Types Of Films Research Articles

Use of consumer polymer С-РET containers in food production technologies

Different types of consumer containers are used for food packaging: glass, metal, polymer. Polymer containers are in the greatest demand among consumers, due to such advantages as cheapness, small weight, unlimited range of products and volume, pleasant, bright appearance. In the food industry, hard, semi-hard, soft and other consumer polymer containers are used. To use such packaging in technology with high-temperature heat treatment of food products, it must have a heat-resistant barrier layer. Therefore, the object of research is a polymer combined C-PET container, which consists of a semi-rigid container-tray and a heat-resistant multi-layer polymer soft film for its closure. C-PET packaging is made of barrier polymer materials that ensure its mechanical resistance to high temperatures. Therefore, such containers can withstand high-temperature processing and guarantee the tightness of the package and the microbiological stability of the product during storage. Each polymer material has its own specific indicators of heat resistance. The work solves the problem of using the latest polymeric C-PET containers for long-term storage food products, investigates the conditions for preserving the tightness of the containers during heat treatment, which are ensured by the clogging strength parameter. Different types of polymer films for sealing C-PET packaging with the product are also investigated and their mechanical characteristics are compared. In the course of the study, a standard membrane-compensation method was used to measure the clogging strength or depressurization pressure of the package. The essence of the obtained results: the parameters of the use of different types of polymer films of different types were experimentally determined, on the basis of which the type of film was chosen, which ensures the clogging strength of C-PET containers. The results are explained by the fact that the depressurization pressure value obtained will allow to develop scientifically based thermal modes of sterilization and pasteurization for food products in C-PET containers. This will make it possible in practice for enterprises to apply the same regimes and produce high-quality, biologically stable, safe food products with a long shelf life.

The role of defects in the persistent photoconductivity of BaSnO3 thin films

Time-dependent photoconductivity (PC) and PC spectra have been studied in oxygen deficient BaSnO3 thin films grown on different substrates. X-ray spectroscopy measurements show that the films have epitaxially grown on MgO and SrTiO3 substrates. While on MgO the films are nearly unstrained, on SrTiO3 the resulting film is compressive strained in the plane. Electrical conductivity in dark is increased in one order of magnitude for the films on SrTiO3 in comparison to the one on MgO. This leads to an increase of PC in the latter film in at least one order of magnitude. PC spectra show a direct gap with a value of eV for the film grown on MgO while on SrTiO3 eV. For both type of films, time-dependent PC curves show a persistent behavior after illumination is removed. These curves have been fitted employing an analytical procedure based on the frame of PC as a transmission phenomenon showing the relevant role of donor and acceptor defects as carrier traps and as a source of carriers. This model also suggests that in the BaSnO3 film on SrTiO3 more defects are created probably due to strain. This latter effect can also explain the different transition values obtained for both type of films.

A Comparative Study on the Development of Bioactive Films Based on β-glucan from Spent Brewer’s Yeast and Pomegranate, Bilberry, or Cranberry Juices

This study provides new insight into developed bioactive films. The development of film-forming solutions from different fruit juices has demonstrated a major impact of bioactive compounds in film formulation, from smart packaging to bioactive packaging that releases the compounds from the oral solution at the same time as the packaged product. There were significant influences among independent parameters such as yeast β-glucan, gelling agent, fruit juice, or surfactant for each individual film. However, in this study, it was found that the amount of juice was the most significant factor in assigning their properties to all three types of films made of different juices (pomegranate, bilberry, and cranberry). Properties such as WVTR through the film varied within quite wide limits between 3.2562 and 32.1869 g/h·m2, while their solubilization time started from a few seconds for a complete dissolution or ensured only partial dissolution after 10 min of stirring (in the case of films made of β-glucan and cranberry juice). Therefore, natural biopolymer-based films developed with excellent water vapor barrier properties and improved solubility have a huge potential for application as packaging materials for dry powdered such as pharmaceuticals.

Infiltration and Water Use Efficiency of Maize Fields with Drip Irrigation and Biodegradable Mulches in the West Liaohe Plain, China.

Biodegradable mulches have the same temperature- and moisture-preservation effects as ordinary plastic mulches before degradation. After degradation, rainwater enters the soil through the damaged parts, improving precipitation utilization. Under drip irrigation with mulching, this study explores precipitation utilization of biodegradable mulches under different precipitation intensities and the effects of different biodegradable mulches on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of spring maize in the West Liaohe Plain, China. In this paper, in situ field observation experiments were conducted for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018. Three types of white degradable mulch films were set up, with induction periods of 60 d (WM60), 80 d (WM80), and 100 d (WM100). Three types of black degradable mulch films were also used, with induction periods of 60 d (BM60), 80 d (BM80), and 100 d (BM100). Precipitation utilization, yield, and WUE under biodegradable mulches were studied, with ordinary plastic mulches (PM) and bare land (CK) set as controls. The results showed that as precipitation increased, the effective infiltration of precipitation decreased first and then increased. When precipitation reached 89.21 mm, plastic film mulching no longer affected precipitation utilization. Under the same precipitation intensity, the precipitation effective infiltration ratio increased as the damage to the biodegradable film increased. Still, the intensity of this increase gradually decreased as the damage increased. The highest yield and WUE were observed for the degradable mulch film with an induction period of 60 days in years with normal rainfall and for the degradable mulch film with an induction period of 100 days in dry years. In the West Liaohe Plain, maize planted under film receives drip irrigation. We recommend that growers select a degradable mulch film with a degradation rate of 36.64% and an induction period of approximately 60 days in years with normal rainfall, and a degradable mulch film with an induction period of 100 days in dry years.

Aging of Polylactide Films Exposed to Plasma—Hydrophobic Recovery and Selected Application Properties

In this study, the effect of polylactide (PLA) material on the susceptibility to hydrophobic recovery due to storage was examined, the effectiveness of plasma activation of the film, defined as improving the hydrophilicity of the material, was studied, and the selected film properties that are important from an application point of view were investigated. The study was conducted on three films using oxygen and argon plasma. Contact angles of water, diiodomethane, and ethylene glycol were investigated, and the values of surface free energy (SFE) and its polar and dispersive components were determined immediately after activation, as well as after a specified storage time (after 1, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days). The effects of film activation on its roughness, weight loss, tensile strength, color changes, and gloss were also determined. Based on the results, it was concluded that the type of film influences the course of hydrophobic recovery. At the same time, the trend of changes depends on the type of gas used for activation, while the magnitude of changes depends on the film. Moreover, it was observed that the type of PLA film had a significant effect on the changes in the polar and dispersion components of SFE, as well as on roughness and mass loss due to plasma activation. Furthermore, these parameters also depended on the type of gas used for plasma activation.

Features of the Formation of Sensitive Films Based on Mycelium of Higher Fungi for Surface and Plate Acoustic Waves Gas Sensors.

A comparative analysis of the responses of two types of acoustic waves (surface SAW and plate APW) with close frequencies and the same type of waves (SAW) with different frequencies toward various liquid vapors (water, acetone, ethanol) was carried out in this paper. Two types of films based on mycelium of higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst (G. lucidum) prepared by various methods were used as sensitive coatings. These films were based on G. lucidum mycelium ethanolic (48% v/v) homogenizate (MEGl) and extract (EGl). A film deposition procedure compatible with acoustic devices technology was developed. Various piezoelectric substrates (YX-LiNbO3, 128 YX-LiNbO3) were used for appropriate acoustic delay lines production. It was found that additional SAW and APW attenuation associated with the appearance of mycelium films on the surface of the acoustic waveguide is two times greater for MEGL than for EGL films in the frequency range of 20-80 MHz The changes in acoustic wave amplitude and phase due to vapor absorption were measured and compared with each other, taking into account the differences in geometry of the samples. It was found that the phase response of the SAW delay lines with EGL films is three times higher than one with the presence of MEGL films for water and ethanol vapors. The films used are demonstrated good reproducibility and long-term stability for at least 2 months. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that MEGl film is not appropriate for use in high frequency SAW delay lines as a sensitive coating. However, both types of the films (MEGl and EGl) could be used as sensitive coatings for low frequency SAW and APW sensors based on corresponding delay lines. Additionally, it was found that the films used are not sensitive to acetone vapor. As a result of the work carried out, a technique for creating sensitive films based on the mycelium of higher fungi compatible with the planar technology of acoustoelectronic delay lines was developed. The possibility of using such films for the development of gas SAW and APW sensors was shown.

Applications and mechanisms of anisotropic two-step Si3N4 etching with hydrogen plasma conditioning

The ability to precisely form Si3N4 spacers is critical to the success of dynamic random-access memory and NAND (NOT AND) flash memory technology development. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms and process windows of an innovative two-step nitride (Si3N4) etch consisting of H2 plasma processing in an inductively coupled plasma chamber followed by either buffered oxide etch (BOE, a mix of NH4F and HF solution) wet clean or in situ NF3 plasma etch. We obtained layer–by-layer removal with each layer’s removal capable of more than 10 nm. We revealed that H can penetrate more than 20 nm deep into the nitride film to transform pristine Si3N4 into SiON after air exposure, which can be subsequently removed by BOE wet clean. The H2 and BOE steps do not need to run back-to-back; the modified SiON layer is stable enough to sustain elevated temperature processing and can be removed by BOE later down-the-line integration. We also demonstrated that using NF3 plasma can have highly selective etch of nitride over oxide due to the incubation time difference between these two types of films. It takes much longer time to initiate the chemical reaction for oxide compared with nitride. Critically, the role of H2 is not the key for high selectivity; instead, it provides an etch directionality and shortens the incubation time for both nitride and oxide.

Effects of frequency on the fretting wear behavior of aluminum bronze coatings

The aluminum bronze coating is a type of soft solid lubricant film with excellent performance. In this work, to improve the wear resistance and tribological behavior of the aluminum alloy, the aluminum bronze coatings were prepared on aluminum alloy substrates using the High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) system. Fretting wear tests were performed on the coatings at 200 °C with different frequencies to analyze the wear behavior. The worn surface was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that as the frequency increased from 5 Hz to 15 Hz, the coefficient of friction increased from 0.653 to 0.929. It then decreased to 0.890 at 20 Hz. There was an overall trend of the coefficient of friction increasing and then decreasing. The worn surface's morphology changed from pits to bulges. At a low frequency, the wear mechanism was abrasive wear with delamination. As the frequency increased, adhesive wear was observed and gradually became the dominant wear form. Oxidation occurred on the surface of the worn tracks caused by the high temperature and thermal effect of high-frequency micromotion. Due to the intensification of the oxidation phenomenon, oxidation films formed on the worn surface. The wear rate of the coating was significantly reduced. The oxide was identified as mainly CuO and Cu2O. The presented results confirmed that the aluminum bronze coating fabricated via HVOF exhibited a great resistance performance even at a high frequency.

Biodegradable mulch films significantly affected rhizosphere microbial communities and increased peanut yield

Biodegradable mulch films are widely used to replace conventional plastic films in agricultural fields. However, their ecological effects on different microbial communities that naturally inhabit agricultural fields are scarcely explored. Herein, differences in bacterial communities recovered from biofilms, bulk soil, and rhizosphere soil were comparatively assessed for polyethylene film (PE) and biodegradable mulch film (BDM) application in peanut planted fields. The results showed that the plastic film type significantly influenced the bacterial community in different ecological niches of agricultural fields (P < 0.001). Specifically, BDMs significantly increased the diversity and abundance of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil. The bacterial communities in each ecological niche were distinguishable from each other; bacterial communities in the rhizosphere soil showed the most pronounced response among different treatments. Acidobacteria and Pseudomonas were significantly enriched in the rhizosphere soil when BDMs were used. BDMs also increased the rhizosphere soil bacterial network complexity and stability. The enrichment of beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere soil under BDMs may also have implications for the observed increase in peanut yield. Deepening analyses indicated that Pseudoxanthomonas and Glutamicibacter are biomarkers in biofilms of PE and BDMs respectively. Our study provides new insights into the consequences of the application of different types of plastic films on microbial communities in different ecological niches of agricultural fields.

High-performance transparent electromagnetic interference shielding film based on metal meshes

Transparent electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding films have gained considerable attention for the commercialization of the 5G wireless technology based on electromagnetic waves in the GHz range. In this study, transparent EMI shielding films with embedded metal meshes on a 100 μm thick polyethylene terephthalate film for EMI shielding were fabricated using ultraviolet imprinting and Ag paste filling techniques. The various EMI shielding film types were fabricated by varying the width, aperture size, and height of the mesh electrode to evaluate the efficiency of the EMI shielding according to the incident electromagnetic wave frequency and morphology of the mesh metallic electrodes. The results indicate that the EMI shielding efficiency (SE) increased with a decrease in the aperture size of the metal mesh electrodes and an increase in their height. The average EMI SE values of the fabricated film in the 0.5–18 GHz range reached 48.3 dB and 59.6 dB at a light transmittance of approximately 90% and 77%, respectively. The fabricated EMI shielding films can be used for various applications, such as communications, aerospace, medical equipment, and military.

The role of the pulsed laser deposition in different growth atmospheres on the gas-sensing properties of ZnO films

ZnO films were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition using two different background atmospheres (argon/vacuum). The gas-sensing properties of these materials against reducing and oxidizing gases were examined. The microstructure and crystal symmetry of the deposited films were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The XRD studies revealed that the ZnO films grown in an argon environment are highly textured in the c-axis with a hexagonal crystalline structure. The c-axis is perpendicular to the substrate plane orientation (002) compared to (100) plane orientation, which is developed in a vacuum environment. Usually, this orientation (100) is difficult to obtain. Raman scattering spectra for both types of ZnO films revealed the characteristic E2 (high) mode that is related to the vibration of oxygen atoms in wurtzite ZnO. Moreover, PL spectra showed that a high number of defects appear in both the vacuum and argon-grown ZnO films. XPS data indicated that the O1s peak consists of several components identified as lattice oxygen, oxygen close to defects, and chemisorbed species. Furthermore, gas-sensing properties were investigated for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at different operating temperatures and concentrations. Although both types of ZnO films have shown a good response towards NO2 at ppb levels, the films prepared under vacuum conditions showed higher responses. This was attributed to differences in crystallinity, microstructure, and the type of defects present in these materials.

Magnetic Characterization of Permalloy Nanodome Surfaces on Flexible PEEK/TiO2 Vertical Nanotubes Composites

Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) composites present outstanding physical and chemical properties, including radiation tolerance and compatibility with vacuum and additive manufacturing processing. Applications of PEEK range from biomedical to aerospace. Controlled 3-D nanostructuring arises as a powerful approach to generate new phenomena suitable for technological applications. In this sense, we target to synthesize robust and shapeable magnetic nanocomposites (NCs) for sensing and electromagnetic shielding applications. For this aim, we synthesized and characterized Permalloy (Py, Ni80Fe20) nanostructured surfaces on PEEK/TiO2. These NCs were synthesized by scalable and high throughput compatible fabrication approaches: anodization (TiO2 nanotubes) and hot embossing (thermal nanoimprint). The resulting NCs are shapeable, stable below 300 °C, and vacuum compatible. Their surfaces compose TiO2 nanodomes filled by PEEK. Py layers (15 nm) were sputtered on NC and flat PEEK films. The characterization included SEM, AFM, ISO-2409 Adhesion Tests, hysteresis loops, and first-order reversal curves (FORCs). The results revealed that both types of films keep stable characteristics after bending cycles, and noticeable modifications of the magnetic global response and local interactions generated due to the 3-D nanostructure.

Temperature-switched orientation properties through physicochemically constructed aluminum zirconium oxide films

In general, it has one of the characteristics of homeotropic alignment and homogeneous alignment depending on the material and manufacturing process of the liquid crystal alignment layer. However, in this study, we propose a new type of alignment film that has the characteristics of changing the liquid crystal alignment direction according to the curing temperature. The AlZrO alignment film produced by the solution process and brush coating method showed homeotropic alignment characteristics when cured at low temperatures and homogeneous alignment characteristics when cured at high temperatures. These switching characteristics according to the curing temperature showed stable LC alignment, respectively, and the threshold voltages were 0.81 V and 0.857 V in vertical alignment (VA) mode and twisted nematic (TN) mode, respectively, demonstrating excellent electro-optical properties. The mechanism of these switching characteristics was analyzed through surface modification analysis. This study introduces new insights into liquid crystal alignment films that satisfy all of the high-efficiency fabrication process, various application possibilities due to their switching properties, and excellent electro-optical properties.

Polymeric Nanofibriller Matrix on ITO Substrate for Flexible Chemical Sensing Applications

The authors present here a facile electrochemical approach to synthesize Poly(Aniline) nanofibriller matrix on ITO coated PET substrate for development of wearable or embeddable sensors. Electrochemical parameters were optimized for even diametric synthesis and controlled length of Poly (Aniline)) nanofibers. A three – step chrono potentiometric deposition was found to be efficient for the synthesis of the matrix. Precise tuning of galvanic conditions during the synthesis process was highly effective and repetitive towards controlling the nucleation of Poly (Aniline) seeds on the substrate that serves as the basis of nanofibers with presumable diameter range. Charge conduction behaviour of the matrix was studied via Linear Sweep Voltammetry and a semiconducting nature was observed. The synthesized nanofibrillar sensor platforms were subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-VIS Spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy for elucidation of morphological and structural aspects. The distribution of nanofibers network throughout the substrate was uniform and dendritic. Flexibility characteristics of the sensors were studied by bending the sensor to different radii and in-situ monitoring of resistance. The synthesized sensor platforms were subjected to NO2 sensing in chemiresistive mode under dynamic conditions to investigate the applicability of the same under real-time applications. Upon exposure to different concentrations of NO2, the devices exhibit a rapid response at concentrations as low as 1 ppm. The betterment in overall sensing behaviour in comparison to conventional thin film type sensors could be attributed to the one-dimensional structure of nanofibers leading to effective diffusion on analyte molecules and low scattering loss during charge transport. These flexible sensors can be interesting for novel mobile applications.

Gallic Acid-Reduced Graphene Oxide Deposited with Carbon Nanotubes for Transparent Film Heaters

The flexible transparent film heater described in this research was based on graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Natural polyphenols gallic acid (GA) was chosen as the “green” reducing agent of graphene oxide (GO) to prepare the GA-functionalized GO (GGO). Then, the GGO nanosheets were introduced into the CNT network, and the GGO/CNT-PET composite films were successfully prepared by a simple spraying method. This type of transparent conductive film (TCF) possesses an excellent optoelectronic performance (Rs = 49.1 Ω/sq., T = ca. 80% at 550 nm) and a very low RMS roughness (approximately 6.89 nm). The sheet resistance of the films changed slightly after the 1000 bending cycles and 100 h of air exposure time, which indicated that the film has good mechanical properties and environmental stability. The composite TCFs were further applied to fabricate transparent film heaters (TFHs) and showed excellent Joule heating performance, fast response speed, good cycling stability, long-term stability, and controllable operating temperature (the power density of the TFHs shows an approximate linear behavior), which satisfy the requirements of TFHs in practical applications, such as safe voltage and temperature in wearable devices, the stable controlling temperature in smart windows, fast heating in defoggers, and so on.

Thickness-dependent release of microplastics and phthalic acid esters from polythene and biodegradable residual films in agricultural soils and its related productivity effects

It is crucial to elucidate the release rate of microplastics (MPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in agricultural soil and their effects on crop productivity regarding film types and thicknesses. To address this issue, two-year landfill test was performed using 0.016 mm-thick polyethylene (PEt1) & biodegradable (BIOt1), and 0.01 mm-thin polyethylene (PEt2) & biodegradable (BIOt2) residual films as materials with no landfill as CK. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared analyses revealed that two-year landfill caused considerable changes in physical forms and spectral peaks in BIO film, which was more pronounced in thin BIO (36.90 % weight loss). Yet, less changes were presented in the above analyzes in polyethylene (PE) films, and thick films damaged relatively less. MPs number was 86,829.11 n/kg in BIOt1 and 134,912.27 n/kg in BIOt2, equivalent to 2.55 and 3.72 times higher than in PEt1 and PEt2, respectively. This was closely associated with PAEs release, as soil PAEs concentration was substantially lower in PEt1 (17.60 g/kg) and PEt2 (21.43 g/kg) than in BIOt1 and BIOt2 (37.12 g/kg and 49.20 g/kg), respectively. Furthermore, maize productivity parameters were negatively correlated with the amount of MPs and PAEs. BIOt2 and PEt1 had the lowest and highest grain yield, respectively. BIO exhibited greater environmental risk and adverse effects on soil and crop productivity than PE film due to physical degradation and release of PAEs. Thickness-wise comparison exhibited that thin film residues had more adverse effect relative to thick film ones.

Effects of Biodegradable Film and Polyethylene Film Residues on Soil Moisture and Maize Productivity in Dryland

With the dramatic increased use of agricultural film, the potential environmental risks associated with it have been receiving widespread attention. Biodegradable film (BF) is considered an alternative to conventional polyethylene film (PF), but its feasibility to replace PF needs to be verified. Thus, we conducted a two-year field experiment in the Loess Plateau region of China, exploring the effects of residual biodegradable film and polyethylene film (RBF and RPF) on soil moisture, maize root, and productivity at different residual levels (75 kg ha−1, 150 kg ha−1 and 300 kg ha−1). Regardless of the residual film type, soil water content (SWC), root length density (RLD), and root surface area density (RSD) all decreased with increasing residual level; this phenomenon observed significant differences when the residual level exceeded 150 kg ha−1. Different organs (root and shoot) of maize differed in their sensitivity and sensitivity period to residual film. The two-year degradation rate of RBF was 59.24%, which was higher than that of RPF. Compared to the RPF treatments, the SWC, RLD, RSD, biomass, and root–shoot ratio of the RBF treatments were closer to the no residual film treatment in the second maize growing season. After the two-year experiment, compared to the grain yield, water use efficiency, and precipitation use efficiency of the RPF treatments, that of the RBF treatments increased 0.41–6.24%, 0.12–4.44%, and 0.41–06.24%. The application of BF to replace PF is beneficial to sustainable maize production in dryland, but finding efficient methods to recycle the residual film remains a priority.

Overview of the Cast Polyolefin Film Extrusion Technology for Multi-Layer Packaging Applications.

The review article presents the technology of producing polyolefin-based films by extrusion casting. Due to the wide use of this type of film as packaging for food and other goods, obtaining films with favorable properties is still a challenge for many groups of producers in the plastics market. The feedblock process and multimanifold process are the main methods of producing multi-layer film. In the case of food films, appropriate barrier properties are required, as well as durability and puncture resistance also at low temperatures. On the other hand, in order to properly pack and present products, an appropriate degree of transparency must be maintained. Therefore, processing aids such as anti-slip, anti-block and release agents are commonly used. Other popular modifiers, such as waxes, fatty acid amides and mineral fillers-silica, talc or calcium carbonate-and their use in film extrusion are discussed. The article also presents common production problems and their prevention.

Comparison of Electrodeposited and Sputtered Tungsten Trioxide Films for Inorganic Electrochromic Nanostructures

Electrochromic materials and their implementation with structural colors are currently being intensely researched because of their promising applications as non-emissive display devices utilizing ambient light. In particular, several fully inorganic devices that rely on electrochromic tungsten trioxide (WO3) have been presented. For preparing nanoscale films of this material, sputtering is the most established technique, but electrodeposition has recently been shown to be capable of achieving exceptionally high electro-optical modulation contrast without the need for expensive equipment. In this work, we investigate the possibilities of electrodeposited WO3 and present a systematic comparison with sputtered WO3 with respect to performance in electrochromic devices. Importantly, we show that “ultralarge” electro-optical modulation (∼95% change in transmission) is possible for both types of films. However, it is only the sputtered films that enable such high contrast in a stable electrolyte such as LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. The electrodeposited films are less uniform and difficult to make thicker than ∼500 nm. We find no evidence that the electrochromic properties of the electrodeposited WO3 are intrinsically better than those of sputtered WO3. However, the electrodeposited films are much rougher and/or porous on the nanoscale, which increases the switching speed considerably. We conclude that electrodeposited WO3 is mainly useful in applications in which high contrast is not essential while switching speed is. As an example, we present the first electrodeposited WO3 integrated with structural colors by sandwiching the material between two metal films. By electrical control, the reflective colors can then be tuned at least one order of magnitude faster (a few seconds) than previously reported while having fair color quality and without any loss of brightness.

Thin Films Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Electrocatalysis

Thin Films Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Electrocatalysis