Types Of Glycolipids Research Articles

Corynebacterium parakroppenstedtii secretes a novel glycolipid to promote the development of granulomatous lobular mastitis

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a chronic idiopathic granulomatous mastitis of the mammary gland characterized by significant pain and a high propensity for recurrence, the incidence rate has gradually increased, and has become a serious breast disease that should not be ignored. GLM is highly suspected relative to microbial infections, especially those of Corynebacterium species; however, the mechanisms involved are unclear, and prevention and treatment are difficult. In this study, we demonstrated the pathogenicity of Corynebacterium parakroppenstedtii in GLM using Koch’s postulates. Based on the drug sensitization results of C. parakroppenstedtii, and utilizing a retrospective study in conjunction with a comprehensive literature review, we suggested an efficacious, targeted antibiotic treatment strategy for GLM. Subsequently, we identified the pathogenic factor as a new type of glycolipid (named corynekropbactins) secreted by C. parakroppenstedtii. Corynekropbactins may chelate iron, cause the death of mammary cells and other mammary -gland-colonizing bacteria, and increase the levels of inflammatory cytokines. We further analyzed the prevalence of C. parakroppenstedtii infection in patients with GLM. Finally, we suggested that the lipophilicity of C. parakroppenstedtii may be associated with its infection route and proposed a possible model for the development of GLM. This research holds significant implications for the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic management of GLM, offering new insights into targeted treatment approaches.

Spontaneous nanotube formation of an asymmetric glycolipid

Over the past decades, advances in lipid nanotechnology have shown that self-assembled lipid structures providing ease of preparation, chemical stability, and biocompatibility represent a landmark on the development of multidisciplinary technologies. Lipid nanotubes (LNTs) are a unique class of lipid self-assembled structures, bearing unique properties such as high-aspect ratio, tunable diameter size, and precise molecular recognition. They can be obtained either by the action of external factors to already formed vesicles or spontaneously, the latter depending strongly on subtle molecular features. Here, we report on the spontaneous formation of supported lipid nanotubes of a particular type of glycolipid, ohmline, whose hydrophobic core displays remarkable asymmetry. The combination of bulk and surface-sensitive techniques indicates that below its main transition, ohmline displays an interdigitated gel phase, likely driven by the unique asymmetry in its hydrophobic core. Enhanced order packing by interdigitation favors the formation of ohmline nanotubes in agreement with chiral-based models of nanotube formation. The findings presented in this work call for additional studies to link lipid molecular structure-assembly relationships, whose understanding is relevant for the controlled design of lipid nanotubes networks in particular and controlled design of soft-matter nanomaterials in general.

Efficient lipidomic approach for the discovery of lipid ligands for immune receptors by combining LC-HRMS/MS analysis with fractionation and reporter cell assay

C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), which are pattern recognition receptors responsible for triggering innate immune responses, recognize damaged self-components and immunostimulatory lipids from pathogenic bacteria; however, several of their ligands remain unknown. Here, we propose a new analytical platform combining liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with microfractionation capability (LC-FRC-HRMS/MS) and a reporter cell assay for sensitive activity measurements to develop an efficient methodology for searching for lipid ligands of CLR from microbial trace samples (crude cell extracts of approximately 5 mg dry cell/mL). We also developed an in-house lipidomic library containing accurate mass and fragmentation patterns of more than 10,000 lipid molecules predicted in silico for 90 lipid subclasses and 35 acyl side chain fatty acids. Using the developed LC-FRC-HRMS/MS system, the lipid extracts of Helicobacter pylori were separated and fractionated, and HRMS and HRMS/MS spectra were obtained simultaneously. The fractionated lipid extract samples in 96-well plates were thereafter subjected to reporter cell assays using nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter cells expressing mouse or human macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle). A total of 102 lipid molecules from all fractions were annotated using an in-house lipidomic library. Furthermore, a fraction that exhibited significant activity in the NFAT-GFP reporter cell assay contained α-cholesteryl glucoside, a type of glycolipid, which was successfully identified as a lipid ligand molecule for Mincle. Our analytical platform has the potential to be a useful tool for efficient discovery of lipid ligands for immunoreceptors.Graphical

The mechanistic interplay between Nrf-2, NF-κB/MAPK, caspase-dependent apoptosis, and autophagy in the hepatoprotective effects of Sophorolipids produced by microbial conversion of banana peels using Saccharomyces cerevisiae against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

BackgroundDoxorubicin (DOX) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent which causes serious adverse effects due to multiple organ damage, including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. The mechanism of DOX-induced organ toxicity might be attributed to oxidative stress (OS) and, consequently, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, apoptosis, and blockage of autophagy. Sophorolipids (SLs) as a glycolipid type of biosurfactants, are natural products that have unique properties and a wide range of applications attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. AimsProduction of low-cost SLs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on banana peels and investigating their possible protective effects against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity. Main methodsThe yeast was locally isolated and molecularly identified, then the yielded SLs were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR and LC-MS/MS spectra. Posteriorly, thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups; control (oral saline), SLs (200 mg/kg, p.o), DOX (10 mg/kg; i.p.), and SL + DOX (200 mg/kg p.o.,10 mg/kg; i.p., respectively). Liver function tests (LFTs), oxidative stress, inflammatory, apoptosis as well as autophagy markers were investigated. Key findingsSLs were produced with a yield of 49.04% and treatment with SLs improved LFTs, enhanced Nrf2 and suppressed NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1β, p38, caspase 3 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio in addition to promotion of autophagy when compared to DOX group. SignificanceOur results revealed a novel promising protective effect of SLs against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

Arthrobacter caoxuetaonis sp. nov., Arthrobacter zhangbolii sp. nov. and Arthrobacter gengyunqii sp. nov., isolated from Marmota himalayana faeces from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Six aerobic or facultative anaerobic, motile, Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative strains (zg-Y453T, zg-Y324, zg-Y462T, zg-Y411, zg-Y809T and zg-Y786) were isolated from different faecal samples of Marmota himalayana from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Pale yellow, round, raised and moist colonies appeared 48 h after incubation at 28 °C on brain-heart infusion plates supplemented with 5 % defibrinated sheep blood. According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence alignment, two strain pairs (zg-Y453T/zg-Y324 and zg-Y462T/zg-Y411) shared the highest similarities to Arthrobacter luteolus (99.5 and 99.2 %), and the other one (zg-Y809T/zg-Y786) to Arthrobacter citreus (99.5 %). Results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and genome sequences showed that these six strains represented three separate species within the genus Arthrobacter. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the three novel type strains (zg-Y453T/zg-Y462T/zg-Y809T) and other known species in this genus were all below respective thresholds (70.2-81.5/19.6-24.2 %, 70.6-81.8/19.8-25.0 %, and 70.4-88.2/19.9-35.3 %). Although phylogenetically related, there were obvious chemotaxonomic and phenotypic differences: strain pair zg-Y462T/zg-Y411 had anteiso-C15 : 0 as the only major fatty acid; the three novel species had different dominant quinones, MK-8(H2) in strains zg-Y462T/zg-Y809T (74.8/81.1 %) and MK-8(H2)/MK-9(H2) (43.1/53.0 %) in zg-Y453T; similarly, the ability to reduce nitrate in strains zg-Y453T and zg-Y462T could differentiate them from zg-Y809T. All strains had diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, but differed slightly in the types of unidentified glycolipids, phospholipids and lipids. Based on the results of these polyphasic taxonomic analyses, three novel species within the genus Arthrobacter are proposed, namely Arthrobacter caoxuetaonis sp. nov. (type strain, zg-Y453T=GDMCC 1.2809T=JCM 35173T), Arthrobacter zhangbolii sp. nov. (type strain, zg-Y462T=GDMCC 1.2880T=JCM 35170T) and Arthrobacter gengyunqii sp. nov. (type strain, zg-Y809T=GDMCC 1.2808T=JCM 35168T).

Production and characterization of glycolipid biosurfactant from Streptomyces enissocaesilis HRB1 and its evaluation for biomedical and bioremediation applications

AbstractThe aim of this investigation is to produce and characterize biosurfactant from Streptomyces sp. HRB1 and to evaluate its biomedical and bioremediation potential. Biosurfactant producing property of Streptomyces sp. HRB1 isolated from petroleum contaminated soil was confirmed by hemolytic and oil spread assays. Based on the results of FT‐IR spectral and GC–MS analysis, the biosurfactant was confirmed as glycolipid type. Biosurfactant from Streptomyces sp. HRB1 exhibited 71% inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, 77.33% quorum sensing inhibition property against Chromobacterium violeceum MTCC 2656, more than 80% inhibition in antioxidant assays namely, DPPH, ABTS, and metal chelation, promising anti‐proliferative activity against leukemia and myeloma cells with low IC50 values, 96% decolorization of malachite green within 48 h of reaction time, and minimal toxicity against normal cell lines in dose‐dependent manner. The taxonomic position of the potential strain HRB1 was further confirmed as Streptomyces enissocaesilis HRB1 based on their phenotypic and molecular characteristics. To conclude, Streptomyces enissocaesilis HRB1 isolated from petroleum‐contaminated soil is a promising source for low‐cost production of glycolipid biosurfactant with potential biomedical and environmental applications such as antiphytofungal, antibiofilm, anti‐quorum sensing, antioxidant, anticancer, and dye degradation properties.

Nocardioides ochotonae sp. nov., Nocardioides campestrisoli sp. nov. and Nocardioides pantholopis sp. nov., isolated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Six Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and irregular-rod-shaped actinobacteria (ZJ1313T, ZJ1307, MC1495T, Y192, 603T and X2025) were isolated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China and were characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic method. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the six new strains formed three distinct clusters within the genus Nocardioides, and strains ZJ1313T and ZJ1307 were most closely related to N. solisilvae JCM 31492T (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 98.0 %), MC1495T and Y192 to N. houyundeii 78T (98.5 %), and 603T and X2025 to N. dokdonensis JCM 14815T (97.6 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of strains ZJ1313T, MC1495T and 603T among each other and with type strains of their closest relatives were all below the 70 % cut-off point, but values within each pair of new strains were all higher than the threshold. The major fatty acids of these strains were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1 ω8c or C18 : 1 ω9c. MK-8(H4) was the predominant respiratory menaquinone and ʟʟ-2,6-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid. All the strains shared diphosphatidylglycerol (predominant), phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol as the common polar lipids, with minor difference in the types of unidentified phospholipids, glycolipids and lipids. The G+C contents based on genomic DNA of strains ZJ1313T, MC1495T and 603T were 72.5, 72.1 and 73.2 mol%, respectively. The above results suggested that strain pairs ZJ1313T/ZJ1307, MC1495T/Y192 and 603T/X2025 represent three new species of genus Nocardioides, for which the names Nocardioides ochotonae sp. nov. (ZJ1313T=GDMCC 4.177T=KCTC 49537T=JCM 34185T), Nocardioides campestrisoli sp. nov. (MC1495T=GDMCC 4.176T=KCTC 49536T=JCM 34307T) and Nocardioides pantholopis sp. nov. (603T=CGMCC 4.7510T=DSM 106494T) are proposed accordingly.

White wine grape pomace as a suitable carbon source for lipid and carotenoid production by fructophilic Rhodorotula babjevae.

We aim to explore the non-structural sugars from white wine grape pomace (WWGP) as the input carbon source for the co-production of multiple high-value products by the non-fastidious yeast Rhodotorula babjevae to create a sustainable and economically appealing process. Water extraction of unfermented, soluble sugars from WWGP yielded extracts with similar amounts of glucose and fructose, which were used to prepare a growth medium. Rhodorotula babjevae multiplied as fast on WWGP-based medium as on a reference medium but achieved higher cell dry weight (CDW) and lower intracellular triacylglycerol accumulation (22.5% vs. 28.6%) in WWGP-based medium. In addition, R. babjevae produced mannitol and arabitol and carotenoids and secreted polyol esters of fatty acids, a rare type of glycolipid as confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. Remarkably, R. babjevae consumed simultaneously both fructose and glucose when on WWGP-based medium and left glucose practically untouched in the reference medium, evidencing a fructophilic character. Rhodorotula babjevae, a metabolic versatile yeast, proliferated on a minimally processed extract and successfully converted glucose and fructose into high-value products. Different chemicals with market potential can be produced through the valorization of abundant waste feedstocks generated by the wine industry to which R. babjevae can contribute.

Bioconversion of waste lubricant oil by Achromobacter xylosoxidans PSA5 employing a Central Composite Design approach for enhanced biosurfactant production

A biosurfactant producing bacterial strain was isolated from oil-contaminated soils in Visakhapatnam, India and identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans PSA5 by 16S rRNA sequencing. The Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology was deployed in the present study to ascertain the optimum conditions for producing biosurfactant from A. xylosoxidans PSA5. A temperature of 35°C, pH 7.0, 2.0% waste lubricant oil and a five-day incubation time were found to be optimal for biosurfactant production with a maximum emulsification index of 60.0%. Under optimum conditions, 4.46 g/L of the biosurfactant was produced which was 4.5 times higher than the yield obtained under unoptimized conditions. The kinetic study showed that biosurfactant production was growth-associated, signifying that biosurfactant is a primary metabolite. Partial characterization of the biosurfactant by thin-layer chromatographic analysis revealed that the putative biosurfactant was of glycolipid type.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Derived Biosurfactant Attenuates Quorum Sensing-Mediated Virulence and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium violaceum

Quorum sensing (QS) controls the expression of diverse biological traits in bacteria, including virulence factors. Any natural bioactive compound that disables the QS system is being considered as a potential strategy to prevent bacterial infection. Various biological activities of biosurfactants have been observed, including anti-QS effects. In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of a biosurfactant derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on QS-regulated virulence factors and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium violaceum. The structural analogues of the crude biosurfactant were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Moreover, the inhibitory prospects of identified structural analogues were assessed with QS-associated CviR, LasA, and LasI ligands via in silico molecular docking analysis. An L. plantarum-derived biosurfactant showed a promising dose-dependent interference with the production of both violacein and acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) in C. violaceum. In P. aeruginosa, at a sub-MIC concentration (2.5 mg/mL), QS inhibitory activity was also demonstrated by reduction in pyocyanin (66.63%), total protease (60.95%), LasA (56.62%), and LasB elastase (51.33%) activity. The swarming motility and exopolysaccharide production were also significantly reduced in both C. violaceum (61.13%) and P. aeruginosa (53.11%). When compared with control, biofilm formation was also considerably reduced in C. violaceum (68.12%) and P. aeruginosa (59.80%). A GC–MS analysis confirmed that the crude biosurfactant derived from L. plantarum was a glycolipid type. Among all, n-hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid, and 1H-indene,1-hexadecyl-2,3-dihydro had a high affinity for CviR, LasI, and LasA, respectively. Thus, our findings suggest that the crude biosurfactant of L. plantarum can be used as a new anti-QS/antibiofilm agent against biofilm-associated pathogenesis, which warrants further investigation to uncover its therapeutic efficacy.

A comprehensive review on natural occurrence, synthesis and biological activities of glycolipids

Glycolipids are ubiquitous and biologically important molecules and are involved in diverse biological functions and exhibit biosurfactant applications due to their surface-active and biodegradability properties. Despite showing a wide range of biological functions, not enough commercial exploitation has been taken place. Possible reasons for this could be the lack of focus or commercially viable processes for isolation/purification, as these glycolipids are found to be complex mixtures in their respective natural sources. Keeping these complexities in view, in this review, we focused on natural occurrences, including plants, marine micro algae, microorganisms, and salient features of various chemical methods, including glycosylation methods for the synthesis of different types of glycolipids. Further, this review significantly summarises the biological evaluation of a diverse class of glycolipids isolated and/or synthesized either by partial or total synthesis.

Classical molecular dynamics, transition path sampling, and umbrella sampling to investigate the structural, conformational, and proton transfer properties of glyonic liquids

Rhamnolipid, a type of glycolipid that can be biologically produced by Pseudomonas species, has been extensively studied and applied for many industrial and environmental facets. As a well-known biosurfactant, rhamnolipids are biodegradable and relatively nontoxic. Meanwhile, ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts that remain in liquid states at or close to room temperature, are famous mediums for their non-volatility, non-flammability, air and water stability, tunability, and ionic conductivity, however, ionic liquids are usually hard to synthesize, expensive, toxic, corrosive, and not biodegradable.

Biosurfactant Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain LTR1 and its Application

On the circumstances of the growing market of biosurfactants all over the globe, the presented study focused on the characterization of biosurfactants produced by newly isolated and reported as biosurfactant producer strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa LTR1. Additionally, production media and physiological factors are optimized using a one factor at a time (OFAT) approach for maximum biosurfactant production. Its efficacy for antimicrobial and emulsification activities was determined. P. aeruginosa LTR1 utilized all the carbon sources provided, and a maximum of 9.5 g/L of biosurfactant was produced in soybean oil supplemented minimal salts medium (MSM). The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined as 12 mg/L and can reduce the surface tension of the medium from 72 mN/m to 31 mN/M. The biosurfactant was characterized by biochemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and was not a protein in nature, possibly a glycolipid type of biosurfactant. It has shown the good emulsification activities for various hydrocarbon tested here. In addition, it acts as an antibiofilm agent with the minimum inhibitory concentration required for 50 % biofilms reduction was 30.95 µg/mL suggesting the antimicrobial potential. The biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain LTR1 has shown good surface-active properties, good emulsification, and antimicrobial activities, demonstrating its potential for application in various areas like the oil industry, especially in tank cleaning, bioremediation of spills at sea or soil, and candidates as antimicrobial.

Optimization of the slaughterhouse water treatment rate by a new Marinobacter carbonoclasticus SF and its biosurfactant

The aim of this study consists of the production of a bio-surfactant from a new bacterial strain, Marinobacter hydrocarbono clasticus SF (96.76 % similarity) isolated from soil contaminated by hydrocarbons in Hassi-Messaoud (Southern Algeria) to treat liquid effluent from slaughterhouse water. The characteristics of organic matter biodegradation tests were discussed. Despite the high pollutant load and the unfavorable physicochemical composition of the effluent, the specific growth rate of the isolated strain after 10 days of incubation in the range of 0?30 g L-1 of NaCl was at neutral pH 7.4 and temperature of 45?C. The best bio-surfactant production yield was obtained after 72 h of incubation and under the optimal production conditions such as diesel as carbon source, ammonium chloride as nitrogen source, and a C/N ratio of 5. The bio-surfactant produced is of glycolipid type with a low critical micellar concentration (CMC), good emulsifying power, and chemical and functional stability. Significant pollutant removal efficiency was obtained using the bacterial strain (up to 82 %) and the bio-surfactant (up to 96 %). Several anions, such as nitrates, phosphates, ammonium, and suspended solids, were measured.

Rhamonolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa promotes methane hydrates formation in fixed bed silica gel medium

Natural gas hydrates are seen as an alternative future energy source. They have also been valued for their carbon dioxide capturing capability, gas separation, desalination, natural gas storage and transportation. Developing economical and viable gas hydrate based technology is one of the most promising research areas of present decade. Successful commercialization of gas hydrate based technology is often curtailed due to slow formation rate. The present study evaluates biosurfactant as a kinetic promoter of methane hydrates formation in a fixed bed C type silica gel medium. Biosurfactant was produced by growing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain A11 in glycerol supplemented mineral salt medium. Biosurfactant characterization with FTIR, NMR and MALDI-TOF spectroscopy reveled it to be a glycolipids type biosurfactant namely rhamnolipids. Saturating C type silica gel with of 100 ppm rhamnolipids solution enhanced the rate of methane hydrates formation by reducing the induction time. Mole of methane consumed and percentage of water to hydrate conversion was observed to be more in 1000 ppm rhamnolipids saturated C type silica gel as compared to quiescent water system and water saturated silica gel system. Overall results suggest that rhamonolipids produced by strain A11 in combination with silica gel can be utilized as environmentally safe kinetic promoter for methane hydrate formation.

Characterization of the biosurfactant produced by Pesudomonas areuginosa strain R 4 and its application for remediation pyrene-contaminated soils.

A biosurfactant producing strain was isolated and the rhamnolipid type biosurfactant was extracted for soil washing of a synthetically and naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Following the primary screening, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain R 4 was selected and the effect of the carbon and nitrogen source and the salinity on biosurfactant production was studied. Of the best results were observed for glucose as a carbon source, NH4Cl as a nitrogen source and salinity of 1.4%. The produced biosurfactant was a glycolipid type biosurfactant and reduced the surface tension to 32.5 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 50mg/L and production yield of 90mg/L. Using produced biosurfactant, a pyrene desorption rate of 82% was observed in selected conditions for initial pyrene concentration of 200mg/L.

Bacteria from oil contaminated sites as a viable source of potential biosurfactants with anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities

Biosurfactants are low molecular weight, surface active amphiphatic compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules could be of wide acceptability in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food industries and bioremediation processes due to low toxicity and biodegradability. However, there is a limitation in their applicability partially due to our knowledge that revolves around pretty less number of well studied biosurfactants. The aim of the present study is to isolate bacteria from oil contaminated environments (soil from automobile workshops and kitchen waste dumping area), and evaluate them for biosurfactant production and determining the properties of these biomolecules. Isolates were screened for drop collapse activity, emulsification, phenol–sulfuric test and ability of adhesion to hydrocarbons. Isolates selected on the basis of above activities were screened for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Biosurfactants with antimicrobial activity were also checked for ability to reduce adhesion of pathogenic microorganisms to solid surface and evaluated for biofilm-disruption activity. The results obtained in this work showed that the biosurfactant from isolate SBM1 identified as Bacillus sp. had all the above properties. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that biosurfactant from isolate SBM1 is of glycolipid type that can be employed as potential agent of biomedical utility.

Glycolipids: Linchpins in the Organization and Function of Membrane Microdomains.

Membrane microdomains, also called lipid rafts, are areas on membrane enriched in glycolipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol. Although membrane microdomains are thought to play key roles in many cellular functions, their structures, properties, and biological functions remain obscure. Cellular membranes contain several types of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and other lipids, including cholesterol, glycerophospholipids, and sphingomyelin. Depending on their physicochemical properties, especially the characteristics of their glycolipids, various microdomains form on these cell membranes, providing structural or functional contextures thought to be essential for biological activities. For example, the plasma membranes of human neutrophils are enriched in lactosylceramide (LacCer) and phosphatidylglucoside (PtdGlc), each of which forms different membrane microdomains with different surrounding molecules and is involved in different functions of neutrophils. Specifically, LacCer forms Lyn-coupled lipid microdomains, which mediate neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and superoxide generation, whereas PtdGlc-enriched microdomains mediate neutrophil differentiation and spontaneous apoptosis. However, the mechanisms by which these glycolipids form different nano/meso microdomains and mediate their specialized functions remain incompletely understood. This review describes current understanding of the roles of glycolipids and sphingolipids in their enriched contextures on cellular membranes, including their mechanisms of facilitation and regulation of intracellular signaling. This review also introduces new concepts about the roles of glycolipid and sphingolipid-dependent contextures in immunological functions.

Exploring the Pharmacological Potentials of Biosurfactant Derived from Planococcus maritimus SAMP MCC 3013.

Therapeutic potential of biosurfactant (BS) has been improved in recent years. Our present study deals with production of BS from Planococcus maritimus SAMP MCC 3013 in a mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with glucose (1.5%w/v). Further, BS has been purified and partially characterized as glycolipid type through our previous publication. Current research article aimed to evaluate biological potential of BS against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum and cancerous cell lines. Planococcus derived glycolipid BS was found to be a promising inhibitor of M. tuberculosis (MTB) H37Ra at IC50 64.11 ± 1.64μg/mL and MIC at 160.8 ± 1.64μg/mL. BS also showed growth inhibition of P. falciparum at EC50 34.56 ± 0.26µM. Additionally, BS also displayed the cytotoxicity against HeLa (IC50 41.41 ± 4.21μg/mL), MCF-7 (IC50 42.79 ± 6.07μg/mL) and HCT (IC50 31.233 ± 5.08μg/mL) cell lines. Molecular docking analysis was carried for the most popular glycolipid type BS namely Rhamnolipid (RHL) aiming to interpret the possible binding interaction for anti-tubercular and anti-cancer activity. This analysis revealed the involvement of RHL binding with enoyl reductase (InhA) of M. tuberculosis. Docking studies of RHL with tubulin directed several hydrophobic and Vander Waal interactions to exhibit anti-cancer potential. The present study will be helpful for further development of marine bioactive molecules for therapeutic applications. Their anti-tubercular, anti-plasmodial and cytotoxic activities make BS molecules as a noteworthy candidate to combat several diseases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on projecting the pharmacological potential of Planococcus derived BS.

Investigation of the Total Lipidoma from a Zoantharia palythoa sp.

The total lipidome of a symbiotic Zoantharia Palythoa sp., the first representative of the order Zoanthidea (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia), was studied to develop lipidomics of marine organisms. The structures and contents of 145 molecular neutral and polar lipids were established using LC-MS. Lipidomes of Zoantharia, hydrocorals, and reef-building and soft corals were compared. Fatty-acid distributions in Zoantharia lipids were determined. Molecular types of glycolipids and the betaine lipid of symbiotic microalgae of this animal organism were characterized.