Types Of Harassment Research Articles

Quid pro quo sexual harassment: Comparative study of its occurrences in selected institutions in South-West, Nigeria

• We empirically examined the prevalent type of harassments in the Nigerian tertiary institutions. • This study found that the types of harassment experienced within Nigerian tertiary institutions differs according to the institutional structure by either private or public. • Congruent with our hypotheses, the students’ awareness of sexual harassment has no relationship gender wise. • Comparatively, Nigerian Public Institutions experienced sex-for-marks more than the Private Institutions. Quid pro quo type of sexual harassment; an exchange of sex for benefits which could be career, economic, monetary or academic marks in case of tertiary institutions and that diminishes students’ right and impedes on their educational achievements or productivity. Sex for mark has become an issue of discussion in the Nigerian tertiary institutions in recent time due to its repeated occurrence. This survey empirically examines the prevalent type of harassments in the Nigerian tertiary institutions, whether the awareness of sexual harassment varies by gender and whether the type of institution differs in the perception of respondents about quid pro quo type of sexual harassment. In sourcing for information, the empirical methodology was adopted, involving quantitative and qualitative methods of research. Three hundred and fifty five (355) respondents were selected from private and public owned tertiary institution for the survey and the result revealed that majority of the respondents in public institutions (42.4%) reported that sex-for-marks was common in the school, when compared with the private institutions where majority (39.9%) had no idea. The study recommends that the characteristics of victims of sexual harassment within tertiary institutions be investigated to avoid risk of such exploitation.

Perception of students regarding sexual harassment

Background: Sexual harassment means unwanted sexually determined behavior such as physical contacts and advances, making sexual derogative comments, and sexual pressure whether by verbal or -nonverbal actions. Young female adults are most vulnerable to harassment and violence towards them. Despite of high literacy levels young female adults show tendency to tolerate harassment and delay in early identification of warning signs, leading to sexual harassment. Therefore, it becomes very important to understand how the students perceive different types of sexual harassment. Objective of the study was to assess the perception of undergraduate girl students regarding Sexual Harassment.Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional survey design on 100 female undergraduate students from the King George’s Medical University of Lucknow, India was undertaken using convenient sampling technique. The data were collected from 15th May to 15th June 2018. A self structured perception questionnaire developed by researchers was used.Results: The data gathered from the study suggests that majority (81%) of the participants responded that sexual harassment is related to all unwelcome sexual behaviour, 72% of the participants feel most afraid of sexual harassment during night, and 83% of the participants responded that the most probable place for sexual harassment is public transport. 91% of the participants believed that the incidences of the sexual harassment has increased in the last 10 years and majority (81%) of the participants didn’t had knowledge of any legal provisions regarding sexual harassment.Conclusions: The data shows that the definition of sexual harassment can differ according to individual’s perception. To understand how people perceive and define sexual harassment is crucial for explaining and understanding how they react to sexual harassment and why they often do not stand up against sexual harassment.

ARIBC: Online Reporting Based on Identity-Based Cryptography

The reporting of incidents of misconduct, violence, sexual assault, harassment, and other types of crime that constitute a major concern in modern society is of significant value when investigating such incidents. Unfortunately, people involved in such incidents, either as witnesses or victims, are often reluctant to report them when such reporting demands revealing the reporter’s true identity. In this paper, we propose an online reporting system that leverages Identity-Based Cryptography (IBC) and offers data authentication, data integrity, and data confidentiality services to both eponymous and anonymous users. The system, called ARIBC, is founded on a certificate-less, public-key, IBC infrastructure, implemented by employing the Sakai–Kasahara approach and by following the IEEE 1363.3-2013 standard. We develop a proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed scheme, and demonstrate its applicability in environments with constrained human, organizational and/or computational resources. The computational overheads imposed by the scheme are found to be well within the capabilities of modern fixed or mobile devices.

Estado del arte sobre el acoso sexual callejero: un estudio sobre aproximaciones teóricas y formas de resistencia frente a un tipo de violencia basada en género en América Latina desde el 2002 hasta el 2020

El acoso sexual callejero es una forma de interacción que se da en lugares públicos y comprende exhibicionismo, persecuciones, acoso expresivo, físico y verbal de contenido sexual y no correspondido. Este estudio indaga las aproximaciones teóricas e iniciativas sociales sobre el acoso sexual callejero como un tipo de violencia de género en Latinoamérica. Para ello, se desarrolló una búsqueda en fuentes de información utilizando ciertos criterios, tales como: espacio público, ciudadanía sexual, violencia y ciudades seguras. A partir de los textos encontrados se hace una conceptualización del acoso como término y como un tipo de violencia; además se clasifica de acuerdo con sus modalidades y su diferencia con otros tipos de acoso según las relaciones de poder, el anonimato, el contexto público, el consentimiento y la connotación sexual. Se concluye que el acoso es un tipo de violencia sexual que afecta el uso del espacio público en condiciones de igualdad.

Measuring Workplace Harassment Based on Gender Nonconformity

The rise of research on workplace mistreatment in the past twenty years can be attributed to the realization that workplace mistreatment is associated with a host of deleterious outcomes for both the individual targets of the mistreatment and the organizations in which they work. However, the extant literature is failing to capture the full range of sex-based mistreatment that people may experience through a tendency to focus solely on sexual harassment and sex discrimination, which are very specific types of behavior based on one’s sex and gender stereotypes. This study introduces the construct of Not Woman Enough Harassment, or the extent to which women perceive that they are treated unfavorably because they do not meet traditionally held stereotypes of femininity. A scale was developed and validated in order to measure this type of harassment. Results demonstrated that not woman enough harassment was experienced by approximately 32.5% of the sample. The scale showed good psychometric properties, with two distinct factors of harassment based on physical and non-physical traits. Not woman enough harassment was demonstrated to be distinct from other forms of sexual and workplace harassment.

Kitchen Violence and Harassment: Perspectives and Reflection from Student Interns

ABSTRACT This aim of this study is to explore how kitchen interns report and reflect on workplace violence and harassment. Content analysis methods were applied, and 2,256 reports from 210 interns were analyzed based on four levels of reflection. This study indicates different types of kitchen violence and harassment, and their influences on students. Verbal violence and mismanagement were the most common incidents, and most students provide only lower-level reflections on violence/harassment incidents. Students with higher-level reflective skills were better able to adapt to and improve on the relevant event. Finally, this research offers suggestions to curriculum design for internship courses as well as internships planning in the hospitality industry.

Sexual harassment on transit: a global, comparative examination

This article examines the incidence of an omnipresent but underreported crime in transit environments: sexual harassment. More specifically, it presents the findings of a global comparative study that surveyed 11,710 college students from 18 cities in six different continents, to inquire about their victimization experiences with verbal, physical, and non-verbal/non-physical sexual harassment in transit environments. The study finds that sexual harassment is a common occurrence in all cities but how, where, and to what extent it happens is quite specific to the particular socio-spatial contexts. Certain individual characteristics of students and environmental characteristics of the transit setting can increase the risk of harassment. Different types of sexual harassment are more likely to happen in certain transit settings than others. While female students are disproportionately affected, some male students also report experiences of victimization. The study concludes with a discussion of multi-pronged responses to harassment.

VERBAL ABUSE PADA KOLOM KOMENTAR DI LAMAN INSTAGRAM TRANSPUAN

Verbal abuse is a criminal act in the form of writing and speech that directly affects a person's psychology (feeling hurt). There are many types of verbal harassment, but this study only focuses on types of verbal harassment such as body shaming, sexual harassment, humiliation and blasphemy. Verbal harassment can occur in real life or through social media such as Instagram. This research is a qualitative research with content analysis method. The theory used in this research is self-disclosure, so that the results will show how the transsexuals express themselves and have an impact on the verbal harassment they receive. The object of research is the TRANSPUAN digital page with a total of five people, namely: Millen Cyrus, Ian Hugen, Dena Rachman, Melly Bradley and Gebby Vesta. The results showed that Gebby Vesta got the most dominant form of verbal abuse compared to other TRANSPUAN, because the display of Self Disclosure in his Instagram media clearly shows his identity as a TRANSPUAN wrapped in sexual content. The forms of verbal violence received by the five TRANSPUANES were bodyshamming, sexual harassment, humiliation and blasphemy.

Las formas del acoso político del conservadurismo hacia la cuarta transformación en México

The design and implementation of the so-called Mexican Fourth Transformation(Cuarta Transformación, 4T), as an alternative form of government, faces daily the attack and violence of conservatism through a permanent campaign that seeks to instill fear in society, based on a web of lies that tries to create the image of a situation of political ungovernance in the public opinion. This work is a documentary analysis that accounts for the types of harassment of the conservative elite against the 4T; the objective is to show the forms of violence that threaten democracy. In conclusion, this study attempts to argue that the violence that conservative neoliberals caused against the 4T has its origin in that they feel threatened, because the reform policy of AMLO goes against their class interests.

A Comprehensive Review of Embracing the Normality of Rape Culture: Time to Put a Stop to Victim Blaming

Abstract Gender discrimination against women is a prevalent issue in Bangladesh, but sometimes it is concealed. Rape cases, also known as ―sexual abuse‖ in many cultures, are a special insidious type of sexual harassment. In other contexts, when you are familiarizing with the lifestyle of women, as a social worker it is likely to see victims of sexual abuse due to a large number of abusive offenders. Global WHO figures suggest that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women around the world endure physical and sexually intimate relationships or non-partner sexual abuse during their lives. Domestic abuse is the most heinous form of violence. Approximately one third (30%) of all women who have a relationship comment on physical and sexual harassment witnessed by their intimate partner nationwide. This review investigates several peer-reviewed journals and articles that have been developed for the comprehensive understanding of domestic abuse as rape. Still, this issue of rape must be addressed within and outside the scope of domestic violence. More experiments are conducted with a focus for future studies. The major argument of this review is that while raped women are suffering from the permanent effects of psychological and emotional damage, the issue of rape is not the problem of women. It is squarely a man’s problem. As a society, victim allegation is preached as a flame, but the issue is with ancestors and older generations’ minds and opinions. On a conclusive note, strategies for rape prevention have been discussed. It is crucial to recognize and increasingly teach young children about the effects of sexual harassment and how traditions can be changed to avoid social stigma. Keywords: rape victims, sexual assault, social work, victim-blaming, prevention

Cyberbullying Detection, Based on the FastText and Word Similarity Schemes

With recent developments in online social networks (OSNs), these services are widely applied in daily lives. On the other hand, cyberbullying, which is a relatively new type of harassment through the internet-based electronic devices, is rising in online social networks. Accordingly, scholars are attracted to investigating cyberbullying behaviors. Studies show that cyberbullying has a devastating effect on mental health, especially for teenagers. In order to reduce or even stop cyberbullying, different machine learning techniques are applied and numerous studies have been conducted so far. However, conventional detection schemes still have challenges, such as low accuracy. Therefore, it is of significant importance to find an efficient detection solution in the natural language processing and machine learning communities. In the present study, characteristics of cyberbullying are initially analyzed from vocabulary and syntax points of view. Then a new detection algorithm is proposed based on FastText and word similarity schemes. Finally, experiments are carried out to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed method. Obtained results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the detection accuracy and recall rate of cyberbullying detection.

Perpetrators and Common Places of Sexual Harassment Against Adolescent School Girls in Nepal

The main aim of this study was to find out the vulnerable places of sexual harassment to the girl students and the persons involved in such unwanted behaviors. It was a mixed-methods study. Altogether 773 girl respondents were selected for obtaining quantitative data from Lalitpur and Rupendehi districts in Nepal. Similarly, 10 focus group discussions, 14 Key informant interviews, and eight In-depth interviews were conducted for collecting qualitative data. The result showed that male peers/ friends, teachers, neighbors/ relatives, and strangers were involved in sexual harassment. Frequency of verbal/gestural type of sexual harassment is higher from male peers and touching/pinching and sexual abuse/assault types of sexual harassment are more common from teachers and relatives. Sexual harassment frequently happens in public transport. In society, teachers deserve great respect and trust from parents and students. They have close access to girl students. However, such trust and closeness transformed into sexual harassment whereby accelerating sexual harassment. The higher incidence of sexual harassment at public transports might be due to the proximity and anonymity, which, in turn, results in high levels of sexual harassment and abuse with very little risk of social or legal consequences. The awareness program against sexual harassment and strong laws and order are essential and the judiciary process should be simple and victim-friendly that can reduce sexual harassment to girl students by various perpetrators at different domains in society.

Incidence and Group Comparisons of Harassment Based on Gender, LGBTQ+ Identity, and Race at an Academic Medical Center.

Background: A key recommendation from the landmark National Academies report called for research examining experiences of underrepresented and/or vulnerable groups, including people of color and sexual- and gender-minority people. We examine the prevalence of gender policing harassment (GPH), heterosexist harassment (HH), and racialized sexual harassment (RSH), by gender, LGBTQ+, race, and department grouping, which has not been previously examined in academic medicine. Materials and Methods: All faculty (n = 2723), fellows, residents, and first through third year medical students (n = 1822) at the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) who had been working at the organization for at least 1 year were invited to complete a 20-minute online survey. We assessed harassment within the past year, perpetrated by insiders (i.e., staff, students, and faculty) and from patients and patients' families. Results: A total of 705 faculty (25.9% of the targeted sample) and 583 trainees (32.0% of the targeted sample) were in the analytic sample. Women were significantly more likely to experience GPH from both sources than men, and LGBTQ+ individuals were more likely to face HH from both sources than cisgender heterosexual participants. Underrepresented minorities, Asian/Asian American, and female participants had higher rates of RSH perpetrated by insiders. There were significant department-group differences across harassment types. Conclusions: Less-studied forms of harassment are common within academic medicine and are perpetrated from various sources. Identity-based harassment should be investigated further to gain a comprehensive understanding of its impact within academic medicine. Clinical Trial Registration Number not applicable.

Gaining Insight into Violence from Gender Stereotypes and Sexist Attitudes in the Context of Tourism

It is difficult to identify, but there is a type of harassment grounded in gender stereotyping in the context of tourism. It would be useful to discover the hidden relationships between gender harassment and certain beliefs about women as travellers, tourism professionals and sex objects in the field of hospitality. Methodologically, a survey was carried out reaching a sample of ±684 units by means of a convenience sampling procedure. The measuring instruments consisted of a structured questionnaire divided into two kinds of Likert beliefs scales comprising general statements and statements related to tourism. The survey respondent data were also gathered as regards sociodemographic characteristics. This paper presents empirical evidence to identify the causal factors of gender violence by considering general and particular stereotyping in tourism. Firstly, by performing three exploratory factor analyses, three female stereotyping dimensions were labelled in the field of tourism (occupational sexism, ambivalent sexist discrimination, and sex as a commodity), as well as three general prejudices about women (dysfunctional romantic relationships, ethically challenged presumptions, and aesthetical manners conventions) and the gender harassment factor. Secondly, a linear regression analysis was carried out to demonstrate that both general stereotyping related to a broader “life” framework and sectorial prejudices in tourism cause gender harassment. Finally, this research proves that general stereotyping determines sectorial prejudices in the field of tourism. The practical implications could be to enhance gender equality and combat gender harassment by revealing unintentional and unobserved prejudices that occur in a general life setting and in the tourism sphere against women as neglected professionals, under the subtle and ambivalent condition of travellers, and even as objects of consumption.

Attitudes about victims of workplace sexual harassment based on sex

Abstract Workplace sexual harassment remains a consistent problem in the United States across a variety of employment sectors. Although sexually harassing behaviors in the workplace are generally viewed as unacceptable by most people, the way that victims and their experiences are perceived varies. In this study, the effects of victim sex, offender sex, and type of sexual harassment on attitudes about victims, perceptions of victim behavior, and beliefs about consequences to victim were assessed. Results revealed that male victims of workplace sexual harassment were perceived less favorably than female victims were and were perceived as having suffered less than female victims did. Implications and recommendations for workplace policy and practice are discussed.

KEKERASAN VERBAL DALAM FILM KARTUN KIKO(VERBAL VIOLENCE IN THE KIKO CARTOON FILM)

Verbal Violence in the Kiko Cartoon Film. This research aims to describe theverbal violence in the forms of the directive, and expressive speech acts in the Kikocartoon. This was qualititative research. The data were the words or sentencesused in the Kiko cartoon. The data source of research was the cartoon film of Kiko.Data were collected using the note-taking technique. The research instrument usedwere laptop and data cards. Laptop and data cards are used as a video player andas a tool to listen and understand the utterances in the Kiko cartoon. Furthermore,the data collected were analyzed based on verbal violence in the forms of thedirective, and expressive speech acts. The additional instrument was the data cardsby which the researcher collected data on the types off speech acts and groupedthem according to the directive and expressive speech acts and grouped themaccording to the directive and expressive speech acts. The results of the researchindicated that 117 speech acts including 33 types of rebuked violence, 55 types ofharassment, two types of accusations, 20 types of coercion, and seven types ofintimidation. b) 56 directive speech acts consisting of 29 commandment speechacts, 2 threat, seven rejection seepch acts, 13 opposing speech acts, five denialspeech acts. c) 61 expressive speech acts consisting of 11 speech acts forexpressing displeasure, 17 speech acts for criticizing, 15 speech acts for swearing,15 speech acts for insulting, and there speech acts for exspressing satire.Key words:verbal violence, Kiko cartoon film

Workplace Harassment and Political Participation among Representatives to the Union Parishads in Bangladesh

Abstract The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between victimisation from workplace harassment and political participation among the elected peoples’ representatives to the rural local governance, namely the Union Parishads in Bangladesh. A questionnaire was completed by 821 representatives (412 women, 409 men). The mean age was 42.5 years ( SD = 6.5) for women and 44.2 ( SD = 6.3) for men. The results showed that women were significantly more victimised from verbal, nonverbal, and rational appearing aggression, social isolation, and indirect social manipulation than men. For women, the most common type of victimisation was rational appearing aggression, followed by social isolation, and verbal aggression. For men, the most common type of victimisation was from verbal aggression, all the other types of victimisation appeared rarely. Representatives with low political participation scored significantly higher than those with high participation on all six types of harassment.Five of the six types predicted active political participation negatively. Women were more victimised from five types of workplace harassment than men. Victimisation from workplace harassment predicted low political participation. Keywords: Workplace harassment, political participation, sex differences, Union Parishads, Bangladesh

Feminist Active Commitment and Sexual Harassment Perception among Chinese Women: The Moderating Roles of Targets’ Gender Stereotypicality and Type of Harassment

In recent years, sexual harassment has become more acknowledged in many developed countries. However, in East Asian culture, it is a sensitive and controversial topic upon which few scholars have focused. The current research aimed to explore whether the relationship between feminist identity and perception of sexual harassment was affected by target’s traditional or nontraditional gender stereotypicality and types of sexual harassment (unwanted sexual attention or gender harassment) among Chinese working women. The participants were 424 heterosexual women, aged 18 to 71 years-old (mdn = 31), who completed surveys that assessed their feminist Active Commitment and perception of sexual harassment after reading a randomly assigned sexual harassment scenario. Women with higher scores on Active Commitment were more aware of both types of sexual harassment, and participants’ perception of unwanted sexual attention was significantly stronger than their perception of gender harassment. In addition, the types of targets and types of sexual harassment moderated the relationship between Active Commitment and the perception of sexual harassment. Our findings highlight the importance of feminist identity for the perception of sexual harassment and suggest that improving gender equality and feminist education is very important for enhancing the perception of sexual harassment.

Sexual Harassment of Female Providers by Patients: a Qualitative Study.

Sexual harassment of women is a pervasive problem. Prior studies found that sexual harassment of female providers by patients is common, but guidance on addressing this problem is limited. To understand the experiences of female providers with sexual harassment by patients with a focus on how practicing providers address these events. Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Twenty female, internal medicine providers, including resident physicians, staff physicians, and nurse practitioners at a large, urban, academic hospital in the USA. Interviews were analyzed for themes. Two themes were explored: first, the experiences with sexual harassment and, second, the strategies to address sexual harassment. We coded four sub-themes regarding participant experiences: (1) their descriptions of the types of harassment, (2) the context of the event, (3) the impact of the harassment, and (4) their preparation to address the harassment. We coded seven sub-themes on strategies used by participants: (1) indirect strategies, (2) confrontation, (3) modifying the clinical encounter, (4) modifying self, (5) alerting others, (6) debrief, and (7) report. Our qualitative study found that sexual harassment of female providers by patients is an ongoing problem, disruptive to the patient-provider relationship, and a possible threat to the well-being of both provider and patient. Formal training on how to address this problem was lacking, but all providers had developed or adapted strategies based on personal experiences or role modeling. Educating providers on strategies is an important next step to addressing this problem.

Aproximación a los nuevos conceptos sobre violencia y acoso en el trabajo a partir de la aprobación del Convenio OIT 190

El Convenio OIT 190 sobre la eliminación de la violencia y el acoso en el mundo del trabajo adoptado en 2019 establece un nuevo concepto sobre violencia y acoso de carácter amplio y general. Por ello se requiere revisar los múltiples conceptos existentes en nuestra legislación, así como las actuales interpretaciones judiciales y doctrinales de los mismos, con especial hincapié en lo que se denomina acoso moral que no está definido legalmente. La nueva norma internacional va a requerir replantearse la concepción de la violencia y el acoso por razón de género como subcategoría de la violencia y acoso por motivos discriminatorios y, también, la adecuación de los conceptos de trabajador y del lugar de trabajo como ámbitos de aplicación de la normativa con respecto a la prevención, protección y tutela que ofrece la misma frente a la violencia y el acoso en el ámbito laboral.