Hose Type Research Articles

Evaluation of human urine purification using rice husk charcoal as the adsorbent

The abundant amount and availability of human urine potentially can be re-used for water and nutrient resources. Nutrient content in urine, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, can cause eutrophication in waters and worsen the environment. Urine is not easy to be managed separately because it is usually integrated with black water or domestic wastewater that flows to the sewer from households or other public facilities. The decline in water quality and the increase in water consumption by the global community have given many driving forces to technological breakthroughs that can recover important nutrients from waste for reuse. In addition, the high-water content of urine also provides an incentive to reuse or recycle most of the water contained in urine for public purposes. Rice husk charcoal is a waste product from burning husks used as fuel in the tofu-making process. It is usually used for poultry bedding or soil enhancer in gardening. This research aimed to characterize the utilization of rice husk charcoal as an adsorbent to treat urine to obtain clean water. The urine was processed using 30-mesh rice husk charcoal as an adsorbent. The soaking time and hose type were varied to identify the effect on the adsorption performance. The urine absorption using rice husk charcoal with 60 minutes soaking time showed the highest removal based on the absorbance value of 27.18% at 487 nm wavelength and 28.25% at 668 nm wavelength. On the other hand, the adsorption using a curved hose showed better performance than the straight hose. The adsorption using the curved hose could decrease the urine concentration by 25.30-29.24% at 487 nm wavelength and 28.50-30.19% at 668 nm wavelength. In addition, the urine total dissolved solids (TDS) decreased by 73-76%. Therefore, rice husk charcoal could be used as the adsorbent in the adsorption of human urine.

In situ measurements of void fractions and bubble size distributions in bubble curtains

We report the development of a novel measurement system designed to measure bubble properties in bubble curtains (i.e. planar bubble plumes) in situ alongside acoustical measurements. Our approach is based on electrical, contact-based needle sensors in combination with an optical system. The latter is used for calibration and validation purposes. Correcting for the insensitive distance of the needle tips yields very good agreement between the two approaches in terms of the local void fraction and bubble size distributions. Finally, the system is employed to study bubble plumes evolving from three different hose types. All hoses display consistent self-similar behaviour with spreading rates increasing with increasing gas flow. The spreading is further found to be significantly higher when the bubble plumes originated from a porous hose compared to the two other hose types featuring either discrete holes or nozzle elements.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS CHANGE OF THE OF FIRE HOSES WHEN USING THE PROTEK 366 NOZZLE

Main hose lines are usually laid to transport water and working solutions of foaming agents to the centre of the fire when extinguishing large fires or fires with hydrants for remote control. Their components are separate pressure fire hoses and they come in different diameters. As a result of their operation during the fire extinguishing substances transportation, fire hoses change their geometric parameters primarily their length. For different types of hoses and their different diameters, it has been established that their elongation occurs under hydrodynamic pressure. In some cases, when using a plug at the end of a fire hose, the relative elongation coefficient of fire hoses was 1,04. 3 types of hoses were used for the research: latex fire hoses with diameters of 51 mm and 77 mm type T and fire hoses with double-sided polymer coating with diameters of 51 mm type T. All hoses were previously used during the real work of fire calculations. The results presented in the paper are an averaging of each of the three hose types. The experiments were carried out under typical conditions in the open air using a Protek 366 fire barrel under constant fluid flow and different pressure values at its inlet. Fire hoses were placed on a horizontal surface. The elongation of fire hoses when they transport water depends on the physical and mechanical properties of the materials from which they are made, the pressure of the liquid at their inlet and consumption. The maximum elongation (62 cm with a hose length of 1960 cm, the relative elongation was 0,032) was recorded when transporting water with a fire hose in diameter of 77 mm at a pressure at its inlet of 1,0 MPa and a flow rate of 1,9 l/s. The questions of the change in head loss along the length were not considered. There were no significant changes in the diameters of fire hoses.

Integration of life cycle assessment and life cycle costing for the eco-design of rubber products

Rubber hoses are a category of rubber products that are widely and intensively employed in construction sites for concrete conveying. There has been lack of study to investigate the life cycle environmental and economic impacts of the rubber hoses as an industrial product. In this study, we analyze four types of rubber hoses with the inner layer made of different rubber composites to resist abrasion, i.e., Baseline, S-I, S-II and S-III. Tests of the wear resistance are carried out in the laboratory and S-III shows high abrasion resisting performance with the concrete conveying volume up to 20,000 m3 during the service life. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) models are established for evaluating the four types of rubber hoses. A target function is developed to integrate LCA and LCC by converting the LCA results to the environmental costs. It is found that S-III can save 13% total cost comparing to Baseline. The production stage is the largest contributor to the environmental single score, while the use stage is the largest contributor to the life cycle cost. Sensitivity analyses are conducted and the results of this study are validated with the previous studies. The integrated method of LCA and LCC developed in this study paves a way for the eco-design of industrial rubber hoses and is potentially applicable to other rubber products.

An Overview on Bonded Marine Hoses for Sustainable Fluid Transfer and (Un)Loading Operations via Floating Offshore Structures (FOS)

Due to the demand for oil production in varying water depth regions, the advantage of flexible buoyant conduits has led to an increase in bonded marine hoses for fluid transfer and (un)loading operations. The fluid transfer system for bonded marine hoses is dependent on floating offshore structures (FOS). This paper presents an overview of different systems for sustainable fluid transfer and (un)loading operations via FOS, such as Single Point Mooring (SPM) systems. SPMs are component aspects of the techno-economic design and FOS operation. This review aims to present sustainable fluid transfer technologies while addressing the subject of bonded marine hoses based on application, configuration, test models, hose selection criteria, hose-mooring configurations and operational views. This paper also includes an overview of the hose dynamics, with the loading and unloading (or discharging) techniques for sustainable fluid transfer via marine bonded hoses, based on operational challenges encountered. To dynamically present the hose performance in this review, an overview of the test methods’ guidance as specified in available industry standards was conducted. The pros and cons of marine hose application were also presented. Finally, this study presents different marine hose types and novel design configurations applied in implementing hose-mooring systems. Some concluding remarks with recommended solutions on the technology were presented in this review.

ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN APPROACHES TO TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND TESTING METHODS OF FIRE-FIGHTING LAYFLAT DELIVERY HOSES FOR FIRE AND RESCUE VEHICLES

Among the technical means intended for transportation of fire extinguishing substances to the fire center, the main role is definitely played by delivery fire hoses. At present, the Civil Protection Rescue Service units use mainly pressure fire hoses type "T" (for fire-rescue vehicles) with a diameter of 51 mm and 77 mm, the technical condition of which often does not meet the established requirements, which may not withstand the pressure developing pumps, even traditionally used fire-rescue vehicles during firefighting. The use of such hoses in extinguishing real fires can lead to limited opportunities, reduce the effectiveness of operational and tactical actions of the Civil Protection Rescue Service units, as well as expose personnel to danger. The requirements of the State Standard of Ukraine 2273:2006 in Ukraine are outdated and do not meet the practical needs of today. Given the fact that in the leading countries of the world there are new types of fire hoses and technologies for their creation, as well as due to the fact that adopted in Ukraine State Standard of Ukraine EN 15889: 2017 does not apply to fire-fighting layflat delivery hoses for fire-rescue vehicles, the issue of developing a national standard for this type of fire hoses is relevant. In addition, the European normative document CEN / TR 16099 states that there is no single standard in the European Union that would establish technical requirements for "fire-fighting layflat delivery attack", ie those used with fire and rescue vehicle pumps. In EU countries, this issue is regulated by separate national standards of member states. Confirmation of this approach is the German national standard DIN 14811-2008 / A1-2012, A2-2014. The urgency of developing a national standard regulating the general technical requirements and test methods for fire-fighting layflat delivery hoses for fire-rescue vehicles is given. The modern approaches of the European Union to the establishment of technical requirements and methods for assessing the quality of such hoses are analyzed. The possibility of applying these approaches at the national level has been identified.
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Spatial Analysis for Fire Risk Reduction in Kampung Ampel Cultural Heritage Area, Surabaya

The objective of the research is to improve fire risk reduction in Kampung Ampel Surabaya through: [1] identifying the current firefighting system in Surabaya; [2] identifying the characteristics and conditions of Kampung Ampel; [3] identifying structure of the problem; [4] proposing strategies for fire risk reduction in Kampung Ampel. The analysis will focus on determining risks and resources of Kampung Ampel to fire hazard using Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. Risk and resources are combined to find out the areas that have the highest risk of fire hazard. The results of the analyses consist of challenges and possible solutions. The challenges can be concluded as follow: [1] resources for firefighting cannot cover the entire area of Kampung Ampel; and [2] resources for evacuation cannot accommodate all the population and visitors. The proposed solutions for those challenges are: [1] reactivation of inactive fire wells; [2] utilization on source of water in Ampel Mosque; [3] proposing wider road to connect roads which are wider than 3.5 meters but are blocked by narrower roads; [4] the purchase of adapters to connect different types of fire hoses; [5] adding the number of fire hoses brought to the site; [6] remodeling the vulnerable buildings using inflammable materials with keeping the value of cultural landscape; [7] keeping portable fire pump in Ampel Mosque to facilitate the fire handling by residents; and [8] preparing evacuation route to the closest open space areas. The application of those solutions can reduce the high-risk area from 26.6% to 0.2%.

ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FIRE-FIGHTING DELIVERY HOSES USED TOGETHER WITH THE FIRE-RESCUE EQUIPMENT

The urgency of the issue of substantiation of technical requirements to fire-fighting layflat delivery hoses for fire-rescue equipment is given. Fire hoses are a significant component of fire fighting equipment. According to DSTU 2273, a fire hose is a flexible conduit fitted at the ends with connecting heads intended for the transport of extinguishing agents. Among the technical means intended for the transportation of extinguishing agents to the fire cell, the main role is certainly played by delivery fire hoses. According to DSTU 2273 delivery fire hoses (in EU countries they are classified as "layflat") are intended for transportation of extinguishing agents under excess pressure. At present, there are a number of standards in Ukraine and in the leading countries of the world that set the technical requirements for delivery fire hoses, in particular those used in conjunction with fire rescue equipment, namely DSTU 3810-98, DIN 14811, EN 14540: 2004 + A1: 2007, etc. In addition, a draft state standard is being developed in the Republic of Belarus. Considering the process of gradual integration of Ukraine into the European Union and the fact that the requirements of the current national standard DSTU 3810-98 do not meet the modern European requirements for layflat delivery hoses for fire-fighting equipment, a pressing issue is the justification such types of hoses. In order to assist in solving this problem, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Civil Protection is currently conducting a research work "Justification of fire hose test methods", within which a national standard will be developed, which regulates general technical requirements and test methods for the fire-fighting layflat hoses for fire – rescue vehicles. The basic technical requirements for the specified hoses, which meet the modern requirements of the EU and which, after appropriate experimental justification, can be considered in the draft national standard, which regulates the general technical requirements and test methods for the fire-fighting layflat hoses for fire – rescue vehicles to be developed. This publication lists six tables that provide basic specifications for delivery fire hoses. Keywords: abrasion, burst pressure, layflat delivery fire hoses, fire – rescue vehicles, proof pressure, technical requirements, specifications, working pressure.

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL COMPLIANCE AND BASIC TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LAYFLAT FIRE HOSES FOR FIRE-RESCUE EQUIPMENT

The urgency of the study of modern requirements for structural design, as well as the basic technical requirements for layflat fire hoses for fire-rescue equipment are given. To date, in Ukraine the requirements for design and basic technical requirements for fire delivery hoses for fire-fighting equipment are given in DSTU 3810-98. Given that the requirements of the national standard DSTU 3810-98 to some extent obsolete and do not meet the practical needs of today, and given the recent emergence of new types of fire hoses in the leading countries of the world, it is an urgent question to study modern requirements for structural performance, as well as the basic technical requirements for layflat fire hoses for fire fighting equipment. A report on the research work of the Ukrainian Civilian Research Institute on the development of a national standard for fire hose specifications in 1998 shows the results of studies to justify the technical requirements for delivery hoses. At the same time, these studies do not reflect the current state of play regarding the design of these products. In order to solve this problem at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Civil Protection, a research work is being conducted “Grounding of fire hoses test methods”, within which a national standard will be established that will establish, in particular, modern scientific substantive requirements for structural design and basic technical requirements for the layflat delivery fire hoses for fire and rescue equipment. Pressure fire hoses are flexible pipelines that are used to supply water and aqueous solutions of foaming agents over a distance under pressure. The main requirements for delivery fire hoses are the requirements for flexibility, tightness, wide temperature range of operation and, of course, the requirements for ensuring their durability and durability. To ensure the outlined requirements, the delivery hoses are made of elastomeric materials that are reinforced with cord. Usually, they have a composite multilayer inner structure characterized by the presence of an inner and, sometimes, an outer rubber layer, as well as the presence of one or more layers of textile frame. The presence of the frame can significantly increase the strength (and, consequently, increase the allowable operating pressure), as well as provide the necessary stability and radial rigidity of the hose. Modern approaches to the design of delivary fire hoses have been analyzed. Keywords: fire-rescue equipment, layflat delivery fire hoses, structural design, technical requirements.

ABOUT IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGULATORY BASE FOR TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS AND TEST METHODS FOR DELIVERY FIRE HOSES

The urgency of the development of the corresponding national standard, which regulates the technical requirements and test methods for the layflat delivery fire hoses for fire vehicle. Currently, the Operative Rescue Service mainly uses pressure hoses of the “T” type (for fire vehicle ) with a diameter of 51 mm and 77 mm, the technical condition of which often does not meet the requirements, which may not withstand the pressure that pumps of even traditionally used fire vehicle develop when extinguishing fires. The use of such hoses in extinguishing real fires can limit the ability, reduce the effectiveness of operational and tactical operations of operational and rescue units, as well as put personnel at risk. Today, there are a number of complaints from Civil Protection Operations and Rescue units regarding substandard fire hoses being purchased and operated. Basically, the complaints concern the non-conformity of these products with respect to the pressure requirements and the wear resistance of the surface of the material from which it is made. Over the past three years, the State Emergency Service has purchased about 120 fire vehicle each year, which are completed with fire delivery hoses with diameters of 51 and 77 mm. The requirements of the current national standard DSTU 3810-98 in Ukraine are outdated and do not meet the practical needs of today. Taking into account that new types of fire hoses and technologies of their creation have appeared in the leading countries of the world, and considering that the standard in Ukraine DSTU EN 15889: 2017 does not apply to layflat delivery fire hoses for fire vehicles, the issue of developing a national standard for this type of fire hose is urgent. In addition, European regulatory document CEN / TR 16099 states that the EU does not have a single standard that sets the technical requirements for "flat-fire attack hoses", ie those used with fire-fighting pumps. In EU countries, this issue is likely to be governed by the individual national standards of the Member States. This is confirmed by the German national standard DIN 14811-2008 / A1-2012, A2-2014. The technical characteristics and test methods of fire hoses in accordance with current DSTU 3810-98 and German standard DIN 14811-2008 are given. On the basis of analytical research the methods of testing layflat delivery fire hoses are specified, which will be given in the draft national standard. Keywords: layflat delivery fire hoses, rescue vehicles, specifications, test methods.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS OF DRIP LATERALS WITH CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTIC CROSS SECTION

Lately, the drip irrigation systems find more and more application, which led to the production of a new type of drip laterals – with flat to elliptic cross section and comparatively small thickness of the wall – from 0.2 to 0.9 mm, compared to the conventional ones with circular cross section and wall thickness over 1 mm. The main advantage of the first type is that they are comparatively cheap and are offered in the form of small rolls, the length of the hose being from 500 to 3500 m which makes their transportation to warehouses, assembly and disassembly very convenient. With the smaller thickness of the walls, the laterals have almost clenched form and are intended to be used for one irrigation season, while those with higher thickness, with elliptic form, may be used for several seasons. The inside welded emitters are flat and have a very small water-stopping head area compared to the annular water-stopping cross section of the cylindrical drippers in the conventional circular type of laterals. This is connected with the smaller head losses in the movement of water in them, which is an important advantage. The paper presents and analyses the results of the hydraulic test of the two types of drip hoses – with circular and elliptic cross section, in order to find the head losses for different lengths - 40, 60 and 80 m and heads in the beginning of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 m, as well as the coefficients of uniformity for both types. The following hoses of both types were tested: JUNIOR, with circular cross section and internal diameter of 13.8 mm, nominal diameter 16 mm, thickness of wall 1.1mm, cylindrical type of drippers with a flow rate of 2.1 l/h and interval between nozzles 0.30 m (Irritec, Italy); DP Line (D5), with elliptic cross section, with the same sizes and intervals but with a wall thickness 0.6 mm and flat type of drippers (Irritec, Italy). The results indicate that irrespectively of the elliptic form of the cross section which is with a very small hydraulic radius, the head losses are almost equal to those with the circular cross section with cylindrical drippers, which is due to the minor head losses because of the flat nozzles in them. The values of the absolute coefficient of uniformity and the calculated one according to the method of Christiansen for all options are presented. The test is performed for zero slope, while modelling is performed for slopes 1% and 2%. The analysis of the data indicates that for zero slope of the terrain the increase of head leads to increase of the coefficients of uniformity for the three tested lengths of laterals; for 1% are observed very small tendencies for reduction of those coefficients, while for 2% the coefficients have higher values compared to the other slopes, again with slightly expressed tendency for change. The higher values in the 2% slope are due to the additional head caused by the geodetic level difference of the terrain.

Fundamental evaluation experiment of passive damping mechanism using wire for aerial hose type robot

Fundamental evaluation experiment of passive damping mechanism using wire for aerial hose type robot

How can we assess the effects of urban environment on obesity using aggregated data?

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the effects of urban physical environment on individual obesity using geographically aggregated health behavior surveillance data applying a geo-imputation method.Introduction'Where we live' affects 'How we live'. Information about 'how one lives' collected from the public health surveillance data such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Neighborhood environment surrounding individuals affects their health behavior or health status are influenced as well as their own traits. Meanwhile, geographical information of subjects recruited in the health behavior surveillance data is usually aggregated at administrative levels such as a county. Even if we do not know accurate addresses of individuals, we can allocate them to the random locations where is analogous to their real home within a locality using a geo-imputation method. In this study, we assess the association between obesity and built environment by applying random property allocation (1).MethodsData from the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS), which is the nationwide community-based cross-sectional survey conducted by 253 community health centers in South Korea, were used (2). More than 90000 subjects recruited in the capital city Seoul from 2011 to 2014. They were selected by two-step stratified random sampling (424 administrative communities with an average area of 1.16km2 and two house types) in each 25 counties. We re-allocated them randomly on the nested locality based on their community (administrative boundaries) and hose type (land-use) using GIS program (Figure 1). Surrounding built environment elements such as fast-food markets, driving roads, public transit and road-crosse were measured within 500m buffer from randomly allocated locations as density or distance. Variables associating obesity are measured by : 1) self-reported obesity (self-reported body mass index(BMI) ≥ 25) (Figure 2), 2) perceived obesity, 3) intention to weight control. We implemented logistic regression models to estimate the effect of physical environmental factors on obesity.ResultsThe person who lives in a detached house, nearer fast food markets or with higher driving road density was more likely to be obese. Who lives in a detached house was less perceived their obesity. Who lives in a detached house, nearer fast food markets or with higher driving road density was less likely to intend to control their body weights. Association between intention to weight control and accessibility to subway station showed marginal effect.ConclusionsUrban environments influenced individual's obesity, perception, and intention to weight loss. Since we used cross-sectional survey data, we do not account cumulative environmental influence. Moreover, individuals' self-selection of more healthier places were not accounted. Even though we did not measure the environment at individuals' real address, we can measure the effects of neighborhood environment more efficiently by using random property allocation.

Aerial Hose Type Robot by Water Jet for Fire Fighting

Disaster response, especially fire-fighting and rescue, is highly risky for firefighters engaged in action. As a result, many robots intended for fire-fighting have been proposed. However, it is difficult for them to directly access fire sources because their mobility is limited. Specifically, existing robots are large and heavy. Therefore, we propose a novel hose-type robot, which can fly directly into the fire source via a water jet. First, to control the reaction force for stable flying, we developed a nozzle module. By combining two nozzles whose outlet direction can be controlled, the resultant reaction force can be controlled. Finally, we developed a robot with a nozzle module and conducted an experiment. The experiment demonstrates that a robot with a length of approximately 2 m can fly stably in the air by leveraging the water jet. In addition, the head direction can also be controlled.

A method to damp the body oscillation using wires for aerial hose type robot

A method to damp the body oscillation using wires for aerial hose type robot

Experimental analysis of hydraulic discharge line in the time domain

The article presents the results of preliminary experimental analyses of damping pressure pulsation by the hydraulic flexible hoses. The tests have been conducted in the form of a complete two-level experiment, having selected the following parameter variables: flexible hose type (1 or 2-wire hose), pressure value in the pressure line, rotational speed of the pump shaft, pressure line length. The acquired curves have been analysed in time domains. Values of pressure line damping in relation to the dominant pressure peaks have also been determined. The aim of the undertaken tests has been to confirm or overthrow the common belief that the pressure line with flexible hose itself is the sufficient damper of pressure pulsation in a hydraulic pump.

Experimental analysis of hydraulic discharge line in the frequency domain

The article presents the results of the experimental test of the pressure pulsation propagation across hydraulic line. The tests have been conducted in the form of a complete two-level experiment, having selected the following parameter variables: flexible hose type (1 or 2-wire hose), pressure value in the pressure line, rotational speed of the pump shaft, pressure line length. The series of pressure runs were analysed in frequency domain using FFT method. The results confirmed the prediction that the discharge line should be treated as a hydraulic transmission line (similar to the long transmission line) with distributed parameters, which variously attenuates pressure pulses of different frequencies.

Evaluation of Dicamba Persistence among Various Agricultural Hose Types and Cleanout Procedures Using Soybean (Glycine max) as a Bio-Indicator

Synthetic rubbers, synthetic plastic polymers (polyvinyl chlorides [PVC]), polyurethane blends, and polyethylene blends make up modern-day agricultural spray hoses. The objective of this study was to determine whether agricultural hose types would differ with respect to 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) sequestration. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the sequestration potential of dicamba within five agricultural hose types when cleaned with different cleanout procedures. Rinsate solutions were applied to soybean, which was used as a bio-indicator to test for cleanout efficiency. Differences among hose types and cleanout procedures exist with observations including soybean injury, height reduction, dry matter, yield, and part per million by volume (ppmv) analyte retained. The makeup of PVC polyurethane-blend and synthetic rubber–blend hoses increased retention of dicamba analyte when compared with the polyethylene blend hose. No differences were observed after the addition of ammonia to the cleanout solution when compared with water alone. Differences in a hose type’s ability to sequester the dicamba analyte may have more to do with the hose’s internal chemical composition, manufacturing process, and composition breakdown. Scanning electron microscopy revealed imperfections in new PVC polyurethane and synthetic rubber hoses that eventually lead to inner wall depletion of these hose types. This is in contrast to what was found in the polyethylene-blend hose type, in which the inner wall is smooth and free of imperfections.

空気浮上型索状ロボットの噴射方向の二軸能動化手法の提案

Hose type robot is useful for search and rescue mission in narrow spaces. We have proposed air jet type hose type robot whose tip can float in air. The air float hose type robot can move over higher steps and change the moving direction easily. So far, we designed the mechanism to change the air jet direction around one axis. However,for better mobility,air jet direction should be controled around two axes. In this paper we suggest how to change the air jet direction around two axes.

索状体の水噴射を用いた浮上制御方法に関する考察

索状体の水噴射を用いた浮上制御方法に関する考察