Type Of Gun Research Articles

The lagged effect of state gun laws on the reduction of state-level firearm homicide mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2017

ObjectivesGun violence is a pressing concern in the United States, where many laws targeting gun violence vary across states and localities. Studies have investigated the association between gun laws and gun violence, but not many focus on the role of time, which is critical for implementation. This study aims to determine the lagged association of gun laws with firearm homicide mortality to better understand the impacts of state gun laws over time. Study designThe design of this study is a longitudinal study. MethodsThis study applied the distributed lag non-linear model to assess the lagged association between firearm homicide mortality and the number of gun law provisions at the state level from 1999 to 2017. State gun law provisions were analyzed in aggregate and also across five groups of regulations. All estimates were transformed into relative risks (RRs). ResultsRegarding all state gun laws, regardless of how many gun law provisions were on the books in any year, a significantly reduced RR of firearm homicide mortality was not observed until 7 years later. Among the five regulation groups, a significant RR less than 1 was more likely to happen in longer lags ≥5. The lowest significant RR = 0.24 (95% confidence interval = 0.15, 0.39) was observed in the gun types, components, and trafficking group at lag 8. All regulation groups had an overall impact to reduce significantly the RR of firearm homicide mortality with more gun law provisions, except for the dealer regulation group. ConclusionsState gun law provisions appear to impact firearm homicide mortality differently over time. This emphasizes the centrality of enforcement. Firearm policy researchers need to consider how specific gun laws are implemented over time to help inform law-based interventions.

Development and evaluation of PAU multi-purpose sprayer to control whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in cotton

A multi-purpose high clearance sprayer was developed with three types of spraying mechanism, viz. auto-rotate gun, drop-up boom and boom nozzles. The experiment was conducted during 2016 at Abohar in cotton growing region of South-western Punjab at six farm locations to evaluate sprayer performance and its bio efficacy against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). It was observed that the auto-rotate gun sprayer produced lowest droplets VMD of 259.01 μm followed by boom type of 290.28 μm, drop-up boom type of 312.12 μm and knapsack sprayer of 328.50 μm, respectively. The maximum droplets density/cm2 was found to be 31.67 (drop-up boom sprayer), 26.29 (auto-rotate gun), 21.34 (boom sprayer) and 18.13 (knapsack sprayer). However, more leaf area coverage was observed as 31.67% in drop-up boom sprayer followed by 26.29% of auto-rotate gun type, 21.24% of boom-type and 16.86% of knapsack sprayer. The higher whitefly control was obtained with a drop-up boom sprayer of 80.69-88.65% followed by autorotate gun sprayer of 80.31-85.10%, boom-type of 72.81-86.27% as compared to knapsack sprayer of 63.37-75.45%. Lowest operation cost was found to be ₹ 150/ha for auto-rotate gun-type followed by ₹ `239/ha a for boom type and ₹ 291/ha for drop-up boom spraying system of multi-purpose high clearance sprayer, however, it was maximum ₹ 475/ha for knapsack sprayer. The similar, trend of cost saving was observed as 68.55, 49.82 and 38.80% per ha as compare to knapsack sprayer.

Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution. By Priya Satia (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2018) 528 pp. $35.00

<i>Empire of Guns: The Violent Making of the Industrial Revolution</i>. By Priya Satia (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2018) 528 pp. $35.00

Design and analysis of a scheme for the naval gun test shell entering the bore

The test shell without projectile belt is widely used in the teaching, inspection and maintenance of modern automatic naval guns. In order to ensure the normal work of each mechanism, it is very important to design the buffer and limit of the test shell during the process of entering the bore. Taking a certain type of medium caliber naval gun as the research object, the design of colloidal fluid damper and cartridge lock was proposed to ensure the reliability of entering the bore and closing the breechblock. By combining the simulation methods of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and multibody system dynamic (MBD), it was analyzed whether the structural design can meet the engineering requirements. The research results show that the colloidal fluid damper can dissipate a large amount of kinetic energy of the shell, and the cartridge lock can limit the rebound movement. The combination of the two ensures the smooth process of closing the breechblock. The research provides a design method for the process of the test shell entering the bore, and provides theoretical support for the feasibility of the method.

The importance of victim’s clothes in gunshot wounds

Objective: Determination of victim’s clothes in gunshot wounds is important due to the necessity of immediate workup in the emergency room as well as the legal aspects of cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of victim’s clothes in gunshot wounds referred to autopsy hall of legal medicine bureau of Tehran, Iran from 2014 to 2017. Methods: In this analytical comparative study, 202 consecutive cadavers of gunshot victims, referred to Tehran Legal Medical Hall from 2014 to 2017, were enrolled and the effect of shotgun and gunshot wound were determined and compared. Data were collected using a researchermade questionnaire. The significance level of the tests was considered as P&lt;0.05. Spearman correlation coefficient and chi-square tests were used accordingly. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results: In this study, all women were killed by gunshot. Also, all of the 26 people who were killed by shotgun were men. The mean of age only in males was 39-48 years for shotgun, and 29-38 years in both genders for gunshot. Evaluation of their clothes in the emergency room and autopsy hall was helpful in 70% of cases in order to determine shot distance and type of gun (P=0.0001). Conversely, we did not observe a significant difference between sex (P=0.082) and the pattern of death (P=0.211). Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it seems that some characteristics of victim’s clothes may be useful to differentiate shotgun and gunshot.

Characteristics of Gun Advertisements on Social Media: Systematic Search and Content Analysis of Twitter and YouTube Posts.

BackgroundAlthough gun violence has been identified as a major public health concern, the scope and significance of internet gun advertising is not known.ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify the characteristics of gun advertising on social media and to compare the reach of posts by manufacturers with those of influencers.MethodsUsing a systematic search, we created a database of recent and popular Twitter and YouTube posts made public by major firearm manufacturers and influencers. From our sample of social media posts, we reviewed the content of the posts on the basis of 19 different characteristics, such as type of gun, presence of women, and military or police references. Our content analysis summarized statistical differences in the information conveyed in posts to compare advertising approaches across social media platforms.ResultsSample posts revealed that firearm manufacturers use social media to attract audiences to websites that sell firearms: 14.1% (131/928; ±2.9) of Twitter posts, 53.6% (228/425; ±6.2) of YouTube videos, and 89.5% (214/239; ±5.1) of YouTube influencer videos link to websites that facilitate sales. Advertisements included women in efforts to market handguns and pistols for the purpose of protection: videos with women included protection themes 2.5 times more often than videos without women. Top manufacturers of domestic firearms received 98 million channel views, compared with 6.1 billion channel views received by the top 12 YouTube influencers.ConclusionsFirearm companies use social media as an advertising platform to connect viewers to websites that sell guns. Gun manufacturers appropriate YouTube servers, video streaming services, and the work of YouTube influencers to reach large audiences to promote the widespread sale of consumer firearms. YouTube and Twitter subsidize gun advertising by offering server and streaming services at no cost to gun manufacturers, to the commercial benefit of Google and Twitter’s corporate ownership.

SUITABLE PRODUCTION TOOLS SELECTION WITH THE USE OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS

This paper deals with the use of a production equipment simulation in the design of production systems, more specifically the welding equipment in the automotive industry. Based on the simulation results, a matrix, which defines the possibility of using given manufacturing tools (in this case welding guns are considered) to connect the plates using the electrical resistance spot welding process, is created. This matrix generates a set of several numbers of solutions depending on other parameters, such as the lowest price, the lowest number of used welding guns, etc. The goal is to solve this task. The solution is presented using mathematical programming. Specifically, the method of genetic evolutionary algorithms is being used. The Solver software is used to optimize the selection of the welding guns’ combination. The Solver is an add-on in MS Excel. The case study shows 15 welding points weldment on which the availability of 20 types of welding guns was simulated. The result is an ideal combination of 2 types of guns for the lowest price.

Gun Source and Muzzle Head Detection

There is a surging need across the world for protection against gun violence. There are three main areas that we have identified as challenging in research that tries to curb gun violence: temporal location of gunshots, gun type prediction and gun source (shooter) detection. Our task is gun source detection and muzzle head detection, where the muzzle head is the round opening of the firing end of the gun. We would like to locate the muzzle head of the gun in the video visually, and identify who has fired the shot. In our formulation, we turn the problem of muzzle head detection into two sub-problems of human object detection and gun smoke detection. Our assumption is that the muzzle head typically lies between the gun smoke caused by the shot and the shooter. We have interesting results both in bounding the shooter as well as detecting the gun smoke. In our experiments, we are successful in detecting the muzzle head by detecting the gun smoke and the shooter.

The Relationship of Suicides, Guns and Mass Shootings in the United States: An Ethical Dilemma

Suicides have been a reality of life due to many factors across nations. In the United States alone, about 30,000 to 40,000 individuals are likely to take their own life this year. During the Covid-19 Corona virus months, telephone calls to the suicide hotlines in the United States have increased significantly. As such, suicide is a huge, complex and costly problem in our society even when people are not dealing with a pandemic like Covid-19 and racial inequalities. In this study, we look at the relationship between suicides, guns and mass shootings based on age, gender and ethnicity, using data of 3,238-recorded suicides in South Florida’s Broward County. Through a review of descriptive data and regression analysis, we found that the top three methods of suicide are gunshot, asphyxiation, and hanging. Gunshot represents the largest majority of all suicides. In addition, there are statistically significant differences in suicides based on age, race, and gender. Overall, this article provides literature, reflections of morality, and some common reasons for suicides, while also offering reflective data on the epidemic of mass shootings during the past few decades, where the method used was entirely by the usage of various types of guns, assault rifles and military-grade artillery. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings along with specific recommendations for policy makers to prevent suicides and mass shootings in the future. Some acts of violence and suicide might be caused by illnesses or mental health issues, but most are caused by intentional acts of perpetrators due to misunderstandings, stereotypes and unnecessary aggressive behaviors. In the modern society, we see that millions of people in the United States and many other countries around the world are protesting against police violence which are disproportionately and negatively impacting minority groups. Today, we see both children, adults and even official police officers who are showing aggressive behavior which have become a concern as such behaviors are often reinforced over and over again through television and social media. If such behaviors become normal then we need better coping strategies to effectively deal with them because violence only begets more violence, which increases poverty in the society. For most adults, being stuck in poverty through societal inequities, despite their persistent hard work and efforts, can cause depression which might lead to further protests and suicides. It is recommended that policy makers and professionals work to stop unmanageable and aggressive behaviors at an earlier stage of a person’s life because it helps prevent problems in the future. If we do not effectively deal with aggression, violence, and ineffective use of guns, this could lead to more problems on the job, suicides, mass shootings, and/or other crimes in general. This article discusses the root of the suicide problem based on empirical analysis, while also offering recommendation for educators, researchers, and policymakers. Keywords: suicide, gunshot, mass shooting, asphyxiation, hanging, Broward County, Florida, subtle suicide, theory of reason action (TRA), ethical emotism.

Automatic Gun Detection Approach for Video Surveillance

The immense crime rates resulting from using pistols have led governments to seek solutions to deal with such terrorist incidents. These incidents have a negative impact on public security and cause panic among citizens. From this point, facing a pandemic of weapon violence has become an important research topic. One way to reduce this kind of violence is to prevent it via remote detection and to give an appropriate response in a short time. Video surveillance is the process of monitoring the behavior of people and objects. Surveillance systems can be employed in security applications as legal evidence. Moreover, it is used widely in suspicious activity detection applications. Intelligent video surveillance systems (IVSSs) are the use of automatic video analytics to enhance the effectiveness of traditional surveillance systems. With the rapid development in Deep Learning (DL), it is now widely used to address the problems existing in traditional detection techniques. In this article, an approach to detect pistols and guns in video surveillance systems is proposed. The presented approach does not need any invasive tools in the weapon detection process. It uses DL in the classification and the detection processes. The proposed approach enhances the obtained results by applying Transfer Learning (TL). It employs two different DL techniques: AlexNet and GoogLeNet. Experimental results verify the adaptability of detecting different types of pistols and guns. The experiments were conducted on a benchmark gun database called Internet Movie Firearms Database (IMFDB). The results obtained suggest that the proposed approach is promising and outperforms its counterparts.

Erosion Studies of D-Gun-Sprayed WC-12%Co, Cr3C2-25%NiCr and Al2O3-13%TiO2 Coatings on ASTM A36 Steel

Solid particle erosion studies were conducted in simulated coal-fired boiler environment in order to compare the erosion behavior of three different types of detonation gun (D-Gun)-thermally-sprayed coating powders, i.e., WC-12%Co, Cr3C2-25%NiCr and Al2O3-13%TiO2 on ASTM A36 steel and bare ASTM A36 steel. Erosion studies were conducted by using an air jet erosion test rig at impact angles of 45°, 60° and 90°. During the erosion studies, weight loss and erosion rates in terms of volume loss (mm3/g) were determined by using an optical profilometer. WC-12%Co-coated specimens exhibited the behavior closer to the behavior of ductile materials, whereas Cr3C2-25%NiCr- and Al2O3-13%TiO2-coated specimens exhibited the typical behavior of brittle materials. All the three different types of D-Gun-sprayed coating powders had successfully protected the ASTM A36 steel from solid particle erosion at an impact angle of 45°. Out of the three different types of coatings, two coatings, i.e., WC-12%Co and Cr3C2-25%NiCr, had successfully protected the ASTM A36 steel from solid particle erosion at impact angles of 60° and 90°. This paper evaluates the solid particle erosion behavior of bare and coated ASTM A36 steel which will be helpful in choosing the suitable coating for induced draft fan applications.

Comparisons of spray characteristics between vertical impact and turbine drive sprinklers—A case study of the 50PYC and HY50 big gun-type sprinklers

Vertical impact and turbine drive sprinklers are the most widely used high-volume sprinklers with both solid set spray and hose-drawn traveler irrigator systems. Different mechanical structures and driving modes between the two types of sprinklers will inevitably lead to differences in spray performance, which may affect the adaptability of each sprinkler. Thus far, there are few comparative studies that have quantitatively analyzed the spray characteristics of the two types of gun sprinklers, resulting in the lack of guidance in sprinkler-type selection for both sprinkler system designers and farmers. In this paper, the vertical impact drive gun sprinkler (50PYC) and turbine drive gun sprinkler (HY50) were used to conduct a comparative analysis of water distribution and kinetic energy distribution between these two commonly-used sprinklers. The results show that the average radial application rate of 50PYC was 11.0%–35.9% higher than that of HY50 under fixed spray conditions. Under mobile spray conditions, the water distribution of the two gun sprinklers initially increased and then decreased as the distance from the travel lane increased, exhibiting a unimodal distribution. Both the cumulative irrigation depth and average radial application rate of 50PYC were significantly higher than those of HY50 in the spray area close to the travel lane. Under overlapping spraying conditions using two adjacent sprinklers of the same type, various working pressures and different spacing between sprinklers, the maximum distribution uniformity coefficients of the 50PYC gun sprinkler reached 80.5% to 87.8%, while the maximum distribution uniformity coefficients of the HY50 gun sprinkler were approximately 67.1% to 76.9% (5.3% to 13.5% lower than that of 50PYC). Under fixed spray conditions, the peak values of spray kinetic energy of the turbine drive-HY50 was about 1.5–2.7 times that of the 50PYC gun sprinkler under different working pressures. Under mobile spray conditions, the cumulative kinetic energy in the whole spray area of the HY50 gun sprinkler was about 1.5–2.4 times that of the 50PYC gun sprinkler. This quantitative study on two common types of sprinkler guns, vertical impact and turbine drive sprinklers, indicates that to comprehensively obtain greater irrigation benefits, soil and crop types, irrigation water quality, and economic and labor costs should also be taken into consideration when selecting between the two gun sprinklers.

Study and application of joint layout of underground coal bunker and gangue bin in Guotun coal mine

In order to solve the problem of corrosion of roadway metal support materials in high temperature and humid environment, the combination of theory and material experiment, design and development of new anti-rust and tensile cement slurry and spraying technology, develop new anti-rust and tensile cement slurry, design by ourselves The multi-purpose slurry spraying machine and the new type of spray gun have been successfully applied in the concentrated air inlet of the south wing of the second mining area of our mine, and have achieved good anti-rust effect, effectively eliminating the hidden danger caused by the corrosion of the metal mesh, effectively proves that the technology is in technology and Economically feasible.

Безопасные условия проведения исследований с баллистическими установками

Understanding the physical and thermomechanical response of materials subjected to intense dynamic loading is a significant challenge that has a practical implication for modern engineering. Shock compression followed by expansion precipitates both reversible and irreversible physical and mechanical processes in the material. These processes include strong compression in solids, high heating rates, phase transformations, electronic structure change, work hardening, spalling. Methods and devices for producing intense shock loads can be subdivided into several groups. Presently, in worldwide practice, gun type launchers have gained the widest acceptance in studying dynamic compressibility, strength characteristics, and spallatation phenomena in laboratory conditions. In this type of facility, the launched body moves in a tube under the force of a compressed gas. The facilities differ depending on the gas used and the method of its compression. Specific features of the facilities impose certain limitations on the registration and format of the tests. Examples of determining the boundary between the interior and exterior ballistics, the influence of the launched body supporting elements and the conditions of safe testing at high-speed entry in fuel are considered in this work.

Type of Firearm Used in Suicides: Findings From 13 States in the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2005–2015

PurposeAlthough household firearm ownership has been consistently associated with increased suicide rates in the U.S., scant data speak to the type of gun used in U.S. suicides. We address this research gap using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System Restricted Access Data Set, 2005–2015, by describing the types of guns used in firearm suicides over time, by urban versus rural residence, for the population as a whole, and separately among adolescents, and by sex, race, and age. MethodsThe types of firearm used by 44,540 firearm suicide decedents in 13 states from 2005 to 2015 are based on individual-level data from the National Violent Death Reporting System and urban–rural classification schemes from the National Center for Health Statistics. Rates are calculated using population data from the National Center for Health Statistics' CDC WONDER online database. ResultsBetween 2005 and 2015, suicide rates by handguns, but not long guns, increased markedly in both urban and rural counties. Among adolescents, handgun suicide rates doubled over the study period in both rural and urban areas; long gun suicide rates increased modestly. Although handguns were used in nearly three fourths of firearm suicides for the population as a whole, long gun use was relatively higher in rural counties and among adolescents. In rural counties, long guns were used in 51% of adolescent male suicides. ConclusionsSuicide prevention efforts that advise gun-owning families to reduce access to household firearms should focus not only on handguns but also on long guns, especially in rural areas and among households with adolescents.

Direct STR typing from fired and unfired bullet casings

Cartridges, bullets, and casings (CBCs) are commonly recovered after shooting incidents and could provide valuable DNA information from touch DNA that has been left behind during handling of bullets and loading of guns. Direct PCR, in which the DNA extraction and quantification steps are bypassed, has been shown to provide comparable and sometimes better results from touch DNA and trace DNA samples. Here, direct PCR was applied to touch DNA retrieved from bullet casings from three ammunition types and guns. The results were evaluated to determine whether the technique should be recommended as a standard operating protocol for forensic DNA analysts. Three experiments were carried out to investigate the following: the effect of firing bullets on DNA deposited on bullet casings; the effect of gun and ammunition types on short tandem repeat (STR) profile quality; and the feasibility of using direct PCR in real-world cases via typing of mock casework samples. DNA extraction resulted in a loss of about 40% of DNA originally deposited, and firing a bullet reduced the amount of DNA recovered by 27%. Using the direct PCR protocol, conventional extraction protocol, and dilution protocol on touch DNA from fired bullet casings, we recovered means (and 95% credible intervals), respectively, of 11.1 (7.9–13.9), 5.6 (3.0–7.7), and 2.3 (0.2–4.0) alleles. No statistical difference in alleles recovered was observed between different calibers of ammunition fired from three guns (9mm, 7.62mm, and 5.56mm from Glock Model 19, AK47, and Tavor T-21, respectively). As expected, mixed DNA profiles were observed in 40% of the mock casework samples, in which guns were shared between volunteers. This study showed that direct amplification of touch DNA from bullet casings improved STR profiles. As direct PCR is quicker, cheaper, and resulted in more alleles recovered, forensic DNA analysts may benefit from using direct PCR.

Risk factor for mortality of children among victims in Southern Thailand

Conflict can be defined as any type of controversy interactions between two or more parties which occur because of the differences in status, aim, value or perception. The consequence of the conflict in a region was the incidence of fatalities, both the injured and died. Children are the society at greater risk to be the victims because of the conflict. In Southern Thailand, conflicts occur in 4 provinces which the Muslim majority, those are Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, and Songkhla. The aims of this research have identified the factors that influence the risk of child deaths during the conflict in Southern Thailand and determined the models by influence factors. The used method was the binary logistic regression method. This method was chosen because the response variable that used is dichotomous. The dichotomous response variable was the risk of children died or not during the conflict in Southern Thailand. The data used were the number of children under 18 years old who were victims of the conflict from 2004 until 2014 in Southern Thailand. The results showed that the influence risks of child death during conflict in Southern Thailand are gender (odds ratio = 1.99; CI 95% = 1.38 - 2.88), type of guns that used was bomb (odds ratio = 0.16; CI 95% = 0.1 - 0.26) and the others (odds ratio = 2.46; CI 95% = 1.55 - 3.9), and the place of the hardness occurred was open field (odds ratio = 2.9; CI 95% = 1.54 - 5.48). Generally, children there were in the open field and female have the greater risk of death to be victimized by bombs, rifles or any other types of guns during conflict in Southern Thailand.

A Descriptive Analysis of School and School Shooter Characteristics and the Severity of School Shootings in the United States, 1999–2018

PurposeThe aim of the study was to determine whether characteristics related to the school, shooter, and guns used are associated with school shooting severity (casualty rates, fatality rates, and likelihood of fatality). MethodsWe analyzed associations between individual-, school-, gun-level factors and school shooting severity in the United States from April 1999 through May 2018. ResultsHandguns were used in most school shootings (81%); however, substantially, more fatalities occurred when rifles (relative risk [RR] =14.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] [5.00, 43.41]) or shotguns (RR = 8.84, 95% CI [2.20, 35.54]) were used. Fatal shootings were more likely to happen in schools that were majority white, taught younger students, and were rural or suburban. When shooters were aged ≥20 years, shootings were more likely to be fatal (RR = 2.44, 95% CI [1.18, 5.07]), have more casualties (RR = 5.15, 95% CI [2.06, 12.90]), and more deaths (RR = 20.13, 95% CI [4.86, 83.28]). No significant differences were observed based on the presence of resource officers. ConclusionsMore severe shootings were associated with shooters who were older and therefore unlikely to be students, whereas the presence of a school resource officer was unassociated with any reduction in school shooting severity. Importantly, the type of gun used was strongly associated with casualties and fatalities. Study findings suggest a need for prevention efforts beyond those commonly used in schools, as well as the need for improved laws.

Evolution of Firearm Violence over 20 Years: Integrating Law Enforcement and Clinical Data

Data linking ballistics to injury are lacking. To address this data chasm, a partnership with law enforcement was developed to describe clinical outcomes from specific firearms. A random sample of patients with gunshot wounds over a 20-year period ending in 2015, was identified. Circumstances of incident, firearm type, and/or caliber were extracted from police reports. Data on demographics, mortality, injury severity, and clinical outcomes were collected from the trauma registry, and these datasets were linked. Firearms were stratified by velocity (high > 2,500 ft/sec; low < 1,200 ft/sec) and caliber (large= .40 and .45; small=.20 and .25) and compared over time. Police reports were obtained on 366 patients who had a gun type or caliber documented. The majority were male (82%) with a median age of 28 years. Twenty-one percent of patients had an Injury Severity Score > 25, 60% required immediate operative intervention, and overall mortality was 13%. The use of large caliber firearms increased from 4% (1996 to 2000) to 33% (2011 to 2015); small caliber guns decreased from 33% to 7% over the same time period (p < 0.0001). High velocity firearm usage significantly increased (p= 0.0320). Recovered shell casings doubled from the first decade to the second (2 vs 4; p= 0.0006). Both median New Injury Severity Score (p= 0.0488) and hospital days (p= 0.0321) increased from 1996 to2015. Larger caliber and higher velocity firearms have significantly increased over the past 20 years in conjunction with injury severity, hospital days, and mean number of gun-related homicides per year (112 in 1996 to 2000 vs 143 in 2011 to 2015). Robust data sharing partnerships can be built between police and trauma centers to address the dearth of data on firearm crime and resulting injury.

SA98GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CADM2, A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH

Data linking ballistics to injury are lacking. To address this data chasm, a partnership with law enforcement was developed to describe clinical outcomes from specific firearms.A random sample of patients with gunshot wounds over a 20-year period ending in 2015, was identified. Circumstances of incident, firearm type, and/or caliber were extracted from police reports. Data on demographics, mortality, injury severity, and clinical outcomes were collected from the trauma registry, and these datasets were linked. Firearms were stratified by velocity (high > 2,500 ft/sec; low < 1,200 ft/sec) and caliber (large = .40 and .45; small = .20 and .25) and compared over time.Police reports were obtained on 366 patients who had a gun type or caliber documented. The majority were male (82%) with a median age of 28 years. Twenty-one percent of patients had an Injury Severity Score > 25, 60% required immediate operative intervention, and overall mortality was 13%. The use of large caliber firearms increased from 4% (1996 to 2000) to 33% (2011 to 2015); small caliber guns decreased from 33% to 7% over the same time period (p < 0.0001). High velocity firearm usage significantly increased (p = 0.0320). Recovered shell casings doubled from the first decade to the second (2 vs 4; p = 0.0006). Both median New Injury Severity Score (p = 0.0488) and hospital days (p = 0.0321) increased from 1996 to 2015.Larger caliber and higher velocity firearms have significantly increased over the past 20 years in conjunction with injury severity, hospital days, and mean number of gun-related homicides per year (112 in 1996 to 2000 vs 143 in 2011 to 2015). Robust data sharing partnerships can be built between police and trauma centers to address the dearth of data on firearm crime and resulting injury.