of housing, the participation in a collection unit and knowledge of the impact of household waste on the environment positively affect the willingness to pay (WTP); while age, marital status and education negatively affect the willingness to pay (WTP). 71.4% of households agree to share the cost with the city to set up a program to improve waste management. The average WTP is CDF 1500 or $ 0.75.

Dynamic simulation and optimisation of a solar heating system for rural houses in Algeria

This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of solar heating of a stand-alone house located in a continental climate region in Algeria. The design and optimisation of this system are based on dynamic simulations of a typical rural house using a TRNSYS-Fortran program. To manage all the subsystems composing the heating system, a pertinent control strategy is adopted. Using 2.8-m3 storage tanks, the optimal solar share in meeting the annual thermal needs of the house is 46%. Besides, an energy-efficient design based on a local bio-composite thermal insulation material reduces the thermal energy needs of the house by 42%. The results of optimisation calculations are compared to experimental tests and show good agreement. For environmental impact, the study reveals that 39% of CO2 emissions can be avoided annually. Moreover, the economic cost of the system has been evaluated, and the results show that the payback period is 53 years.

Comparaison Des Consommations De Charbon De Bois Des Foyers Améliorés Et Des Foyers Métalliques, Une Approche Modélisée

A survey of households in a suburban area of Madagascar has enabled us to discern the use of improved cook stoves and metal charcoal stoves, depending on the socio-economic, cultural and technical factors characterizing the households. This study presents a model of charcoal consumption for these two stoves, using quantitative and qualitative variables. The models developed make it possible to compare the two stoves in terms of the average quantity of charcoal consumed monthly by the households. As a result, for both stoves, household size correlates positively with charcoal consumption, while price correlates inversely. A forecast charcoal price of 725 Ariary (local currency) per kilo results in an 11.3% drop in consumption, on average, for both types of charcoal stove. However, a 2.8% reduction in charcoal expenditure with improved cook stoves, and just 0.15% with metal stoves. Households with metal households are therefore less sensitive to price variations. The life-standing character of the electricity bill is also verified, i.e. wealthier families consume more electrical energy than poorer ones. With metal stoves, the number of baccalaureate holders correlates positively with charcoal consumption. As for the type of housing occupied by households, the better it is, the lower the charcoal consumption. Furthermore, it is proved that the charcoal saved by using improved cook stoves is only 2.44% by weight. Households using improved cook stoves consumed an average of 9.663 kg/cap/month, compared with 9.899 kg/cap/month for metal stoves. This is still a long way from the expected results. Market regulation, training and sensitizing activities concerning improved cook stoves are needed to achieve the objectives set and to ensure the sustainability of the programs promoting these stoves.

195 The Impact of Developmental Housing Type on Toe Growth and Wear in Sows

Abstract Swine housing systems are ever-changing to improve animal husbandry. Recently, gilts are being transitioned from gestation stalls to pens with resulting phenotypic effects being unclear. Toe growth and wear are often negated during structural analysis, with objective data of their trends being limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of housing type on toe growth and wear during gestation of golts. York x Landrace gilts (n = 321) were used at the UNL ENREC swine farm. Gilts were randomly assigned to either pen (4 pigs/pen; 2.09 m2/pig) or stall (2.06 x 0.48 m) housing at 210 days of age. For analysis, gilts were lifted in a Feet First Chute (Zinpro) to permanently mark the lateral toes on the left front and back feet at ~1 cm from the coronary band. Toe length above and below the mark was measured with a digital caliper. Measurements took place before breeding (PRE), at day 30 (D30), day 57 (D57), and day 100 (D100) of gestation, and at weaning (WEAN). Estimated marginal means were calculated with regards for development group, housing type, and initial toe lengths. From PRE to D100, stall housed gilts had greater (P < 0.01) front growth (32.5 vs. 26.8 mm), similar front wear (-25.3 vs. -23.4 mm), greater (P < 0.01) back growth (39.1 vs. 34.3 mm), greater (P < 0.01) back wear (-32.3 vs. -28.1 mm), a greater (P < 0.01) total front length (41.6 vs. 39.6 mm), and a slightly longer total back length (45.5 vs. 45 mm). From D100 to WEAN, pen housed gilts had more (P < 0.05) back wear (-5.12 vs. -4.32 mm) and subsequently less (P < 0.01) total back growth (4.88 vs. 6.50 mm); with no other differences showing significance. These results suggest that housing can alter feet conformation with stall developed gilts having longer toes when entering farrowing.

Future indoor overheating risk for urban village housing in subtropical region of China under long-term changing climate

Over the last two decades, China has witnessed a surge in the emergence of urban villages characterized by high building density and significant migrant populations, primarily due to shifts in land use during urbanization. Housings in urban villages with low-cost design strategies, potentially exposing them to indoor overheating risks under climate changes. Given the scarcity of literature analyzing thermal performance of these houses, this study aims to assess the future indoor overheating risk of common urban village house types based on different construction material in subtropical China with two metrics which are Indoor Overheating Hours (IOH) and Indoor Overheating Degree (IOD), and explore effective methods to counter outdoor thermal stress. A four-month on-site measurement was conducted to calibrate the building thermal environment calculation model. Results demonstrate pronounced indoor overheating risks for both selected houses, Traditional Urban Village House (TUVH) and Contemporary Urban Village House (CUVH), particularly under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 8.5 scenario. TUVH and CUVH may experience up to 2111 and 4325 overheating hours, respectively, with the IOD reaching 7.1 °C and 10.9 °C. Moreover, employing a global sensitivity analysis, we found that adding opaque shading for external wall is an effective retrofit strategy for TUVH and CUVH. This study contributes to evaluating the thermal performance of urban village houses under long-term climate changes with the findings promoting future retrofit strategy research for urban village houses focusing on housing types and usage pattern of the housings.

Defining methods for architectural and planning organization of temporary settlements for internally displaced persons in Ukraine

This article analyzes the main issues of architectural and planning organization of temporary settlements for internally displaced persons. It identifies the current demands for increased flexibility and resilience in planning and explores a new type of temporary housing with a progressive (permanent) core. Special attention is given to incremental design and participation as methods of uniting the efforts of designers, communities, and governments into a single strategy for providing sustainable housing for affected populations. A review of the research revealed two main problems in the strategic planning of housing assistance: the issue of stability in the concept of "temporary housing" and the challenge of flexible planning solutions. In response to this, the introduction of new transitional types - "transitional shelters" designed using materials and structures that can be upgraded or reused in more permanent housing units, and "progressive shelters" - stationary, rapidly deployable shelters on designated land (with appropriate zoning) intended for future conversion into permanent housing units. In a methodological sense, both types feature a permanent, stable core and temporary residential volumes or structures that gradually evolve into a permanent living environment—a concept known as incremental architecture. It changes the morphological understanding of temporary housing, allowing it to be engaged at all stages of housing assistance alongside participatory methods and "advocacy planning" that regulate the involvement of communities and affected populations in planning activities together with specialists and local authorities. The experience of rebuilding the affected city of Constitution in Chile has shown that these methods can enhance the flexible nature of architecture (its planning possibilities and solutions for reuse and reconfiguration) and potentially create new values of permanence. Additionally, a review of the existing Ukrainian experience has revealed a lack of tools for uniting the efforts of designers, communities, and the government into a single strategy for temporary housing policy, thus preventing temporary shelter and housing facilities from meeting all the necessary (social, cultural, and infrastructural) needs of residents. This implies that a polyvalent strategy may be recommended for affected rural communities, simultaneously satisfying the needs of permanent residents and providing affected communities with temporary homes with the potential for permanent residency, as it is impossible to accurately assess the terms of temporary housing use and population repatriation until the end of hostilities.

Studies on the response of House Sparrow Passer domesticus to artificial nest-boxes in rural Arakkonam and Nemili taluks, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India

This study evaluated the response of House Sparrows Passer domesticus to artificial nest-boxes installed in human dwellings in 30 villages in Arakkonam and Nemili taluks, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu between February and July 2019, with help of school students who installed 245 artificial nest-boxes in their houses. House Sparrows attempted to build nests in 32 nest-boxes by frequent visits, built partial nests in 51, and built active nests followed by successful breeding in 32 nest-boxes; there was no response to the remaining 130. A significant relationship was detected between the type of house and the adoption of boxes by the birds. The maximum response was seen in tiled houses, followed by concrete and thatched houses. House Sparrows preferred nest-boxes placed at heights between 3 and 4 m. At the end of the breeding season, a total of 80 chicks successfully emerged from 32 active nests. Some mortality in adult birds due to ceiling fans and predatory animals such as House Crows and Domestic Cats was reported. Active nests in nest-boxes and birds were found in villages where mobile phone towers were installed. Of 32 active nests enumerated in nest-boxes, 22 were found within a 500 m radius of mobile phone towers, two from 500–1,000 m and eight from 1,000–2,000 m. Further study is planned to examine the relationship between mobile towers and nest site selection by sparrows. A survey done through a questionnaire reveals that 95% of residents were aware of and concerned about the declining populations of House Sparrow.

Distribution and Characteristics of Single and Double Barrel House Type in the Mountainous Areas of South Gangwon Province and North Gyeongsang Province

Distribution and Characteristics of Single and Double Barrel House Type in the Mountainous Areas of South Gangwon Province and North Gyeongsang Province

A Study on Planning Direction Through a Survey of Residental Satisfaction with Urban Living Housing Type

A Study on Planning Direction Through a Survey of Residental Satisfaction with Urban Living Housing Type

Thermography as an indicator of goat welfare in an intensive production system.

This study evaluated the welfare of Saanen, Moxoto, and Anglo-Nubian goats kept in collective or individual pens for a feedlot system, evaluated with infrared thermography. A total of twenty-four goats were used, eight for each breed. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, with a 2 × 3 factorial with two fixed effects: housing type (collective or individual pens) and breed (Moxoto, Saanen, and Anglo-Nubian). The surface temperature was evaluated using an infrared thermographic camera, and behavioral analysis was based on the qualitative behavior assessment using a fixed list of descriptors. The breed was not different for all behavior evaluations and surface temperature (p>0.05). There was a difference between the housing types, where the collective pens showed goats more agitated, frustrated, and sociable (p<0.05). There was an influence of agitated, apathetic, frustrated, attentive, and curious behaviors on surface temperatures, in which feet and body temperatures decreased in these goats. (p<0.05). Moxoto, Anglo-Nubian, and Saanen goats showed similar behavior even when kept in collective or individual pens. Individual pens can restrict the goats' social relationships but reduce negative behaviors such as irritation and frustration. The lower foot temperatures of feedlot goats are related to the attention behavior in 86.75% of the observations.

Can housing conditions and features affect well-being? A review through Indoor Environmental Quality aspects and Mental Health implications

Abstract The purpose of the scoping review is to explore the relationship between housing conditions, Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), and mental health implications on human well-being. In fact, time spent at home increased due to the recent COVID-19 lockdown period, and social-sanitary emergencies are expected to grow due to the urbanization phenomenon. Thus, the role of the physical environment in which we live, study, and work, has become of crucial importance, as the literature has recently highlighted. This scoping review, conducted on the electronic database Scopus, led to the identification of 366 articles. This, after the screening processes based on the inclusion criteria, led to the final inclusion of 31 papers related specifically to the OECD area. The review allowed the identification of five housing conditions [house type, age, and floor level; housing qualities; household composition; neighborhood; green spaces] that, by influencing the IEQ parameters, had impacts on the mental health outcomes addressed. By synthesizing the contributions of the review, a list of design recommendations has been provided. These will serve as a basis for future researchers, from which to develop measures to reduce inequalities in housing by making them healthier, more resilient, and salutogenic.

Influence of passive solar gains on the energy consumption of a typical house in Algiers

The purpose of a bioclimatic house is to make every effort to reduce the need for heating and cooling. For this a well studied architecture of the house is essential: - the positioning of windows to capture the maximum solar radiation, - Good thermal insulation of the house to reduce heat loss. This study focuses on the effect of solar and internal heat gain on the energy consumption of a typical well insulated house. The degree day’s method is used to determine the heat losses by transmission and ventilation according to international standards on thermal insulation of building (NBN B62-301), the results are very interesting and promising. By including the solar and internal gains, which vary from 900 to 1400 kWh, the energy consumption decreases significantly. The thermal load for heat reaches 60 kWh, but by including the free thermal gains, 10 kWh of energy can be saved daily.

Factors and determinants of housing choices in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria

The study examined the factors and determinants of housing choices in Kaduna metropolis. Respondents were selected using purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive techniques. Also, data for the research adopt the use of Key Informant Interview (KII), questionnaire and field observation. The result shows the various types of houses that includes 3 Bedrooms Detached (66.7%), 2 Bedroom Detached (11.4%), 3 Bedrooms Semi Detached (9.8%) as types of housing residence. Also, the findings revealed that aluminum roofing was the major roofing material used for the houses (48%). In addition, the major sources of water supply in the study area were borehole (72.4%). Also, the distance from house to school shows that half of the respondents covered almost less than 10km. The studies revealed that MPH estate was the major housing private partnership provider with 33.3% and preferred choice followed by Tripple A, while the Tapiddac was the least private partnership provider. Despite the preferences of private partnership providers, the respondent preferred affordability of houses (43.1%) rather than housing quality (29.3%), security (15.4) and housing accessibility (12.2%) was the lowest reason for the choice of houses. The result also revealed that too much bureaucratic process as one of the major challenges during acquiring of a house unit followed by a long waiting period. Also, the findings revealed that beneficiary must be an active civil servant with monthly salary or a registered business to serve as one of the criteria to be fulfilled before he/she can own a house.

Implementasi UU Perlindungan Konsumen dan UU Kepailitan terhadap Konsumen Properti Pemegang PPJB

The growth of the property business in Indonesia is increasing from year to year. This is evident from people's interest in investing their income in the property sector, whether in the form of housing, shophouses, apartments or other types. Unfortunately, the desire for profit is not always as expected. This happens to some consumers where the hope of making a profit through purchasing a property ends up making a loss when the developer is declared bankrupt. How is the implementation of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) linked to Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (UUK) in protecting consumer rights? This writing uses normative research methods with prescriptive - evaluative specifications, with the aim of obtaining advice and evaluating how the law is applied to cases that occur. The conclusion shows that the implementation of the UUPK in protecting property consumers holding PPJB is still weak and unclear because it does not explicitly explain protection in terms of compensation for losses for property consumers. The implementation of UUK is in accordance with statutory regulations, although it cannot be avoided that the developer's bankruptcy process will result in losses for consumers holding PPJB, where consumers holding PPJB are included in the status of concurrent creditors.&#x0D;

The verification of hen egg types by the classification of ultra-weak photon emission data

Examples from living systems at various levels of the biological hierarchy and also from natural food products show that ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) has potential applications in the rating of vital functions and quality testing. In this study, the UPE of chicken eggs has been tested regarding the possibility of egg quality verification. The UPE from intact eggs and separated egg parts were subjected to supervised and unsupervised classification methods according to different housing types. The results of unsupervised egg grouping substantially agreed with the types of hen rearing. The Cohen’s Kappa test score for the K-means method was up to K=0.63. Supervised Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with radial kernel function achieved a relatively high accuracy (AC), up to 88%, also confirmed by the value of the K-statistics up to 0.81. This study shows that the best result of egg types classification can be obtained using UPE emission data from all egg parts.

Active solar heating system for residential building in Algeria An energetic economic and environmental investigation

In this work we used a typical single family house in Algeria as an example, the influence of building type on the energetic efficiency of an integrated solar combisystem (SCS) is determined by means of numerical simulation using TRNSYS software program. We considered two types of buildings, which have the same size and the same orientation. The first one is a low energy pilot house performed by CDER 'Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables' and CNERIB 'Centre National d’Etudes et Recherches Intégrées du Bâtiment' in the framework of MED-ENEC project, however, the second considered house is a virtual building; in which the walls are of the conventional type in Algeria. Based on the obtained results, it is outlined how the total system load can be decreased by adopting some solar architecture techniques. The analysis of the auxiliary energy required by the solar combi system and the average solar fraction; shows the profitability of the SCS application in Algeria, especially in the case of low energy house. Furthermore, the economic aspect and the environmental impacts of the integrated solar heating system have been investigated. The equity payback and greenhouse gas 'GHG' emissions have been estimated by means of a numerical simulation using the powerful tools of the RETScreen free software program. The obtained results showed that the equity payback is strongly dependent on the fuel used by the conventional heating system. In the case, where the heating is assured by the gasoil, the equity payback is around the half of the project lifetime. From the environmental standpoint, the solar application is entirely advantageous. In addition, the natural gas is the most favourable conventional energy resource, with a minimum yearly GHG emissions compared to electricity and gasoil.

СУЧАСНА ТИПОЛОГІЯ ЖИТЛОВИХ БУДІВЕЛЬ

In modern design practice, the idea of housing as a hierarchically constructed system, stretching from the world of things in family life to the settlement as a whole, occupies a strong place. The approval of these ideas in real and futuristic projects, in theory and in buildings is a characteristic feature of the recent history of housing creation. Even in the 20s, many architects sought to push the boundaries of housing design to the development of furniture and equipment. Many projects of that and later times are known, in which social and household services are modeled in a residential building and outside it, zones of individual and social activity are marked. The urban planning aspect received an increasingly active expression in housing issues. Thus, the concept of "housing" was significantly expanded, and in the 1960s and 1970s, another more precise definition of this system as a residential environment became widespread. The modern typology of residential buildings is very diverse and has deep historical roots. It covers both the traditional experience in creating housing and the developments of recent years. Since residential construction is one of the most dynamic areas of architectural practice, the process of improvement and development of housing forms is continuous. The very concept of "type of residential building" has received a rather broad interpretation. This is reflected in various classifications of residential buildings found in the literature. The different properties of buildings serve as the basis for distinguishing types of residential buildings. However, the most stable and common signs for determining the type of house are considered to be: superficiality; type of communications providing access to residential units; connection with the ground level.