Family Type Research Articles

The Role of Gender Diversity in Horticulture: Strategies for Encouraging Women Participation in The Field

This study examines the critical dimensions of gender diversity within the horticulture sector, with a particular focus on addressing the pervasive issue of workplace harassment faced by women. Gender diversity is explored within the context of its broad spectrum, extending beyond traditional binary constructs to encompass a diverse range of gender identities. A demographic analysis of respondents reveals a diverse sample characterized by varying age groups, community backgrounds, marital statuses, and family types. This diversity highlights the necessity for tailored strategies to effectively address the multifaceted challenges and opportunities associated with promoting gender diversity and inclusivity within the horticulture sector.
 The study unveils concerning findings regarding women's experiences of workplace harassment, including instances of unwelcome conduct, sexually colored remarks, humiliating treatment, and gender-based discrimination. These findings emphasize the urgent need for implementing comprehensive policies and procedures aimed at combatting harassment and discrimination, thereby fostering a workplace culture rooted in respect, equality, and safety. In conclusion, this study sheds light on the imperative of prioritizing gender diversity initiatives and addressing workplace harassment within the horticulture sector.

Effective reduction of anxiety in hospitalised children through bibliotherapy.

The process of being admitted to a hospital is widely recognised as a distressing encounter for children, frequently resulting in notable levels of anxiety. The main aim was to assess the effectiveness of bibliotherapy in reducing anxiety and to associate anxiety levels with demographic and clinical variables. This study was conducted at a paediatric ward in a tertiary care hospital located in Tamil Nadu, India, for 3 months from 1 August 2023-30 October 2023. In this study, a one-group pre-test and post-test design was employed. A sample of 60 children, aged between 5 and 12 years, was recruited using a convenience sampling method. Spence Children Anxiety Scale was used for assessing anxiety levels. The mean age of the participants was 8.46 ± 1.91 years, and the majority, comprising 57%, were male. Following bibliotherapy, 72% of children showed mild anxiety, 28% showed moderate anxiety and no individual had considerable anxiety. Anxiety scores dropped 27%. Significant associations were found between anxiety reduction and variables such as age, educational status, and type of family. Bibliotherapy was notably effective in substantially reducing anxiety levels among children aged 5-12 years who were admitted to hospitals.

Correlations of Loneliness among Nepalese Senior Citizens

The Proportion of the elderly in Nepal is increasing rapidly. Senior citizens are prone to spirits of loneliness. It comprises both solitary life and life with the potential to participate in interaction with others. The purpose of the study was to analyze the loneliness situation among Nepalese young senior citizens. The subjects (n = 513) inhabitants of Butwal sub-metropolitan city having an age range of 60 to 74 (mean/SD = 65.86/4.20) years were female dominated (52.6 percent). Data were collected through frontal interviews using 20 statements of the loneliness scale developed by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The data were analyzed using correlation vicariate, multiple regression analysis, and independent sample t-test. The study observed that 29.63 percent reported experiencing low levels of loneliness, 21.25 percent experienced moderate levels, and 49.12 percent reported high levels of loneliness. These levels of loneliness were categorized based on the scoring range: scores below 30 indicated low loneliness, scores of 30 to 39 indicated moderate loneliness, and scores of 40 or higher indicated high levels of loneliness. A statistically significant correlation was found between feelings of loneliness, sex, family type, marital status, education, social participation, and property ownership. Results of multiple regression analysis displayed property ownership, marital status, type of family, and sex standing as significant factors of loneliness. The present results indicate remarkable Nepalese young senior citizens were experiencing loneliness. It is necessary to assess the levels of loneliness of young senior citizens and pursue an intervention to reduce these problems.

TEST ANXIETY AMONG SCHOOL STUDENTS APPEARING FOR PUBLIC EXAM AT A GOVT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL, MADURAI

Test anxiety is a type of performance anxiety that can affect people of all ages, including adolescents. It is characterized by psychological, physiological, and behavioural reactions related to concerns about obtaining a negative result in an evaluative situation. The study aims to measure the level of exam anxiety among school student and to find out the association or difference between independent variables and test anxietyvariable. The sample size of the study is 50 students appearing for the public exam. The researcher used descriptive research design. Westside Test anxiety tool with good reliability and validity was used.Fifty students from 10th, 11th and 12th std were the samples for the study using stratified proportionate random sampling. Findings show that 37% of respondent hadmoderate high level of test anxiety. ‘t’ test result shows that there is statistically significant difference between female and male students with regard to their test anxiety. Chi-square result shows that there is no association between the type of family and level of test anxiety. The researcher suggests anxiety reduction strategies that will not impair the test performance rather reduce the test anxiety.

АНАЛИЗ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ СРЕДИ ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА ИЗ НЕПОЛНЫХ И РАСШИРЕННЫХ СЕМЕЙ

Introduction. This article is devoted to the study of the prevalence of dental diseases in preschool children living in incomplete and extended families. In the course of the study, children from both types of families were examined for dental caries and its complications, for non-caries dental diseases. While studying periodontal diseases, were distinguished inflammatory diseases, such as catarrhal and hypertrophic gingivitis, as well as localized periodontitis, when studying diseases of the oral mucosa, we highlighted diseases of the lips, tongue and oral mucosa. When studying dentoalveolarabnomalies, we identified both abnormalities of bite, dental arches and rows, and individual teeth. 
 The subject of research is dental diseases in preschool children.
 The goal of the study is to analyze dental morbidity in children from extended and incomplete families.
 Methodology. The study was conducted on the basis of the UniDent network of dental clinics, as well as in the Fairy Tale preschool commercial institution in Kazan and municipal preschool institutions of Tatarstan Republic. A total of 222 children from 217 incomplete families and 213 children from 199 extended families of both sexes participated in the voluntary study. Examination of children included examining the child and talking with parents or guardians, filling out medical records, determining the type of family, filling out an individual card in which identified dental diseases were recorded.
 The results of the study indicate a high prevalence of dental diseases among preschool children in TR. The progression of dental diseases is observed with the age of the child. Children from incomplete families are more susceptible to the occurrence and development of dental diseases, compared with children from extended families.
 Conclusions. The findings on the disparate prevalence of dental diseases in children from incomplete and extended families suggest the presence of family type influences, which may be useful in planning prevention methods and predicting dental outcomes in children from different family types.

Family's socioeconomic and demographic factors on elements of children's dental and oral health: A scoping review.

Family plays a significant role in children's dental and oral health (DOH) elements, such as children's DOH knowledge and practice, the development of children's dental fear and anxiety (DFA), children's dental visits, and children's DOH status. The study aims to address the interrelationship of these elements based on individual and familial socioeconomic and demographic (SED) attributes. Given the possibility that the COVID-19 epidemic might alter oral health and disrupt dental care, a systematic literature search from the Scopus and Web of Science library database was limited to the 2017-2019 peer-reviewed published literature, which includes quantitative studies that investigated at whether SED status contributed to children's DOH elements. Four sets of keywords are combined in both library database literature searches. Using the PRISMA-ScR Checklist as a reference, we conduct this scoping review. A total of 15 studies were included. Studies were from Brazil, Iran, China, India, Indonesia, Peru, Portugal, and UK. The socioeconomic characteristics include parental education, income, employment, assets and home ownership, type of residence, and health insurance coverage. The demographic characteristics include parent's age, children's age, the number of family members, and family type. There were 13 studies observing parent's education, seven examining family income, four identifying parental employment, three measuring family assets, six assessing the type of residence, and one recording health insurance coverage. Few studies assessed socioeconomic proxies such as school type, free school lunches, and social networks. In addition, race, the number of household members, the number of children, and family type were measured in at least one of the literature. Family SED characteristics may define a pathway to children's DOH elements.

Family Patterns in the Western and the Eastern World

The great gulf between the Western and the Eastern world becoming obvious in the early modern times has also manifested in different family types. The Western family notches to the market economy very early while the Eastern family matches to subsistence economy and peasantry. While the West developed early the nuclear family, the East indulged the extended family. Both types of family determined a different role of women in family and society. Under the conditions of modernization and globalization, however, the Western type of family puts through increasingly, replacing the divergent forms of extended families.

The distance between the religious values of parents and those of children in Israel.

Prior research into the socialization of religious values between religious parents and their children indicates that, in homogeneous religious family groups, there are similarities between the religious values of religious parents and those of their children. Research further shows that, in religious-secular heterogeneous family groups, there is a significant distance between the religious parent and their teenagers in terms of religious values. The purpose of this study is to explore the transmission of religious values in homogeneous Modern-Orthodox family groups and in heterogeneous Modern-Orthodox-secular family groups in Israel. Results of the study show that religious distance in values is not dependent on the family type (homogeneous/heterogeneous). However, it appears that, when the transmitter of religious values is a religious parent in both homogeneous and heterogeneous religious and religious-secular family groups, there is a distance in the socialization of religious values between religious parent and their children. Moreover, the study proposes that the effect sizes are smaller in the parent-child religious distance of values in homogeneous Modern-Orthodox family groups in comparison to the parent child religious distance of values in heterogeneous Modern-Orthodox-secular family groups. This study provides support for recent research, suggesting that the transmission of religiosity from parents to their children might function as a mechanism of secularization.

An Overview of Signs and Symptoms to Determine Coronavirus and Omicron Patients in Primary Care and Hospitals

Coronaviruses, a type of virus family, cause severe respiratory diseases in people. The coronavirus is most frequently linked to the common cold, but in persons with SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus infection, it can also lead to serious respiratory sickness. The spread of the coronavirus is by having direct contact with infected saliva, mucus, or blood. Infected surfaces, such as those in hospitals or other healthcare facilities, can potentially spread the infection when touched. Now spreading globally is the Omicron version of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). According to preliminary studies, the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has a higher probability of re-infection. To recognize COVID-19 as well as omicron people in hospitals and primary health care, this review study focuses on the symptoms and indications. The data was collected and analyzed from more than one hundred high-impact original research papers to conclude their results and make a comparison between methods and findings.

Consanguinity in northwest Pakistan: evidence of temporal decline.

Pakistan has a high burden of hereditary and congenital anomalies and their incidence rate almost doubles against the background of parental consanguinity. Consanguineous unions (CU) are customary in Pakistan and deeply rooted socio-cultural norms favour CU. This study aimed to elucidate the determinants and temporal change in CU in four northwestern populations of Pakistan. In a cross-sectional study, data on marital union types, bio-demographic factors, and paternal consanguinity were collected from 6,323 ever-married individuals in four districts of northwest Pakistan: Haripur, Muzaffarabad, Mansehra, and Shangla. We used descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression analysis. The CU were calculated to be 55%, and inbreeding coefficient F (ICF) was estimated to be 0.029. Eight factors, including district, rural origin, age of husband, occupational group of husband, literacy of husband, parental consanguinity, exchange marriage, and extended family type, were found to be significant predictors of consanguinity in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The rate of consanguinity decreased significantly in the younger age categories of individuals. The rate of CU was seen to be declining over time and in marriages that started 'before 1980' and 'after 2010', respectively, and there was a decline in ICF from 0.030 to 0.027. These analyses also showed that the literacy rate improved, the average age at marriage increased, and the frequency of exchange marriages decreased over time. This study employs a sizable first-hand dataset to demonstrate a lowering CU rate in northwest Pakistan. It is anticipated that the burden of inherited and congenital anomalies may likely to diminish in the study populations along with the fall in ICF.

Mapping the experiences of work-life balance: implications for the future of work

Purpose This study aims to explore how information technology (IT) professionals perceive work-life balance (WLB) in a work-from-home (WFH) setup. Additionally, it explores what emotions one may associate with such changing work environments, which have high implications for organisational success. Design/methodology/approach The two primary research questions guided this research. An online questionnaire-based survey was conducted to collect the data so that respondents’ both subjective and objective perceptions were documented. Purposive cum snowball sampling was used to collect data from 262 IT professionals. However, the data was analysed using both qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative (chi-square) techniques. Findings The findings of this study are interesting in nature and reported the work-life experiences at various socio-demographic levels (age, gender, educational qualification, designation, work experience, income, type of family and the number of children). The comprehensive examination of the data obtained from diverse aspects related to remote work environments has shed light on crucial facets impacting IT professionals. A predominant observation derived from the study reveals a significant disparity in working hours between male and female respondents during remote work. This discrepancy is notable, with male employees tending to work longer hours (i.e. 10 or more hours daily) than their female counterparts. The investigation into respondents’ sleep patterns revealed that the majority slept between 5 h and 7 h daily, underscoring reduced sleep hours for IT professionals during remote work. This comprehensive study thus emphasises the multifaceted nature of gender-associated influences on work patterns, health and well-being during remote work scenarios among IT professionals. As remote work is the new normal, this study has high implications for future work arrangements and organisational success. Practical implications The findings of the study will assist managers in dealing with the work conflict issue of remote workers. Importantly, these managers should try eliminating or reducing workplace conflict, emotional exhaustion and social overload associated with remote work. Originality/value This study is a humble attempt to highlight the employee’s WLB in the context of WFH in an emerging market (i.e. India). Furthermore, emphasises practical issues associated with changing work paradigms and concludes with interesting recommendations for future work arrangements.

Abstract TP277: Family Types and Stroke Risk Factors: Examining Hypertension and Obesity Prevalence Among Hispanic Adults in the SERVE OC Study

Background: The Hispanic community in the US experiences disproportionate burdens of stroke risk. Family types could impact health outcomes as a mechanism of social support, urging examination of their impact on stroke-related risk factors. We study associations between family types and hypertension/obesity prevalence among Hispanic adults and secondarily assess modification by nativity. Methods: The SERVE OC (Skills-Based Educational Strategies for Reduction of Vascular Events in Orange County) study, initiated in late 2022, is an ongoing community-based RCT focused on Hispanic populations to enhance their health behaviors. We collected baseline bio-measures, demographics, and household data. Hypertension and obesity were defined using AHA and CDC guidelines. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of hypertension and obesity among family types adjusted for age and gender and assessed nativity modification using an interaction term. Results: Among 147 Hispanic adults, 56.0% had hypertension, 58.2% had obesity. The mean age was 44.9 years, with 68.5% females and 19.6% foreign-born. Family types included nuclear (44.4%), multigenerational (32.5%), and other (23.1%). Compared with nuclear, multigenerational households showed higher hypertension and obesity odds yet did not reach statistical significance. Individuals in other (6.52; 1.55-27.46) family types had significantly higher obesity odds and differential associations with obesity by nativity (interaction p=0.067). The modifying effect of nativity factors for hypertension was not steadily shown. Conclusion: Our study reveals the interrelation of family types and stroke risk factors, particularly obesity, in Hispanic populations. This highlights the need for culturally tailored prevention strategies. SERVE OC emerges as a vital platform to dissect these intricacies and formulated targeted interventions, alleviating stroke risk within the Hispanic community in the US.

Body composition parameters as predictors of low back pain in rural homemakers of North India.

Homemakers are the backbones of families, but in rural India, females suffer from many musculoskeletal problems due to excessive workload in their houses. The objective of the present study is to compare body composition parameters as predictors of low back pain (LBP) in nonworking rural homemakers of North India. The study was conducted among 296 homemakers from rural areas of Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. Details of LBP and body composition parameters (body mass index, body fat, visceral fat) were taken. The prevalence of LBP among homemakers was found to be 15.54%. BMI was found to be a better predictor of LBP than body fat and visceral fat. The risk of LBP is 7.24 times higher in BMI ≥23 than in women with BMI <23. The risk of LBP is 3.67 times more in visceral fat % ≥10% than in women with visceral fat % <10%. Age, type of family, socioeconomic status income was identified as risk factors in this population. Maintaining an adequate BMI is essential for the prevention of LBP.

Risk factors and associated pathway for rural and urban unmet dental prosthetic needs among older adults in Central India.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the risk factors and associated pathways for unmet dental prosthetic needs among older adult population in Central India. A total of 11,145 randomly selected older adults participated in the study; 4613 from urban region and 6532 form rural region. Oral examinations were conducted at individual households for recording dental caries, periodontal disease, prosthetic status and needs. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to examine relationship between a set of exogenous variables and unmet dental prosthetic needs with variables that remained significant in the adjusted multilevel logistic model. Path coefficients were calculated for all variables with 95% confidence interval. Goodness of fit of the model was assessed by several indices. A total of 8433 (75.7%) participants had never visited a dentist and 9139 (82%) had unmet dental prosthetic needs. Dental caries was observed among 3207 (69.5%) and 4644 (71.1%) study participants from urban and rural regions respectively (p<.05). Low utilization of dental services was associated with high dental prosthetic needs in upper arch and lower arch (PC=-0.05, 0.001) and DMFT was associated with lower utilization of dental services (PC=-0.09, 0.001). DMFT was also associated with age, annual income, level of education, paternal education, type of family, tobacco consumption and CPI score in the hypothesized model. The fit indices used indicated that the model was adequate. Dental prosthetic needs in the proposed pathway model was associated with low utilization of dental services, dental caries, periodontal disease and other socio-demographic factors.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТИ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАБОЛЕВАЕМОСТИ У ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА, ПРОЖИВАЮЩИХ В ПОЛНЫХ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕННЫХ СЕМЬЯХ

Abstract. Introduction. Dental diseases in preschool children do not appear to tend downward. According to the literature, the prevalence of dental decay and its complications in preschool children reaches 70%, dental abnormalities more than 80%, and periodontal diseases and oral mucosa diseases up to 98%. There are some data described in literature, regarding how family types affect the overall incidence in children. At the same time, the impact of family type on the children dental health has not been studied a lot so far. Taking this into account, this paper provides data on dental morbidity in preschool children living in nuclear and reconstituted families. The aim of the study is to examine the pattern of prevalence of major dental diseases in preschool children living in nuclear or reconstituted families. Materials and Methods. Preschool children of different ages and their parents took part in this study. During the study, we identified reconstituted and nuclear families, the children from which families constituted the subject of the study. In total, the study examined 1,929 children from 1,842 nuclear families and 166 children from 146 reconstituted children. Results and Discussions. The study found that the most important dental diseases occur in children of the earliest age, before 1 year of life. With the passage of time and the child’s growth, their dental morbidity progresses and reaches its peak among preschool children aged 4.6-6 years. Children living in reconstituted families were significantly more susceptible to the onset and progression of major dental diseases than those from nuclear families. Conclusions. The impact of family type on dental morbidity in preschool children should be considered while planning the prevention and medical examination programs, which will help identify dental diseases at an early stage, prevent the development of complications, and optimize health care costs for the treatment and prevention of dental diseases in preschool children

Factors associated with initial AstraZeneca vaccine knowledge, attitudes, and uptake among hospital nurses: A cross-sectional study in Ghana's Upper East region.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused over 171,657 confirmed cases and 1,462 deaths in Ghana, particularly among frontline health-workers involved in pandemic response. Prevention measures in Ghana include AstraZeneca 'Covishield' vaccination of health-workers, but research on factors affecting uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in Ghana were initially limited. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse knowledge, attitudes, and initial uptake of Covishield among nurses in the War Memorial Hospital in Navrongo, Upper East Region. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 128 district hospital nurses using simple random sampling. We first calculated descriptive statistics and two composite variables summing either participant knowledge or attitude variables, with a threshold over 50% considered 'sufficient' or 'positive' respectively. We then analysed associations between demographic variables and Covishield knowledge, attitudes, or uptake using binomial logistic regression with a 95% confidence interval and p-value of <0.05 considered significant. All participants had heard of Covishield vaccine, with attitudes toward it generally positive (53%), and uptake high (72%). Reasons cited by the 28% unvaccinated included absence during vaccination, having already been infected with COVID-19, lack of trust in vaccine safety/efficacy, or pregnancy/breastfeeding. Education, residence, and family type were the only demographic factors significantly associated with nurses' knowledge about, attitudes towards, or uptake of COVID-19 vaccination. While 'positive' attitude was significantly associated with higher odds of being vaccinated (AOR 4.75; 95%CI 1.59-14.1), 'sufficient' knowledge was not (AOR 1.33; 95%CI 0.53-3.32). This is the first study in Ghana's resource-constrained Upper East region to examine health-worker perceptions of a novel vaccine and showed nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and uptake of COVID-19 vaccination were good overall. Further research is needed to determine how best to address hesitancy and understand findings that attitudes appeared more relevant than knowledge for uptake. Findings are relevant for local health authorities in improving vaccine availability and strengthening emergency risk communication and management of adverse events following immunisation.

A cross-sectional study to assess the under-nutrition amongst the elderly population in a rural area of district Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh.

Ageing is a universal process. It is influenced by a person's genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Nutrition plays a significant role in modulation of ageing. In developing countries like India, the health and nutritional status of the elderly population is not satisfactory. The current study was done to assess undernutrition amongst the elderly population and to find the various associations with sociodemographic factors and social determinants. This cross-sectional study was done from February 2023 to July 2023 in rural area of District Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. The elderly participants who were 60 years of age and more and who met the inclusion criteria were selected by simple random sampling technique for the study. Undernutrition was assessed by Mini Nutritional Assessment Tool (MNA). Out of the total of 400 elderly persons, 18% were found to be undernourished and 38% were at risk of undernutrition. The association between undernutrition and age group, gender, occupation, family type, living arrangements that is staying with family or not, financial dependence, any co-morbid illness, smoking, and physical activity was found to be significant. The present findings reveal that undernutrition is not an uncommon problem in the elderly, and further studies are needed in this regard.

ASSESSMENT OF AWARENESS OF MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY AT TERTIARY CARE CENTER, MAHARASHTRA

Background: According to several studies, only 77.3% of Indian women follow menstrual hygiene practices.1 Unaddressed menstrual hygiene is said to hamper the achievement of some of the sustainable development goals (3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th), which are related to menstrual hygiene practices.1,2 Since the last two decades, womens literacy and status in society have improved, so it is important to know whether menstrual hygiene has improved or not. The present study will assess the adequacy of menstrual hygiene knowledge and practice, which is directly related to SDG 6.25. Objectives: 1.To asses the awareness and practices of menstrual hygiene. 2. To study socio-cultural factors associated with hygiene practices. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among women of reproductive age who attended gynecology OPD. A non-probability convenience sampling method and a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire were used. Results: In the current study, 100 women of reproductive age (15–45 years) were interviewed.70% of the participants belonged to the 21–35 age group, 98% were from urban areas, 74% were married, and 6% were illiterate. About 59% of participants had information about menstruation before menarche among them, 38% of participants mothers were the source of information. Nearly 27% participants had miss-belief regarding menstruation. 17% study subjects used cloth as a absorbent material where as 71% participant used less than two absorbent materials per day. Whereas 51% took hand wash after changing absorbent material. Nearly 12% of participants burned absorbent material, while 9% reused it and dried by sunlight. Nearly 78% of participants have been restricted activity during menstruation. Conclusion: This study shows the vital role of a source of information for appropriate knowledge of menstruation. The awareness of menstruation was found to be significantly correlated with literacy status. Good hygiene behavior was positively correlated with informant, literacy level, and family type. Socio-cultural limitations were still present among married women from joint families.

Factors Associated with Psychosocial Stimulation Development of Preschool Children in Rupandehi District of Nepal

Creating fun learning games, telling stories, and sharing warmth in social interactions are important for helping kids grow well; it is like planting seeds for a bright future workforce for the nation. This study aimed to assess factors associated with psychosocial stimulation development in 401 preschool children (3-5 years) in the Rupandehi district of Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multistage random sampling technique. Socioeconomic and demographic data, as well as psychosocial stimulation levels, were collected through validated instruments, interviews, and direct observation. IBM SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis, with a significance level of p&lt;0.05. Among the participants, 50.4% were economically marginalized, and only 1.2% caregivers offered high levels of psychosocial stimulation to their preschoolers. Positive associations were found between the number of children, family type, caste/ethnicity, parental education, and wealth status in the unadjusted analysis. In multivariate analysis, the psychosocial stimulation received by preschool children was positively associated with wealth status, caste, mother’s education, family structure and father’s education. Wealth status, caste, family structure, and parental education emerged as key factors influencing the psychosocial stimulation development of preschool children. Implementing strategies to promote psychosocial stimulation within families from economically marginalized backgrounds, disadvantaged castes (including Dalit, non-Dalit Tarai caste, and Janajati groups), with illiterate parents, and those living in nuclear family structures could potentially make a substantial contribution towards enhancing psychosocial stimulation among preschool children.

Transposon dynamics in the emerging oilseed crop Thlaspi arvense.

Genome evolution is partly driven by the mobility of transposable elements (TEs) which often leads to deleterious effects, but their activity can also facilitate genetic novelty and catalyze local adaptation. We explored how the intraspecific diversity of TE polymorphisms might contribute to the broad geographic success and adaptive capacity of the emerging oil crop Thlaspi arvense (field pennycress). We classified the TE inventory based on a high-quality genome assembly, estimated the age of retrotransposon TE families and comprehensively assessed their mobilization potential. A survey of 280 accessions from 12 regions across the Northern hemisphere allowed us to quantify over 90,000 TE insertion polymorphisms (TIPs). Their distribution mirrored the genetic differentiation as measured by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The number and types of mobile TE families vary substantially across populations, but there are also shared patterns common to all accessions. Ty3/Athila elements are the main drivers of TE diversity in T. arvense populations, while a single Ty1/Alesia lineage might be particularly important for transcriptome divergence. The number of retrotransposon TIPs is associated with variation at genes related to epigenetic regulation, including an apparent knockout mutation in BROMODOMAIN AND ATPase DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1 (BRAT1), while DNA transposons are associated with variation at the HSP19 heat shock protein gene. We propose that the high rate of mobilization activity can be harnessed for targeted gene expression diversification, which may ultimately present a toolbox for the potential use of transposition in breeding and domestication of T. arvense.