Types Of Hedges Research Articles

KOMPARASI HASIL TERJEMAHAN GOOGLE TRANSLATE DAN BING TRANSLATOR DALAM MENERJEMAHKAN HEDGING WORDS

<table width="593" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="387"><p>This study aims to explain the comparison of the translation results of two translation machines, Google Translate and Bing Translator. The object of this research is the hedging words contained in one of the opinions in The Jakarta Post's online newspaper entitled Why Indonesians should write about Indonesia in English more often. The types of hedges that appear in the article and become the object of research are in four types, namely: lexical verb, modal auxiliary verb, compound hedges, and adverb of frequency. From the analysis conducted, the writer found that the translation of hedging words with two translation machines assisted different results of the translation are identical. The method used by the two translation machines is literal translation so that the form and meaning of the source text is equivalent to the form and meaning of the target text. The author believes that the artificial intelligence developed in those two translation machines has different abilities and can be proven by research with wider and more varied sentence objects.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Hedging as an Indicator of Disciplinary Variation in Pakistani Academic Discourse: A Corpus Based Study

Hedging is a pragmatic phenomenon which is practiced to signal interpersonal communication. In academic discourse, hedges are used to signal writers’ presence in a text. This article explores the use of hedges particularly with reference to epistemic and deontic modality markers—important and frequently used types of hedges-- in Pakistani research dissertations belonging to three major disciplines: Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities. The material is based on a special purpose corpus of Pakistani academic writing developed with 235 M.phil and PhD research theses. To find out the frequencies of modal verbs AntConc 3.5.6 was used. All the frequencies were listed and every 50th example was analysed using the theoretical distinction between epistemic and deontic modality outlined by Biber et al. (1999). Statistical analysis of the data reveals, that disciplinary affiliation has a considerable influence on the proportion of epistemic and deontic modality

Innovative approaches in the organization of closed waste-free production of organic pork using cultural and natural agricultural land

The mobile house for two-phase litter rearing piglets was developed in the conditions of pasture their housing, the feature of which is that its side walls and roof are made in the form of two similar in shape and length of arched panels. In the back wall of the inner shield is a litter box, a self-feeder for piglets, a feed unit for a sow and a wicket, and in the front wall of the outer shield are doors with a wicket. Along with this, all walls and the roof of the litter box are made of transparent plastic, and the wall located near the self-feeding trough is also made perforated. In addition, the lower edge of the side wall of the inner arch-shaped shield has slides in which the lower edge of the side wall of the outer arc-shaped shield is inserted. A house with transformable fences has been developed to rear the young pigs. The structural feature of the house is the presence on the outside of the walls of the bobbins with a metal mesh edged at the bottom with a flexible sleeve. In order to ensure the conditions of gentle etching of the vegetation cover and to prevent damage to the turf of the pasture, the house can be completed with another type of hedge consisting of two hinged sections with doors on each side of the fence. In addition, the horizontal wings are rigidly attached to the hedge and connected by a metal mesh around the perimeter, the size of the cells of which ensures that the grass is eaten but prevents the turf of the pasture from being undermined. The developed devices for camp-pasture and feeding of maternal stock, suckling pigs, weaning pigs, repair and fattening pigs are well suited for year-round closed non-waste organic pork production using cultural and natural agricultural land. Key words: housing, feeding, devices, sows, piglets, young animals, pasture, organic pork.

Multiple Diffuse Coding Metasurface of Independent Polarization for RCS Reduction

In this article, a multiple diffuse coding metasurface (MDCM) of independent polarization is designed to control the propagation direction of diffuse reflections under different polarizations and to improve the monostatic and bistatic RCS (radar cross section) reduction effect. First, a method for controlling the distribution range and propagation direction of the diffuse field is studied, and the diffuse field distribution of the random phase metasurface is optimized by a genetic algorithm to improve the uniformity of the diffuse scattering distribution. Then, the random phase distribution is superimposed on the periodic gradient phase distributions of the linear and hedge types in the orthogonal direction so that the main propagation direction of the diffuse metasurface deviates from the specular reflection region under different polarizations, showing single and two diffuse beams. Finally, the anisotropic unit cell with a rectangle inside and an improved Jerusalem cross on the outside is employed as the basic coding element of the MDCM due to its independent polarization phase response. The numerical and experimental results show that the MDCM features multiple diffuse scattering, independent polarization and angle insensitivity and can efficiently improve the monostatic and bistatic RCS reduction effect simultaneously. Because the scattered energies are redirected away from the specular reflection direction, the specular scattering reduction effect is better than the isotropic diffuse metasurface. The proposed method increases the difficulty of detection by single or netted radar and has the potential for the applications of stealth techniques.

Types and Functions of Hedges and Boosters in Graduate Students’ Research Articles

Hedges and Boosters are important rhetorical devices for increasing or reducing the force of claims in academic writing. Compared to other aspects rhetorical patterns or devices in research articles, quite surprisingly the use of hedges and boosters in research articles has attracted little attention from researchers. This study aimed to investigate the use of hedges and boosters employed by graduate students in research articles. This study was a descriptive qualitative study of twenty research articles written by graduate students aiming at revealing the realization of types and functions of hedges and boosters as well as their relations based on the taxonomy of Hyland (1998) and Salager-Meyer (1997). The strategies were elaborated into five sub-research questions to seek for types, functions, and relation of hedges and boosters. The objects of the study were the research articles written by graduate students. The data were gathered through documentation. The findings revealed that there were seven types of hedges and eight types of boosters employed by students. Dealing with the functions of hedges and boosters, it was discovered that the graduate students employed four functions of hedges and three functions of hedges. Moreover, it was discovered that hedges and boosters tend to be clustered together to create harmonic combination. the present study suggests the EFL lecturers to pay attention to the significance of hedges and boosters to enrich the students’ knowledge on the parts of discourse. It might become references for advisors to have many attentions on the students under their guidance.

Agnosticism in Pan-Asian Structured Finance

Fixed income investors doing Asian cross-border deals have become increasingly agnostic in the types of transactions they are now engaging in, departing from the “safe” high-quality credit portfolios that underlie traditional securitizations and venturing into nontraditional asset classes and structures such as equity hybrids, mezzanine debt, single-asset or single-issuer deals, real estate, and distressed debt. These trends are driven by the chase for higher yields. Increasingly, a double-digit internal rate of return is becoming the predominant determinant for whether or not to do a deal. In Asia, however, foreign exchange controls and currency mismatching remain the biggest challenges to realizing such high levels of return. Cross-border movements of capital and currency conversions are often strictly regulated by central banks. Even where and to the extent permitted, the risk of local currency depreciation requires cross-currency and other types of market hedging, the cost of which may well render the proposed deal unfeasible. <b>TOPICS:</b>Fixed income and structured finance, international investing, real estate, risk management, interest-rate and currency swaps

A Corpus-Based Study on Cross-Cultural Divergence in the Use of Hedges in Academic Research Articles Written by Vietnamese and Native English-Speaking Authors

As an interpersonal meta-discourse device, hedges have a significant role in academic writing, especially in research articles (RAs) of various fields. The use of hedges in academic writing helps writers represent their ideology, opinion, and evaluation of issues, as well as to persuade readers to accept their claims. This study examined the cultural divergence in the use of hedges in the results and discussion sections of RAs written by Vietnamese and native English-speaking authors, analyzing the variation in the frequency and types of hedges within the rhetorical structure of RAs. The study was based on the data of two corpora, which were collected from 100 RAs that were judged by the authors’ names and affiliations in the field of applied linguistics, consisting of 50 RAs that were written by Vietnamese writers (VNRAs) and published in Vietnamese national journals, and 50 RAs that were written by native English-speaking authors (NESRAs) and published in international journals. Contrastive analysis of the frequency and types of hedges used in RAs written by Vietnamese and native English-speaking authors revealed that there were variations and similarities in the way they utilized hedges as interpersonal meta-discourse devices to guide, negotiate, and persuade readers to accept their assertions and viewpoint, and in the way the negative politeness strategy was used to respect the readership and give more room for the readers’ alternative interpretations. The difference between the VNRA and NESRA corpora was in the frequency of the occurrence of hedges, which was relatively lower in the RAs written by Vietnamese authors. The reason for this divergence could be due to the culturally diverse backgrounds, the intended readers, and the conventional rules of two discourse communities.

Hedging In Doctor-Patient Communication: A Pragmatic Study

Social relations are (partly) achieved through the existence of institutionalized roles with socially prescribed patterns of behaviour. Doctor–patient communication can present particular challenges to these relations. Since illness is regarded as a form of social deviance as it impairs normal role performance, patients often look for clues to assess the situation. One of such clues is soaking their speech with particular types of hedges. Doctors also use hedges of particular types. To use hedges properly can strengthen expressive force and communicative results, which can improve interpersonal relationship and thus make communication go more smoothly. The current paper analyses the type and frequencies of hedges employed in 15 conversations between doctors and patients. The overarching goal of this investigation is to present a general situation of hedges used in doctor- patient communication and explore their pragmatic functions. The results obtained lead to the conclusions that the two interlocutors use different types of hedges to mitigate the statements. However, it is found that doctors employ more hedging devices. By maintaining more hedges mainly of the adaptor type, doctors can provide positive feedback to the patient and facilitate his or her participation.

An Exploration of Hedging and Boosting Devices Used in Academic Discourse Focusing on English Theses at the University of Namibia

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;This paper explored the application of hedges and boosters in all ten theses of the Master of Arts in English Studies submitted and examined at the University of Namibia between 2014 and 2015. A mixed research approach was chosen because of the descriptive nature of this study. This method also gave an in-depth understanding of issues such as why research writers prefer some types of hedging and boosting devices over the others, and why some theses chapters have certain types of hedges and boosters. The study only examined three chapters of the theses: the Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion. Hyland’s (2004) taxonomy of hedges and boosters was used to analyse the types of hedges and boosters used. Kaplan’s (1997) Contrastive Rhetoric Theory was used to explain how researchers use hedges and boosters to express their uncertainties and certainties respectively. The study revealed that writers prefer Type 3 of hedges and boosters in all the three chapters. It further revealed that there is an unequal distribution of hedges and boosters among writers. Finally, the paper concluded that the preference of Type 3 may have been caused by the fact that since Type 3 does not have boosting devices writers find it less threatening to employ it in order to conform to the accepted academic writing style. The unequal distribution may also suggest that writers in academic discourse are not proficient in the English language.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Gender difference of hedging in interpreting for chinese government press conferences: A corpus-based study

This paper aims to examine gender differences in hedging in Chinese–English conference interpreting based on a transcribed parallel corpus. The point of departure was to test Holmes’s (1986, 1988a) claims that women do not necessarily employ more hedges than men but that women’s use of hedges tends to focus more on interpersonal relationships while men’s is more on propositional precision. Hyland’s (1996a, 1996b) model in which hedges were categorized into accuracy-oriented, speaker-oriented and audience-oriented, has been adapted for this end. Our finding shows that male interpreters actually employ more hedges than their female counterparts on the whole. In particular, their accuracy-oriented and speaker-oriented hedges exceed those of female interpreters, but not for audience-oriented ones. To find out whether these differences were caused by the source texts per se or by interpreters’ manipulation, we named four types of interpreting approach towards hedge items: direct transfer, indirect transfer, shift and addition. The former two types were identified as source text interference while the latter two as interpreters’ manipulation. The results indicate that male interpreters exceed female interpreters in terms of shift and addition cases in all three types of hedges. The findings of the present study contribute to a more profound understanding of gender difference in language mediation and also have implications for future interpreter training.

Фінансово-організаційні передумови застосування технології хеджування у вітчизняному ризик-менеджменті

Одне з найважливіших рішень, яке підприємці та інвестори ухвалюють у процесі своєї діяльності, щоб отримати позитивний мікро- та макроекономічний результат, – це розміщення грошових фондів у рангованих фінансових інструментах. Подібне рішення потребує розуміння інвестиційних особливостей і ризиків усіх класів активів. Особливої уваги заслуговують деривативи, оскільки їх використання, незважаючи на високу ефективність, в Україні не поширено.&#x0D; Мета роботи – надання теоретичної характеристики фінансово-організаційних передумов хеджування, а саме перешкод упровадження цієї технології, у тому числі в роботі з деривативами, в керування ризиками, формування концептуальних підходів до оцінки і подолання перешкод застосування ефективної стратегії хеджування.&#x0D; Охарактеризовано проблеми застосування технології хеджування у роботі з деривативами на вітчизняних підприємствах і фінансових ринках України. Обґрунтовано технологію хеджування як альтернативну за ефективністю методику в ризик-менеджменті. Охарактеризовано найпоширеніші серед фінансових технологій, до яких належать натуральний і синтетичний типи хеджування. Розкрито структуру фінансового ринку та класифіковано фінансові обігові інструменти – об’єкти застосування технології хеджування. Наведено систему учасників фондового ринку України.&#x0D; Викладено зміст технології та окремих методів хеджування. Виокремлено мікро- й макроекономічні перешкоди в застосуванні хеджування відносно деривативів: необґрунтована кількість бірж, слабкорозвинута законодавчо-нормативна база, недостатнє гарантування прав власності іноземним інвесторам, відсутність реальної поставки базового активу, низька інвестиційна привабливість України, відсутність єдиного регулятора з питань фінансового ринку, відсутність хеджерів, незначні обсяги угод за всіма ф’ючерсами, низький рівень фінансової грамотності серед населення.&#x0D; Наукова новизна дослідження – окреслення аспектів практичного впровадження технології хеджування у ризик-менеджменті в роботі з деривативами.&#x0D; Результати дослідження можуть бути використані суб’єктами господарювання під час організації керування ризиками операційної та фінансової діяльності.&#x0D; Подальше дослідження зазначеної наукової проблеми можна спрямувати на урегулювання інноваційними й прогресивними методами і технологіями факторів прибуткової підприємницької діяльності

The Importance of Linear Landscape Elements for Bats in a Farmland Area: The Influence of Height on Activity

Abstract In the past 50 years, widespread removal of hedges and hedgerows in many European regions, with a consequent reduction in biodiversity, has occurred as a result of farming intensification. Acknowledging the ecological importance of linear farmland landscape elements, many agro-environmental schemes provide financial support for the management, conservation and reconstruction of hedges and hedgerows. The efficacy of such initiatives, also aimed at bat conservation, could be enhanced by including the role of hedges and hedgerows correlated to the variability of their physical structure and to the surrounding landscape context. Linear landscape elements are in fact of great importance to bats, whose flight activity tends to increase in proximity to hedges and hedgerows, used both during foraging and as commuting routes. Nevertheless, information concerning the correlation between various physical structures of hedges and flight and foraging techniques in bats is still lacking. The present study analyses the activity of bats along two different hedge types, with and without trees, and in open spaces, in an area of the Padana plane (North-western Italy) as a function of different flight behaviours. Activity in bats appears higher along hedges than in open spaces but no significant differences are noted between the various hedge types under investigation. Foraging behaviour is primarily detected along hedges with trees but is lower along hedges without trees and in open spaces. This is particularly evident in bat species that have adapted to foraging in closed spaces surrounded by foliage (Myotis and Plecotus genera) or at the periphery of these environments (Pipistrellus genus), whereas it not seen species that forage in open spaces (Nyctalus genus). Hedge reconstruction aimed at bat conservation ought to, therefore, favour tall hedges with trees as opposed to low hedges without trees.

A Comparative Study of Hedges Use Between American and Chinese Students’ Writing

In college-level academic writings, the appropriate use of hedges is an important skill to mark a writer’s stances pragmatically. This skill is not easy for English as Foreign Language (EFL) students to acquire, especially for Chinese students whose first language (L1) is dramatically different from English. This study compared writings by Chinese students and American students to pinpoint the similarities and differences between the two groups in their uses of various hedging devices. A set of first-year writings by the two groups was collected at Northern Arizona University (NAU). In their writings, five types of hedges were investigated respectively, namely model auxiliary type, lexical verb type, adjective/adverb type, phrase type, and sentence structure type. The results show that Chinese students use as many hedges as American students in general, but the two populations differ from each other in their use of lexical verbs in particular.

Pollinator communities in strawberry crops - variation at multiple spatial scales.

Predicting potential pollination services of wild bees in crops requires knowledge of their spatial distribution within fields. Field margins can serve as nesting and foraging habitats for wild bees and can be a source of pollinators. Regional differences in pollinator community composition may affect this spill-over of bees. We studied how regional and local differences affect the spatial distribution of wild bee species richness, activity-density and body size in crop fields. We sampled bees both from the field centre and at two different types of semi-natural field margins, grass strips and hedges, in 12 strawberry fields. The fields were distributed over four regions in Northern Europe, representing an almost 1100 km long north-south gradient. Even over this gradient, daytime temperatures during sampling did not differ significantly between regions and did therefore probably not impact bee activity. Bee species richness was higher in field margins compared with field centres independent of field size. However, there was no difference between centre and margin in body-size or activity-density. In contrast, bee activity-density increased towards the southern regions, whereas the mean body size increased towards the north. In conclusion, our study revealed a general pattern across European regions of bee diversity, but not activity-density, declining towards the field interior which suggests that the benefits of functional diversity of pollinators may be difficult to achieve through spill-over effects from margins to crop. We also identified dissimilar regional patterns in bee diversity and activity-density, which should be taken into account in conservation management.

THE USE OF HEDGES AND BOOSTERS AS RHETORICAL DEVICES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SPEECHES

The present study is a pragmatic analysis of the use of hedges and boosters in the speeches of three ministers on the government’s policy of raising fuel prices during the second tenure administration of Susilo Bamband Yudhoyono (SBY). This study explores the distributions of hedges and boosters in the speeches and the pragmatic functions of those hedges and boosters. Data were obtained from three speeches delivered by Hatta Radjasa (HR), Jero Wacik (JW) and Armida Alisjahbana (AA). The theoretical framework of this study was based on Hyland’s (1998a) and Hyland’s (1998b) theories of hedging for categorizing the types of hedges and boosters and pragmatic functions. This study indicates that both hedges and boosters were used by two politicians: HR and AA with different distributions. This study confirms Hyland’s (1998a) and (1998b) findings that hedges and boosters are used for mitigating and strengthening the truth values of propositions.

“Probably true” says the expert: how two types of lexical hedges influence students’ evaluation of scientificness

Contemporary school learning typically includes the processing of popular scientific information as found in journals, magazines, and/or the WWW. The German high school curriculum emphasizes that students should have achieved science literacy and have learned to evaluate the substance of text-based learning content by the end of high school. Alongside the content of science-related information, two issues are important when students gauge its substance: (a) information about its source, such as whether an expert has provided it (attribution shields) and (b) its wording, for example, whether so-called markers of tentativeness such as “probably” point to a preliminary assessment (plausibility shields). Based on the outcomes of a content analysis of the usage of such shields, we report an experiment that varied the occurrence of both types of shields in single arguments. Results showed effects of both manipulations on the perception and evaluation of arguments. However, information about the source impacted more strongly on the evaluation than the wording. We relate this finding to the formulation of as well as students’ processing of text-based learning content and suggest practical implications for teaching students how to handle scientific information.

Una breve descripción de la vegetación, con especial énfasis en las pioneras intermedias de los bosques secos de La Jagua, en la cuenca alta del rio Magdalena en el Huila

La revista Colombia Forestal publica manuscritos originales en temáticas del campo forestal y diversos aspectos de los recursos naturales y del medio ambiente, los cuales se discriminan en las categorías de artículo de investigación, de revisión, de reflexión y notas técnicas de acuerdo con lo estipulado por COLCIENCIAS para las publicaciones científicas. De acuerdo a la clasificación de áreas científicas de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE), la revista Colombia Forestal pertenece al gran área de Ciencias Agrícolas(4), área de Agricultura, Silvicultura y Pesca(4A) y a la disciplina Forestal (4A02).

Hedging Strategies in Academic Discourse: A Comparative Analysis of Turkish Writers and Native Writers of English

Given the use of appropriate uncertainty, the right strength of claim for the data, politeness and proper positioning oneself, though hedging is an important component of western academic discourse there appears inadequate awareness. The present study aims to reveal the tendency and preferences of Turkish and Anglo-sphere scholars in terms of using hedging strategies, and frequency of hedges and whether any differences exist in their published articles. Data corpus was composed of 100 articles published in English that equally belong to Non-native writers (Turkish) and native writers of English (Anglo-sphere). Three main parts of the articles i.e. Introduction, Discussion, and Conclusion, where hedging devices are commonly used will be analyzed through a concordance program to get the hedge frequencies. The outputs will be categorized according to a framework included 9 hedge types (Adverbs of Frequency, Quantifiers, Modal Auxiliary Verbs, Epistemic Verbs, Adjectives & Adverbs, Nouns, Conversational & Informal, Introductory phrases, Vague References). The categorized outputs will be analyzed by means of MANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests to compare Non-native writers (NNW) and Native writers (NW) in terms of the hedge frequency. Having completed statistical analyses, the function of hedges used in both groups was examined so as to interpret hedging strategies. The results will provide important insights about using tentative language strategies of NNWs and NWs of English. Further, as for nine hedging types, the results will reveal each group's hedging tendencies and differences.

Hedges Used in Business Emails: A Corpus Study on the Language Strategy of International Business Communication Online

Based on a corpus of 296 authentic business emails produced in computer-mediated business communication from 7 Chinese international trade enterprises, this paper addresses the language strategy applied in CMC (Computer-mediated Communication) by examining the use of hedges. With the emergence of internet, a wider range of hedges are applied extensively in four types of business emails: marketing email, inquiry email, quotation email, follow-up email. Marketing emails have the most hedges while follow-up emails, quotation emails have the least, and inquiry emails in between. As plausible shields, modal verbs are massively adopted in four types of business emails to show politeness and eagerness for business partnership. Marketing emails employ adaptors and rounders to soften the exaggerated expressions in the introduction to the company and its products so as to make a convincing promotion. Both inquiry emails and quotation emails use adaptors and rounders very often when figures concerning products and prices are deliberately offered in a modest way for further negotiation. Follow-up emails use rounders, adaptors and attribute shield extensively in negotiating and reaching agreement. The three types of hedges help both parties to reduce risk and defend themselves against claims with tactic language strategy. The use of hedges in business emails demonstrates the flexibility of business communication with the help of IT technology. The rules of accurate expressions in business letters are no longer strictly observed in computer-mediated communication. The breakthrough of extensive hedge using in business emails showcases a change in business communication manners mediated by IT technology.

English

Hedging devices are important tools and have been used widely in academic and scientific writing, but their usefulness in business writing has seldom been explored. In a business setting, very few studies have been carried out on hedging in business letters. Some scholars have indicated that the use of hedges is also important in business letters. However, not many business writers are aware of the use and importance of hedging devices in business letters, especially complaint business letters. The aim of the paper is to present findings in the use of hedging devices in complaint business letters among 30 native speakers of English, who have working experience in the business context. The study aims to determine the types and forms of hedging devices that native speakers of English commonly use when writing business letters, as well as, to determine the types and forms of hedging devices that commonly occur in the rhetorical sections (introduction, body, and closure) of business letters. The study employs Hyland’s model of hedging to identify the forms and types of hedges commonly used by native speakers of English. The findings show that content-oriented hedges are used more frequently in terms of types of hedging devices, while reader pronouns are the forms of hedging devices that are used most frequently in terms of forms of hedging devices in complaint business letters. In all the rhetorical sections of complaint business letters, content-oriented hedges and reader pronouns are commonly used. From the findings, it is clear that hedging is an important aspect of business writing because hedges make a text more reader-friendly since those hedges allow negotiation to occur between the writer and the reader. Hedges also allow the message to be carried across more clearly and precisely. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/GEMA-2014-1403-08