Types Of Green Algae Research Articles

Potential of Antioxidant Activity Caulerpa racemosa Extract Using DES Solvent and Different Sonication Times as An Antibacterial Against Pathogenic Bacteria

Caulerpa racemosa, a type of green algae, has been studied for its potential health benefits, including antioxidant and an- tibacterial properties. The extraction of bioactive compounds from marine algae using green solvents like Deep Eutectic Sol- vents (DES) has gained interest due to their efficiency and en- vironmental friendliness. This research aimed to determine the potential antioxidant activity of C. racemosa extract using DES solvents and different sonication times as an antibacterial against pathogenic bacteria. The research employed a Facto- rial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two variables: sonication time (10, 20, and 30 minutes) and different DES solvents (ethanol and ethylene glycol (1:20) with 90% aquades, and methanol and glycerol (1:10) with 90% aquades. The highest antioxidant activity was found in DES Methanol-Glycerol (36.39 mg TE/g dw), followed by DES Eth- anol-Ethylene glycol (28.30 mg TE/g dw), both significantly different (p<0.05). The C. racemosa extract inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus with an inhibition zone of 8.08 mm at 50 ppm and 13.13 mm at 1,000 ppm. For V. harveyi, inhibition started at 6.37 mm at 50 ppm, reaching 11.70 mm at 1,000 ppm. DES Methanol-Glycerol with a 10-minute soni- cation provided the highest antioxidant activity and effectively inhibited V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi. Extraction of C. racemosa with DES-MG solvent and varying sonication times influences its antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties.

Preparation and Vasodilation Mechanism of Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptide from Ulva prolifera Protein.

Ulva prolifera, a type of green algae that can be consumed, was utilized in the production of an angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide. The protein from the algae was isolated and subsequently hydrolyzed using a neutral protease. The resulting hydrolysate underwent several processes including Sephadex-G100 filtration chromatography, ultrafiltration, HPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, ADMET screening, UV spectrum detection test, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. Then, the ACE inhibitory peptide named KAF (IC50, 0.63 ± 0.26 µM) was identified. The effectiveness of this peptide in inhibiting ACE can be primarily attributed to two conventional hydrogen bonds. Additionally, it could activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity to promote the generation of nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, KAF primarily increased the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) level by acting on L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) and the ryanodine receptor (RyR) in the endoplasmic reticulum, and completed the activation of eNOS under the mediation of protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. Our study has confirmed that KAF has the potential to be processed into pharmaceutical candidate functions on vasoconstriction.

Accelerating Sulfated Polysaccharides Extraction from Fast-Growing Ulva Green Seaweed by Frequency-Controlled Microwaves.

Ulva sp. is a type of green algae and is widely distributed in coastal areas around the world due to eutrophication. Effective utilization of Ulva sp. is expected for the establishment of carbon-neutral biochemical production. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal extraction is one of the most efficient ways of extracting highly functional polysaccharides called ulvan. Here, we demonstrate the importance of microwave frequency in enhancing ulvan extraction from Ulva meridionalis. We found that microwaves (2.45 GHz) selectively heat water solvent, while radio frequency (200 MHz) selectively heats ionic ulvan. Moreover, 2.45 GHz was more effective for extracting ulvan than 200 MHz. Then, we analyzed the conformational change in ulvan during microwave irradiation using in situ small-angle X-ray scattering. Microwaves initiated the loosening of ulvan bundles at temperatures lower than those of conventional heating. As a result, microwaves at 2.45 GHz selectively heat water and initiate ulvan structural change to enhance the extraction of ulvan from U. meridionalis.

Green Seaweed Caulerpa racemosa as a Novel Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Inhibitor in Overcoming Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance: An Analysis Employing Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and In Vitro Research.

The marine environment provides a rich source of distinct creatures containing potentially revolutionary bioactive chemicals. One of these organisms is Caulerpa racemosa, a type of green algae known as green seaweed, seagrapes, or green caviar. This organism stands out because it has great promise for use in medicine, especially in the study of cancer. Through the utilization of computational modeling (in silico) and cellular laboratory experiments (in vitro), the chemical components included in the green seaweed C. racemosa were effectively analyzed, uncovering its capability to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The study specifically emphasized blocking SRC, STAT3, PIK3CA, MAPK1, EGFR, and JAK1 using molecular docking and in vitro. These proteins play a crucial role in the EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance pathway in NSCLC. The chemical Caulersin (C2) included in C. racemosa extract (CRE) has been identified as a potent and effective agent in fighting against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), both in silico and in vitro. CRE and C2 showed a level of inhibition similar to that of osimertinib (positive control/NSCLC drug).

Optimization of Chlorophyll Extraction from Ulva Sp. with Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid Biphasic Systems Method

Ulva sp. is a type of green algae that is easily found in the shallow seas of Indonesia and contains various bioactive compounds. Chlorophyll is a bioactive compound that functions as a natural dye, free radical scavenger, and antioxidant in the body. Chlorophyll extraction with conventional methods requires a relatively long time and large amount of solvent. In this research, chlorophyll extraction from Ulva sp. with the Ultrasound-Assisted Liquid Biphasic System (UALBS) method. Ulva sp. as much as 2.5 grams mixed in acetone solvent, added K2HPO4 solution, and carried out the sonification process in a dark room. The extraction process performs at a parameter range of 5-15 minutes, ratio 0.05-0.1 g/mL, and 60-100 mesh particle size. The extracted filtrate was added with petroleum ether and distilled water to form a biphasic condition. The extracted chlorophyll was analyzed with chromatography and spectrophotometry method. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH method. The optimum result of Ulva sp. chlorophyll extraction at an extraction time of 10 minutes, the ratio of solids to solvent was 0.1, the particle size of 60 mesh produced a yield of 1.88% with chlorophyll a 20.13664%, chlorophyll b 21.58672% and total chlorophyll 41.71012%, and the percentage inhibition 45.32%.

Seaweed Community Structure in the Waters of Kelombok Village, Lingga District, Linga District

Kelombok Village, Lingga Regency is an island with a large water area (99% of the water area) and has a high wealth of biological resources, especially algae or seaweed. This research was conducted in the coastal waters of Kelombok Village with three stations (stations 1, 2, and 3), and two zones (tide zone and low tide zone). The research was carried out for one month, namely in January 2024. Sampling was carried out using the line transect technique. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. Based on the research results, it is known that 12 types of seaweed live in the coral coastal waters of Kelombok Village, consisting of 3 types of green algae (Chlorophyta), 4 types of brown algae (Phaeophyta), and 5 types of red algae (Rhodophyta). The abundance of seaweed in zone A is 99,913 ind /m2, and in zone B is 99,981 ind /m2. Water conditions were recorded for brightness 1-1,7 m, temperature 29-30,1 oC, salinity 29,5-30‰, current speed 0,071 m/sec, DO 6,78-7,23 ppm, depth 0,75-1,7 m, pH 7,8-8, nitrate 0,01 mg/l, and phosphate 0,073 mg/l.

Nutritional values of Sargassum sp., Ulva sp., and Padina sp. from South East Molluca Island waters

Seaweed is a food source that comes from the sea. Seaweed has many nutrients that are important for humans. Indonesia has many seaweed species, but only a few are used industrially. Most of them come from red seaweeds of the genera Gracilaria, Gelidium, and Eucheuma. This study aims to determine the nutritional value and amino acid content as the basis for determining the potential of brown and green seaweed as food ingredients. Three species of seaweed samples were taken from different locations in Southeast Molluca waters. The tested samples were Sargassum sp. and Padina sp., which are types of brown algae, and Ulva sp., which is a type of green algae. The parameters tested were the amino acid content and proximate content of each sample. The seaweed samples tested had a range of dietary fibre content, from 46.62 to 64.23%. The highest value of the dietary fibre was reached by Ulva sp. (64 23%). The protein content in this study ranged from 3.48% to 13.08%, with Sargassum sp. having the higher protein content. Carbohydrate content has a value range of 24.42 - 39.63%. Padina is a type of seaweed that has the highest carbohydrate content. Sargassum has a complete amino acid content than the other species. The amino acid content in Sargassum is histidine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and valine. The conclusion from this research is that the three types of seaweed have the potential to be developed as a food source based on proximate analysis and amino acid content. Sargassum is the most potential seaweed for further development into food.

Plankton Composition and Abundance in Semi Intensive Aquaculture Pond and their Preference by Nile tilapia

Plankton is major food item for Nile tilapia and their availability is one of the most important factors affecting its growth performance in an extensive and semi-intensive pond-based culture systems. Thus, this study aimed to examine plankton composition, abundance, and feeding preference by Nile tilapia reared under a semi-intensive pond-based production system. The experiment was carried out using ponds (10mx15mx1.7m size) fertilized with chicken manure at the rate of 100g/m2/week. Nile tilapia with 7.8g average body weight was stocked at a density of 2 fish/m2. Examination of plankton from both pond water and stomach samples of fish was done using qualitative assessment methods. The results showed that a total of 20 phytoplankton groups were identified following standard identification key. These include four types of Blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), seven types of Green algae (Chlorophyceae), six Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), one type of Dinophyceae, and two types of Euglenophyceae. Among the phytoplankton groups, Chlorophyceae was the dominant group with 56% followed by Bacillariophyceae (23%), Cyanophyceae (17%), and Euglenophyceae (3%) while the least was Dinophyceae (1%). The most frequently observed algal genus was Scenedesmus. In addition, three Zooplankton groups namely Copepods (43%), Rotifers (31%) and Cladocerans (26%) were also identified. The result indicated that, the most preferred planktonic groups used by Nile tilapia was green algae, particularly Chlorophyceae followed by Copepoda and Rotifers. The level of chlorophyll `a` was 62.3±2.0 μg/l concentration. The different water quality parameters together with the availability of different plankton were optimal for the growth of Nile tilapia which resulted in a 0.45 specific growth rate. In conclusion, Nile tilapia exhibit preference for green algae, blue-green algae from phytoplankton, and Copepods from zooplankton groups than other groups of plankton.

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN LOSIO EKSTRAK METANOL ALGA HIJAU Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa racemosa is one type of green algae has the ability to defend against radiation of ultraviolet. Lotion is a liquid or semi-liquid preparation containing one or more active ingredients with a suitable vehicle and provides a comfortable and good feel to the skin. The aim of this research was to obtain the optimum formula based on organoleptic testing, viscosity, pH, flow type, globule of dispersion, and antioxidant activity. The method of this research is experimentally which done by making some design of lotion formulation from methanolic extract of green alga Caulerpa rasemosa . Stability of losio was evaluated include organoleptic testing, pH measurement, type of emulsion, viscosity, flow type, size and distribution of dispersion globule. Determining of effectiveness of lotion as an antioxidant by IC50 value with UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Results of this research collected and processed statistically with the Completely Randomized Design method, then made the discussion and taken the conclusion. Based on the evaluation, it was found that Losio containing 0.75% methanolic extract of Caulerpa racemosa green algae (Formula III) had the most optimum pharmaceutical stability. And the three losio formulas containing methanol extract of Caulerpa racemosa green algae have antioxidant activity.

The activity of extracts chara vulgaris against promastigotes of leishmania tropica.

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasite, this disease considers as a major health problem worldwide. The available therapy is unsatisfactory expensive with a cytotoxic side effects. Studies of marine algae as a source of pharmacological active compounds have increased worldwide. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of a type of green algae (Chara vulgaris) on promastigotes of L. tropica, by using. various concentrations (500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.6 µg/mL) in vitro by MTT assay [3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2.5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)], to investigate its effect on the proliferation of promastigotes, by three incubation periods (24, 48, 72 hr.) The results showed a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in survived of promastigotes in treatment groups with concentrations that ranged between 15 to 500 μg/ ml. This study revealed a major growth inhibition effect of the organic extract of C. vulgaris against L. tropica promastigotes, and the extract of ethyl acetate showed potential activity is better than the aqueous extract.

Pheophorbide a from Capsosiphon fulvescens Inhibits Advanced Glycation End Products Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction.

During hyperglycemia, the first step toward the formation of advanced glycation end products is the nonenzymatic glycation between the carbonyl group of a sugar and the primary amino group of a protein. Advanced glycation end products are then produced through more complex reactions. Reactive oxygen species derived from advanced glycation end products may play a key role in inflammation of the endothelium, leading to the complications seen in diabetes. Glycolaldehyde-induced advanced glycation end products have been reported to express proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. This study focused on Capsosiphon fulvescens, a Capsosiphonaceae type of green algae that has shown potential as a functional food material. Pheophorbide a, an anti-glycation compound, was isolated from C. fulvescens by extraction using a mixture of ethanol and water, followed by column fractionation of the resulting extract. The compound separated from C. fulvescens was identified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Pheophorbide a showed scavenging activity of the intracellular reactive oxygen species as well as monocyte adhesiveness inhibitory activity on the human myelomonocytic cell line (THP-1) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells cocultivation system. The mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-6 were significantly decreased by pheophorbide a, and advanced glycation end products-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were downregulated as well. These results indicate that pheophorbide a has significant reactive oxygen species-scavenging activity, monocyte adhesive inhibitory activity, and downregulatory activity of cytokines related to inflammation affecting the endothelium. Pheophorbide a could therefore be a promising candidate for modulating endothelial cell dysfunction.

The Optimizing of Growth and Quality of Chlorella vulgaris as ASUH feed supplement for Broiler

Chlorella is spherical single celled freshwater micro-algae. Chlorella has potentials as element of ration or natural ASUH (safe, healthy, whole and halal) feed supplement for it contains nutrition and active component, decreases cholesterol level and resulting darker yolk. Chlorella vulgaris is type of green algae which, its economical potential need to be revealed. Variety of components of growing media is one of factors determining quality of microalgae. In terms of mass production, it is important to find correct, cheap and easy to feed nutrition for breeders. The objective of the research is to find out the optimizing of growth and quality of Chlorella vulgaris as ASUH feed supplement for broiler. Test using sedgwick rafter method conducted to find out the optimizing of growth and quality of Chlorella vulgaris while AOAC method applied to test quality of its nutrition. The result shows that. Chlorella vulgaris grew well at technical medium 10 % of Phyto-s, crude protein 57.63%, fat 5.84%, b Carotene 6.44 mg/gram, Vitamin C 4.12 mg/gram and vitamin E 1.32 mg/gram. We can say that Chlorella vulgaris potential to be natural and ASUH feed supplement and Phyto-s can be used as nutrition for mass production.

A cDNA Clone Encoding a Light-Harvesting Protein from Mantoniella squamata

The green algae and land plants are generally assumed to share a common system of harvesting light energy for photosynthesis based on the plastid Chl a/b protein LHCs, which are encoded by the nuclear Cab gene family. Indeed, the polypeptide constituents of most of these complexes are clearly homologous, as demonstrated by sequence analysis (Pichersky and Green, 1990) and immunochemical crossreactivity (Thornber et al., 1991). However, one group of small green flagellates, members of the order Mamiellales of the Micromonadophyceae, have a major LHC that does not display immunochemical cross-reactivity to the major LHC of other green plants (Fawley et al., 1990). The LHC of these organisms also contains the xanthophyll prasinoxanthin and a Chl c-like pigment in addition to Chl b, a combination of pigments not found in land plants or other types of green algae (Fawley, 1992). Some members of the Mamiellales, notably Mantoniella squamata (Manton et Parke) Desikachary, have been considered by some to represent the most primitive type in the green algae (Melkonian, 1984; van den Hoek et al., 1988). Therefore, it was of interest to us to use sequence analysis to determine whether or not the polypeptides of the LHC of the Mamiellales are homologous to those of other green algae and land plants. In addition, the comparison of a highly divergent or primitive LHC type with other LHCs could provide insight on important structural features of the proteins. A cDNA library from poly(A)+ RNA from Mantoniella squamata was constructed using the SuperScript Lambda System (BRL). The library was screened with polyclonal antisera raised against the major polypeptide of a LHC of M. squamata (Lee et al., 1992). A positive clone (MScab-1) was subcloned into pBluescript II for restriction mapping with BamHI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, Sad, SpnI, and XbaII. Appropriate fragments were sequenced in both directions using M13mpl8 and M13mpl9 vectors and Sequenace 2.0 (United States Biochemical). Sequencing revealed that the 900-bp clone contained an open reading frame corresponding to a 231-amino acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 25.4 kD. The derived amino

Hydrodynamic stress capacity of microorganisms

A new experimental method has been developed for estimating the hydrodynamic stress capacity of microorganisms. In a test apparatus, stable continuous cultures of three types of green algae and two cyanobacteria were exposed to well-defined hydrodynamic loads in a free jet. During and after the stress experiments the cultures showed a different response due to the damage in the jet. The results of these free-jet experiments with short stress exposure were compared to those of stirring experiments in which hydrodynamic load was continuously generated by a stirrer. In both kinds of experiments distinct critical stress values could be determined below which no essential damage of the microorganisms cultures occurred. A correlation between the critical stress values in free-jet and stirring experiments was found. It can be deduced that the free-jet data, expressed as critical volumetric dissipated energy, are suitable for the calculation of hydrodynamic stress to which microorganisms might be exposed in biotechnical plants without suffering damage.