Types Of Footwear Research Articles

Effect of High Heeled Shoe Sole to the Vertical Jump Performance of Volleyball Women Student Athletes

Background: The study investigates the effect of wearing high heeled shoe soles on the vertical jump performance of volleyball women student athletes compared to their performance in standard footwear. This research aims to address the problem of whether high heeled shoe soles negatively affect vertical jump ability, which is a critical factor in their sport performance. Objectives: This study investigated the influence of high heeled shoe soles on female volleyball athletes' vertical leap performance. Methods: Using a quasi-experimental design, the study included 15 female volleyball student-athletes from Batangas State University TNEU JPLPC-Malvar Campus in 2023-2024. Participants performed vertical jump tests under two conditions—wearing high heeled shoe soles and standard footwear—over two weeks, with three attempts per condition. Paired t-tests assessed performance differences between the two footwear types. Results: Results indicated that wearing high heeled shoe soles significantly improved jump heights, with average increases of 2.13 inches initially and 3.6 inches in post-tests. Statistical analysis yielded t-test values of 35.87 for pre-performance and 697.14 for post-performance, both showing significant gains. Conclusion: The study concludes that high heeled shoe soles positively influence vertical jump performance in female volleyball athletes, suggesting that this footwear could enhance athletic outcomes.

Performance Effects Of Footwear And Bar Type During The Deadlift

Performance Effects Of Footwear And Bar Type During The Deadlift

Frequency of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and their risk factors in young athletes attended at the Orthopedics and Traumatology Center of the city of Rosario (Argentina) in the year 2023

Introduction: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most important stabilizers of the knee that prevents anterior translation of the tibia over the femur. ACL injuries commonly occur during sports and are usually caused by sudden stops or changes in direction during running, jumping and landing.Objective: To describe the frequency of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and their risk factors in young athletes attended at the Orthopedics and Traumatology Center of the city of Rosario (Argentina) in the year 2023.Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study, carried out at the Orthopedics and Traumatology Center (COT) from April to September 2023. The population consisted of all patients aged between 18 and 25 years, regardless of sex, who practice high-impact sports on the knee and who consulted for knee injury. The collection instrument was the medical records. The variables were summarized through central position measures (mean) and dispersion measures (range and standard deviation) and expressed in absolute and relative frequency.Results: Thirty medical records were analyzed, of which 100% presented some ACL injury. The mean age was 21.57 ± 2.30 years, 67% were male and 33% female. Regarding the type of injury, 63% presented sprain and 37% tear. Twenty-seven percent played field hockey and rugby respectively, 20% played soccer, 13% basketball, 10% tennis and 3% volleyball. The risk factors associated with ACL injuries found in the studied population were among the intrinsic (50%) the neuromuscular deficit (37%) and genetic risk (13%); while among the extrinsic (23%) were the type of footwear (13%) used and the surface of the field (10%).Conclusions: Patients with ACL injuries evaluated were on average 21.57 ± 2.30 years old with a male: female ratio of 2:1. The most common symptoms were walking instability, edema, swelling, and pain. The most common sports associated with anterior cruciate ligament injuries were field hockey, rugby and soccer. Neuromuscular deficit, genetic risk, improper footwear and unstable field surface were found to be risk factors

Comparison of Muscular Activity During Running with New and Used Military Boots and Running Footwears in Healthy Individuals: A Clinical Trial Study

Background: The type of footwear worn by military personnel and others could increase the risk of overuse injuries. Objectives: This study aimed to compare muscular activity during running with new and used military boots and running footwear in healthy individuals. Methods: Thirty healthy males were given a new pair of running footwear (n = 15) and thermoplastic polyurethane military boots (n = 15). Participants in each group were asked to wear these shoes for 6 months. Electromyographic activity of the dominant limb muscles was recorded during running at a speed of 3.3 m/s before and after 6 months. Results: The results indicated significant differences in muscle activity based on the type of footwear worn during various phases of running. Specifically, muscles such as the tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus showed varied activity during phases such as loading, mid-stance, and push-off. Additionally, there were significant effects of time on certain muscles, including the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase. Interactions between footwear type and time were observed for the semitendinosus and gluteus medius during the loading phase, and the gastrocnemius medialis during the push-off phase. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate a decrease in muscle activity for most lower limb muscles in the military boots group compared to the running footwear group during the stance phase of running. The magnitude of gastrocnemius medialis activity increased in the military boots group (but not in the running footwear group) from pre-test to post-test during the push-off phase.

Development of an Orthosis to Compensate VolumetricDysmetria of Feet

The concept of symmetry applied to the two halves of the human body has been the subject of reflection by anatomists. One of the most common inequalities is dysmetry of the lower limbs (LL), especially the legs and/or feet. In the case of a height difference in the legs, if it is very pronounced, it is necessary to develop strategies capable of correcting or reducing its impact on the quality of life of people who live with it daily. A rare type of dysmetria is the volumetric difference of the feet, not accompanied by changes in the length of the legs. In these cases, filling with conventional orthopedic insoles to improve the fixation of the foot inside the shoe is completely inappropriate because it slightly increases the length of the respective lower limb, which is reflected in changes in the spine that can degenerate into severe scoliosis. To solve these problems, a volumetric compensation orthosis applicable to this type of situation was developed. Using modern three-dimensional scanning and 3D printing techniques, an orthosis was customized for placement inside the shoes of an individual with this volumetric anomaly. To ensure walking comfort, a common flexible material (TPU) was chosen, and the printing parameters were studied based on feedback given by the user. As a measure of the effectiveness of the developed product and to analyze the effect produced, tests were carried out to compare gait patterns before and after the correction was established. The results found showed an approximation to standard gait patterns, a considerable improvement in the fixation of the foot inside the shoe and an interchangeability that allows the use of the orthosis in any type of footwear, such as classic shoes, boots or sneakers.

Respectful Children's Shoes: A Systematic Review.

Child footwear, both in pathologies and in normal situations, can affect the foot in various ways depending on its characteristics. Below, some features of child footwear are described, and how they can influence the foot, including suitable size, shape and design, flexibility, and transpirable material; inadequate footwear includes situations with flat foot, equine foot, and hammer toes. It is important to highlight that each child is unique and may have different footwear needs. In case of specific pathologies or concerns, it is recommended to consult a specialist in podology or foot medicine for personalized assessment and recommendations. The present systematic review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Children's footwear must adapt to all stages of children's growth, starting from when they begin to walk, to promote the correct evolution of their musculoskeletal system. For up to six months, they do not need to wear shoes; socks and similar clothing are enough to warm your feet like a second skin. The flexibility of respectful footwear is essential between six months and three or four years. From that age onwards, the soles can be somewhat thicker, and the buttress can have a certain firmness, but the shoes should remain flexible. Eco-friendly footwear, which typically comes from small businesses and factories, is sometimes described as "ergonomic footwear". However, there is some reluctance towards this term. When choosing this type of footwear for children, it is important to not just look at the label; rather, one should verify that it meets all the necessary characteristics to be considered respectful.

Instrumented Static and Reactive Balance in Collegiate Athletes: Normative Values and Minimal Detectable Change.

Wearable sensors are increasingly popular in concussion research because of their objective quantification of subtle balance deficits. However, normative data and minimal detectable change (MDC) values are necessary to serve as references for diagnostic use and tracking longitudinal recovery. To identify normative and MDC values for instrumented static- and reactive-balance tests, an instrumented static mediolateral (ML) root mean square (RMS) sway standing balance assessment and the instrumented, modified push and release (I-mP&R), respectively. Cross-sectional study. Clinical setting. Normative static ML RMS sway and I-mP&R data were collected on 377 (n = 184 female) healthy National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes at the beginning of their competitive seasons. Test-retest data were collected in 36 healthy control athletes based on standard recovery timelines after concussion. Descriptive statistics, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and MDC values were calculated for primary outcomes of ML RMS sway in a static double-limb stance on firm ground and a foam block, and time to stability and latency from the I-mP&R in single- and dual-task conditions. Normative outcomes across static ML RMS sway and I-mP&R were sensitive to sex and type of footwear. Mediolateral RMS sway demonstrated moderate reliability in the firm condition (ICC = 0.73; MDC = 2.7 cm/s2) but poor reliability in the foam condition (ICC = 0.43; MDC = 11.1 cm/s2). Single- and dual-task times to stability from the I-mP&R exhibited good reliability (ICC = 0.84 and 0.80, respectively; MDC = 0.25 and 0.29 seconds, respectively). Latency from the I-mP&R had poor to moderate reliability (ICC = 0.38 and 0.55; MDC = 107 and 105 milliseconds). Sex-matched references should be used for instrumented static- and reactive-balance assessments. Footwear may explain variability in static ML RMS sway and time to stability of the I-mP&R. Moderate-to-good reliability suggests time to stability from the I-mP&R and ML RMS static sway on firm ground can be used for longitudinal assessments.

Comparison of Balance in Habitual High Heels Wearers and Flat Shoe Wearers by Star Excursion Balance Test

Background: The capacity to maintain a stable and upright posture, or balance, is influenced by footwear type. High heel shoes (HHS) alter foot alignment and weight distribution, potentially impacting balance and increasing fall risk. Despite the popularity of high heels, the balance effects compared to flat shoes remain underexplored. Objective: To compare the balance between habitual high heel wearers and flat shoe wearers using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to January 2023, including 70 female participants aged 18-35 years. Participants were habitual wearers of high heels or flat shoes for at least six months. Individuals seeking medical care for lower extremity issues or with a history of lower extremity fractures or surgeries were excluded. Balance was assessed using the SEBT, which involves reaching in eight directions from a central stance. Each participant performed three trials per direction. Leg length was measured to normalize reach distances. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare balance between groups, with a significance threshold of p<0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 23.83 years (SD = 3.43). For the anterior reach on the dominant side, flat shoe wearers had a significantly better balance with a mean rank of 38.93 compared to 27.50 for high heel wearers (p=0.031). No significant differences were observed in other directions: anterior reach non-dominant side (p=0.499), anteromedial reach dominant side (p=0.384), anteromedial reach non-dominant side (p=0.887), medial reach dominant side (p=0.174), medial reach non-dominant side (p=0.524), posteromedial reach dominant side (p=0.544), posteromedial reach non-dominant side (p=0.913), posterior reach dominant side (p=0.704), posterior reach non-dominant side (p=0.350), posterolateral reach dominant side (p=0.177), and posterolateral reach non-dominant side (p=0.934). Conclusion: Habitual high heel wearers and flat shoe wearers showed no significant differences in balance across most SEBT directions, except for a significantly poorer anterior reach in high heel wearers. These findings suggest that high heel use may specifically impact anterior balance, highlighting the need for further investigation into the biomechanical and physiological impacts of high heels on balance.

Design and build of a portable apparatus for measuring lace tension

Laces have traditionally been used to secure the foot, limit slippage, enhance fit, and prevent injury across different types of footwear. Quantitatively assessing the merits and effectiveness of laces is technically challenging due to the lack of portable instrumentation that can measure lace tension reliably. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to design and build a portable apparatus to quantify lace tension to be used on footwear in both laboratory and real-world environments. The apparatus was designed to meet three major design criteria: (i) portable, (ii) able to accommodate different types of footwear, lace materials, and lacing patterns, and (iii) able to measure lace tension while the footwear is secured on the foot. As a result of the design process, the apparatus consisted of a base, fabricated from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and a frame, made from aluminum and 3D printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). A measurement system was affixed to the frame and consisted of a lever, a non-deformable cable with a hook, a load cell, a caliper, and a microcontroller to measure the force and change in length of laces when a force was applied. The total height and weight of the apparatus was 25.5 cm and 6.35 kg, respectively. A reliability analysis was conducted using three different types of laces (waxed, non-waxed, and carbon fiber blend) and revealed a high internal consistency within lace types with alpha values of 0.95, 0.81, 0.91, respectively. The interclass reliability coefficient across lace types revealed an alpha value of 0.84. As a result of the design, build, and reliability analysis, the apparatus was able to provide reliable measurements of lace tension while satisfying the design criteria. It is envisioned that the apparatus can be used for ongoing investigations across different types of footwear and different types of laces.

Footwear and Falls in Long-Term Residential Aged Care Facilities: An Analysis of Video Capture Data

Introduction: Several footwear characteristics have been shown to affect balance and gait patterns and may therefore influence the risk of falling in older adults. However, attributing a link between footwear and falls is inherently difficult as it often relies on self-report which may be inaccurate. Methods: Archival video recordings of falls that occurred in two long-term residential aged care facilities were initially screened to determine whether the footwear worn at the time (barefoot, socks, slippers/sandals, or shoes) could be documented. These falls were then independently evaluated by three additional assessors and a meeting was held to obtain consensus in relation to whether the footwear could have potentially contributed to the fall, and what mechanism may have been responsible. Cross-tabulations were performed in relation to footwear type and fall characteristics (proposed mechanism and fall direction). Results: There were 300 falls experienced by 118 older adults aged 58 years–98 years (mean age 82.8 years, SD 7.6). Of these falls, footwear could be ascertained in 224 (75%). After the consensus meeting, the proportion of falls considered to be potentially related to footwear was 40 (18%). The likelihood of footwear contributing to the fall was highest when participants were wearing socks (14/19 falls; 74% of all footwear-related falls), followed by being barefoot (2/6 falls; 33%), wearing slippers/sandals (17/100 falls; 17%), and wearing shoes (7/99 falls, 7%). Conclusion: Footwear could be a potential contributor to a substantial number of falls in residential aged care. Wearing socks would appear to place an older person at risk of future falls and should therefore be avoided in this population.

Changes in the grammatical norms of the number in proper and foreign names of shoes

Footwear and its various models are primarily the subject of study in merchandising; however, for linguistics, it is an equally interesting object of research in synchronous and diachronic aspects. In particular, the grammatical characteristics of footwear nouns have not yet been the subject of separate research. The plural form of the noun ʻfootwearʼ is more commonly used in modern linguistic practice, determined by the significance, for human existence, of the semantics of a com- plete pair of footwear. The singular form of the noun name ʻfootwearʼ is less common, as it disrupts the integrity of the concept of a ʻfootwear pairʼ with the semantics of an ʻindi vi- dualizedʼ object. The choice of the number form of footwear nouns as a register is deter- mined by different principles of compiling lexicographical publications and their distinct purposes: explanatory dictionaries prioritize the meaning of an unanalyzed plural, while re- gis ters prioritize the plural form of the noun expressing the semantics of a type of footwear. In orthographic dictionaries, the indication of another numerical form represents the inflec- tional component of the number category of fixed nouns in this semantic group. The grammatical significance of the number in the core of footwear names consists of nouns with a numeral pair, where the codification of the singular form is conditioned by the proportional origin of lexemes and the completion of the grammatical assimilation of foreigh lexemes. Lexicographical sources inconsistently record the singular form of footwear nouns from the core sphere. The change in the grammatical qualification of some footwear names from ʻpluralia tantumʼ to ʻgrammatical significance of singular and pluralʼ attests to the dynamics of morphological norms in contemporary Ukrainian language in general and the process of grammatical adaptation of predominantly foreigh lexemes in particular. However, more often, discrepancies in the printed and ele ctronic dictionaries regarding the grammatical number of nouns from the core sphere of footwear (either plural nouns or nouns with a numeral pair) are caused by subjective factors. The periphery consists of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, most of which are of foreign origin and only make up a part of the lexical composition of the Ukrainian language. The infre- quent functioning of singular forms of nouns from the peripheral sphere in modern speech indicates the incompleteness of their grammatical adaptation. Predominantly foreigh foot- wear names that are not represented in any of the analyzed dictionaries reside outside the delineated spheres, and their use in the plural form in the texts of the 16th version of the Ukrainian National Corpus (HRAK) and in advertising posts on the social network ʻInstagramʼ illustrate the beginning of grammatical adaptation to the morphological norms of the modern Ukrainian language. We see the perspective of research in studying the dynamics of grammatical assimila- tion primarily of those footwear names that are only included in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language and have the grammatical status of ʻpluralia tantumʼ nouns, predomi- nantly used in modern speech either exclusively or mostly in the plural form, with the sin- gular form of these nouns not recorded in any lexicographical publication. The observa- tion of changes in the grammatical number of those footwear names whose singular form is not codified, as it is inconsistently represented in dictionaries, also remains relevant. Keywords: number category, noun, footwear name, pluralia tantum, nu me ral pair, parsed plu- ral, unparsed plural, dynamics, dictionary.

Magnitude of flat foot and its associated factors among school-aged children in Southern Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundFlat foot, also known as pes planus, is a common condition among primary school children and is a leading cause of all clinical visits related to foot problems worldwide. It can cause skeletal problems and joint misalignment. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of flat foot and its associated factors among public primary school children.MethodsAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 1072 school children aged 11 to 18 years. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and the footprints were used to calculate the plantar arch index. Data were entered into Epi data version 4.6, and analyzed by STATA version 15. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regressions were conducted. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Statistical significance was declared at a P-value < 0.05.ResultOut of 1022 participants, 105(10.27%) 95%CI: 8.5–12) had a flat foot. Being male (AOR = 2; 95%CI:1.22-3.30), living in highland altitude (AOR = 8.83; 95% CI: 4.64-16.79), living in midland altitude (AOR = 3.32;95% CI:1.75-6.29), living in an urban area (AOR = 2.42;95% CI:1.15-5.09), insufficient physical activity (AOR = 8.78;95% CI: 4.42-12.3), wearing closed-toe shoes (AOR = 2.33;95%CI:1.27-4.28), obesity (AOR = 6.30;95% CI:3.31-11.9), and foot pain (AOR = 3.52;95%CI:2.08-6.27) had a higher likelihood of flat foot as compared to their counterparts.ConclusionOne in every ten children had a flat foot. Altitude, residence, sex, physical activity, foot pain, body mass index, and type of footwear were found to be factors statistically associated with flat foot. Integrated interventions for children to have sufficient physical activity, wearing sandals, maintaining a healthy body mass index, and flatfoot screening and monitoring are recommended.

The interaction effect of different footwear types and static navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation on the joint stiffness of the lower limb during running

BackgroundAlthough the effects of footwear type on joint stiffness have previously been investigated, researchers did not consider foot flexibility. Thus, the present investigation aimed to determine the interaction effects of footwear type, static navicular drop and dynamic ankle pronation on dynamic joint stiffness in running. Research questionDoes the footwear types in interaction with the foot posture affect the stiffness of the joints of the lower limb? MethodsForty-seven male individuals participated in this study. Firstly, they were divided into the high navicular, low navicular, and normal navicular drop. Secondly, they were divided into the high dynamic ankle pronation, low dynamic ankle pronation, and normal dynamic ankle pronation groups. Participants performed three running trials at 3 ± 0.2 m/s at minimalist footwear, conventional footwear, and barefoot conditions. We collected the ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematic data and calculated joint stiffness over the stance phase. ResultsThere was no significant main effect of navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation on dynamic joint stiffness for the ankle, knee, and hip (p > 0.05). However, footwear type significantly affected dynamic joint stiffness. The pairwise comparison revealed that the ankle and hip dynamic joint stiffness magnitudes in the conventional footwear condition were greater than in the barefoot and minimalist footwear conditions (p 0.001). In contrast, the knee dynamic joint stiffness magnitude in the conventional footwear condition was lesser than in barefoot and minimalist footwear conditions (p 0.001). SignificanceThe navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation did not influence lower limb joint stiffness, and there was no significant interaction between navicular drop or dynamic ankle pronation and footwear on lower limb dynamic joint stiffness. However, conventional footwear increased the ankle and hip dynamic joint stiffness while reducing knee dynamic joint stiffness, leading to changes in transfer energy, which could have implications for relative injury risk.

The effect of advanced footwear technology on elite male marathon race speed.

The aim of this study was to explore the ergogenic effect of advanced footwear technology (AFT) upon world-class male marathon running speed. A retrospective analysis of 99 world-class male marathon runners' performances between 2012 and 2021 was undertaken, providing a sample size of 971 performances, split into two footwear groups: AFT (n = 299) and traditional (n = 672). Additionally, details regarding the year of the marathon performance and racecourse were extracted. A mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM) analysis were undertaken identifying athlete (Wald Z = 2.821; p = .005) and course (Wald Z = 4.111; p < 0.001) as significant contributors to the variance in marathon running speed and as such were included as random factors with footwear type set as a fixed factor. World-class male marathon running speeds were significantly faster (p < 0.001) when running in AFT (5.441m.s-1) when compared with traditional shoes (5.386m.s-1) with a mean difference of 0.055m.s-1 (95% CI 0.039-0.071m.s-1), translating to an improvement in marathon speed of 1.0% or a 79s improvement in marathon race time. Our findings demonstrate an improvement in world-class male marathon running speed of 1% when running in AFT, a near identical degree of improvement to the male marathon world record ran in AFT. Whilst a 1% improvement in marathon running times associated with AFT is smaller than previously predicted utilizing laboratory-based models, this still reflects a significant degree of improvement at the elite level.

An integrated personalized assistive devices approach to reduce the risk of foot ulcer recurrence in diabetes (DIASSIST): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPreventing foot ulcers in people with diabetes can increase quality of life and reduce costs. Despite the availability of various interventions to prevent foot ulcers, recurrence rates remain high. We hypothesize that a multimodal treatment approach incorporating various footwear, self-management, and education interventions that matches an individual person’s needs can reduce the risk of ulcer recurrence with beneficial cost-utility. The aim of this study is to assess the effect on foot ulcer recurrence, footwear adherence, and cost-utility of an integrated personalized assistive devices approach in high-risk people with diabetes.MethodsIn a parallel-group multicenter randomized controlled trial, 126 adult participants with diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2, loss of protective sensation based on the presence of peripheral neuropathy, a healed plantar foot ulcer in the preceding 4 years, and possession of any type of custom-made footwear will be included. Participants will be randomly assigned to either enhanced therapy or usual care. Enhanced therapy consists of usual care and additionally a personalized treatment approach including pressure-optimized custom-made footwear, pressure-optimized custom-made footwear for indoor use, at-home daily foot temperature monitoring, and structured education, which includes motivational interviewing and personalized feedback on adherence and self-care. Participants will be followed for 12 months. Assessments include barefoot and in-shoe plantar pressure measurements; questionnaires concerning quality of life, costs, disease, and self-care knowledge; physical activity and footwear use monitoring; and clinical monitoring for foot ulcer outcomes. The study is powered for 3 primary outcomes: foot ulcer recurrence, footwear adherence, and cost-utility, the primary clinical, patient-related, and health-economic outcome respectively.DiscussionThis is the first study to integrate multiple interventions for ulcer prevention into a personalized state-of-the-art treatment approach and assess their combined efficacy in a randomized controlled trial in people with diabetes at high ulcer risk. Proven effectiveness, usability, and cost-utility will facilitate implementation in healthcare, improve the quality of life of high-risk people with diabetes, and reduce treatment costs.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05236660. Registered on 11 February 2022.

Peritalar Osteotomy for Rigid Pes Cavus and Cavovarus

Category: Other; Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Pes cavus and pes cavovarus deformities create varus loading during stance phase of gait that often presents as lateral ligament instability, peroneal tendon rupture or lateral column overload. When flexible, management ranges from the use of custom foot orthoses or an ankle-foot orthosis, to a combination of soft tissue releases, tendon transfer and/or corrective osteotomy. When rigid, clinical management involves corrective osteotomies or triple arthrodesis. The Ilizarov method of gradual correction of structural bony deformities provides a powerful tool to achieve a stable plantigrade foot in patients with complex multiplanar structural deformities. This investigation presents a method of a continuous multiple bone “peri-talar” osteotomy, combined with acute correction of the multiplanar deformity, for treating severe rigid structural pes cavus and pes cavovarus. Methods: Following IRB approval, patients were identified based on a combination of CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) codes and confirmed by chart review. Standard demographics, etiology of deformity and weight-bearing radiographs (before and after surgery) were reviewed. Perioperative complications, clinical evaluation and type of footwear used were recorded. A favorable clinical outcome was defined as a foot that is ulcer and infection-free, and able to walk in the community with standard oxford shoes. Surgical technique involved an osteotomy from the dorsal calcaneus, carried anterior and inferior for approximately fifty percent of the calcaneus, and then carried anteriorly into the mid cuboid. A second osteotomy through a separate medial incision is made from medial to lateral, splitting the navicular, and connecting to the initial lateral osteotomy. Acute correction of the multiplanar deformity is accomplished. Maintenance of the correction is then achieved with the use of an Ilizarov-like “mitre” circular external fixation construct. Results: 17 patients (three bilateral) were included, with average follow-up of 58.3 (range 12-183) months. One patient developed a postoperative wound infection that required formal surgical debridement. He died of unrelated causes before removal of the external fixator. A second postoperative wound infection was managed with local wound care. One pin-site infection required debridement following removal of the external fixator. Due to the rotational component of the deformities, meaningful measurement of deformity correction could not be accomplished. This clinical outcome was based primarily on the ability to walk without complex bracing. Sixteen of the twenty feet achieved ambulation with standard oxford footwear. Three patients required a short AFO, but were unrestricted community ambulators. A review of the non-standardized x-rays was not able to yield meaningful data. Conclusion: There have been very few clinical reports of surgical correction of patients with severe rigid pes cavovarus or equinovarus deformities. This small series of patients underwent correction of complex rigid pes cavovarus type deformities with a peritalar osteotomy, acute correction of deformity and maintenance of correction with a “mitre frame” circular external fixator. Several proponents of the Ilizarov method have described individual patients with very similar methodology. This small series of patients suggests that one can achieve an acute, or gradual, correction of complex deformity with multiple related osteotomies, and maintenance of that correction with an adjustable circular external fixator.

Improvement of the Method of Calculating the Shoe Size by Incomplete Display of the Footprint Formed by the Sole

Anatomical and functional features identified by footwear traces are considered. The calculations specified in the methods of the trasological examination were checked for the dimensional characteristics of shoe soles manufactured by modern manufacturers. The calculation for determining the size of shoes was made according to the trace, which was displayed fragmentally. As a result of the measurements, it was found that when calculating the incomplete display of the footwear sole trace, namely its heel part, a large error was revealed in determining the real size, the width of which depends on both the type of footwear, model, its shape, and the manufacturer's shape blank part. The soles of shoes of different types, models and styles were measured, as a result of which it was proved that in addition to the method of calculating the trasological examination available in the production methods, in order to establish the size of the sole of the shoes by fragmentary display of the trace of the sole of the shoes, namely when displaying the heel or sweeping part, the most stable result is possible when displaying the intermediate part of the sole of the shoes. The average coefficient of dependence of the intermediate part of the shoe sole on the length of shoes of different types is calculated, the shape, as well as the preparation of the manufacturer's form, after which the author's improved procedure for establishing anatomical and functional features is proposed, in particular the conduct of preliminary diagnostic studies in order to determine the size of the footwear on the incomplete display of the trace, formed by intermediate part of sole of boots, army boots, half-boots, sports shoes with solid sole and shoes with minimum error depending on completeness of studied shoes.

Comparison ofAxial Force Attenuation Characteristics inTwo Different Lower Extremity Anthropomorphic Test Devices.

Any type of boot or footwear is designed to attenuate and distribute loading to the bottom of the foot. Anthropomorphic test device (ATDs) are used to assess potential countermeasures against these loads. The specific aims of this study were to compare and quantify force attenuation characteristics as a function of input energy for Hybrid-III and Mil-Lx ATD human surrogates. Two lower leg ATD surrogates (Mil-Lx and Hybrid-III) were tested to investigate the influence of a commercially available military boot on lower extremity force response and assess such differences against previously published postmortem human surrogate studies. The testing apparatus impacted the bottom of the foot using a rigid plate at velocities from 2 to 10 m/s. Tests were conducted on each ATD to obtain axial force response with and without boots as a function of input energy. Peak forces ranged from 1 to 16.4kN for the Hybrid-III, and 1 to 8.4kN for the Mil-Lx for similar input conditions. The average force attenuation for the Hybrid-III at upper and lower load cells was 71% (59%-80%) and 70% (58%-78%). The average attenuation for the Mil-Lx at upper and lower load cells was 20% (13%-28%) and 37% (36%-37%), respectively. At the knee load cell, the attenuated peak loads ranged from 62% to 81% for the Hybrid-III and 16% to 30% for the Mil-Lx. Force attenuation characteristics in the booted vs unbooted configuration of the Mil-Lx were significantly different than force attenuation characteristics of the H3 and may better represent in vivo forces during vertical impact injuries, such as IED blasts. Hence for military relevant applications where boots are used, the Mil-Lx may provide a more conservative evaluation of lower extremity protection systems.

Occurrence of calcaneal spurs on skeletal remains of historical populations in the context of footwear development.

This communication is focused on monitoring the occurrence of plantar and dorsal exostoses (spurs) on the calcanei of skeletons from various dated historical periods. A total of 361 calcanei from 268 individuals were evaluated (prehistoric sites - Podivín, Modřice, Mikulovice; mediaeval sites - Olomouc-Nemilany, Trutmanice; modern age sites - the former Municipal Cemetery in Brno in Malá Nová Street, collections of the Department of Anatomy, Masaryk University, Brno). Differences in period footwear for individual population samples were taken into account when interpreting the findings. Health defects were sought for individual types of historical footwear, which could have a causal connection with the occurrence of exostoses on the calcanei. Plantar calcaneal spur occurred most frequently in the mediaeval population (23.5 %; N = 51), less frequently in prehistory (14.1 %; N = 85) and least in modern times (9.8%; N = 132). Similar results were observed for dorsal calcaneal spur in the attachment of the Achilles tendon, but with higher values. In the Middle Ages, its incidence was highest (47.0 %; N = 51), followed by prehistoric times (32.9 %; N = 85), with the least found from the modern age (19.9 %; N = 132). However, the results obtained correspond only to a certain extent to the defects in footwear in the relevant historical period.

Studi Waktu Kerja untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas Kerja pada Pembuatan Upper Sandal

KUB Capable of Jaya is an industrial business formed from skills training to improve the economy and standard of living of the residents. This company produces goods that focus on types of footwear, namely hotel slippers, sandals, shoes, and upper sandals. In the upper sandal production process, problems were found at work time where workers did not have a time reference and target production in the production process. This causes a lot of free time and affects the speed of workers in doing work which will have an impact on production results that cannot meet the number of customer orders. The purpose of this research is to find out the standard production time, standard production output, and the number of workers needed so that the amount of production can meet the target order. The methods used to solve this problem are the work sampling method, standard output, and workload analysis. The standard time to produce 1 unit of upper sandals is 68,24 seconds, the standard output produced in 1 day is 422 units or 211 pairs, and the number of workers in the cutting process is 5 people, 1 person is punching holes, 1 person is installing buckles, 1 person for the buckle locking process, and 1 person for the installation/finishing process