Type Of Exit Research Articles

A Good Farewell? Positive Exits from Federal Housing Assistance and Lower Acute Healthcare Utilization.

Little is known regarding the health outcomes of people who exit from housing assistance and if that experience varies by the circumstances under which a person exits. We asked two questions: (1) does the type of exit from housing assistance matter for healthcare utilization? And (2) how does each exit type compare to remaining in housing assistance in terms of healthcare utilization? This retrospective cohort study of 5550 exits between 2012 and 2018 used data from two large, urban public housing authorities in King County, Washington. Exposures were exiting from housing assistance and type of exit (positive, neutral, negative). Outcomes were emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and well-child checks (among those aged < 6) in the year following exit from housing assistance. After adjustment for demographics and baseline healthcare utilization, people with positive exits had 26% (95% confident interval: 6-39%) lower odds of having 1 + ED visits in the year following exit than people with negative exits and 20% (95% CI: 6-31%) lower odds than those who continued receiving housing assistance. Neutral and negative exits did not differ substantially from each other, and both exit types appear to be detrimental to health, with higher levels of ED visits and hospitalizations and lower levels of well-child checks. Why people exit from housing assistance matters. Those with negative exits experience poorer outcomes and efforts should be made to both prevent this kind of exit and mitigate its impact.

Why are you selling your business? Understanding signaling effects of seller rationale at time of entrepreneurial exit

Entrepreneurs eventually face the inevitable in which they must exit their firms. Some choose the entrepreneurial exit path of selling to an unaffiliated individual or company. This type of exit can arise due to a variety of reasons, including life situations, strategic reasons, or other interests. The process of selling a small, privately held company, oftentimes facilitated by business intermediaries, typically begins with introducing the company to potential acquirers through confidential marketing that provides just enough information to pique interest while also preserving the anonymity of the entrepreneur or business. One important element included in the marketing of a business is the entrepreneur's reason to sell. Due to the potential information asymmetry present in the sale of privately-held businesses, this study proposes that the reason for sale, referred to in this study as the communicated exit purpose, sends varying signals to potential acquirers impacting the perception of the business opportunity and acquisition price at exit. Utilizing an archival dataset from a popular business-for-sale website, our analysis shows support that the price at exit is affected by the communicated entrepreneur's reason for exit. A separate experiment and qualitative study provide further insight into the acquirer perceptions of the business opportunity based on the stated reason of entrepreneurial exit. Our paper concludes with strategies to assist entrepreneurs regarding the disclosure of reasons for exiting.

Sensory Loss and its Association with Different Types of Departures from the Labor Force Among Older Adults in the US.

To investigate the association between sensory loss and the timing and type of self-reported departures from the labor force, via retirement or disability, we used data from the Health and Retirement Study, cycles 2004-2018. Based on self-reported sensory loss, we classified individuals into four groups: no sensory loss, hearing loss only, vision loss only, and dual sensory loss (vision and hearing loss). We assumed that older adults could leave the labor force either by retirement or due to disability. Because once one type of exit is observed the other type cannot be observed, we implemented a competing risk approach to estimate the instantaneous rate of departure (sub-distribution hazard rate) for leaving the labor force due to disability, treating retirement as a competing risk, and for departures via retirement, with disability as the competing risk. We found that compared to older adults with no sensory loss, adults with vision loss are at a higher risk for leaving the labor force via disability (when treating retirement as a competing risk). Compared to no sensory loss, hearing loss was associated with a higher risk for retirement in models treating disability as a competing risk. Given the differences between disability and retirement benefits (before and after retirement age), policies intended to keep people with sensory loss from early labor force departures, such as accommodations in the workplace and/or hearing and vision care coverage, might contribute to better retiring conditions and healthy aging among older adults with sensory loss.

Perfil Epidemiológico dos casos de hanseníase em São Luís-MA entre 2018 e 2021

The objective was to evaluate the epidemiological profile of leprosy cases in São Luís-MA between the years 2018 to 2022. This is an epidemiological, retrospective and descriptive study, whose data were collected on the DATASUS platform. Aspects related to gender, age group, ethnicity, education, clinical evolution and the type of exit were analyzed. It was observed that the disease prevails among men (54.19%), aged between 40 and 49 years (18.47%) and most with high school education (30.60%). Thus the importance in the planning and management of health policies in the prevention and control of the disease should be a priority between the program of men's health and public health aiming at early diagnosis and treatment of cases.

Factors associated with reunification and placement move for children placed in kinship care under the age of thirteen

BackgroundWhen a child needs to be placed in substitute care by child protection services, social workers are encouraged to use kinship care (KC), mainly because of the greater stability associated with it. However, current state of knowledge on reunification and placement stability is essentially based on studies that combined children in KC and children in other types of substitute care setting. ObjectivesThis paper aims to describe longitudinally the placement trajectory of children placed in KC and to identify the factors associated with the type of exit from KC (move to another substitute care setting or reunification). MethodAll children in a Québec child protection services agency who started a KC placement in 2014–15 under the age of 13 are observed for three years (N = 172). Data come from the child's casefile and from telephone questionnaires with the caseworker at the beginning and at the end of placement (or at the end of observation if the child has not exited). ResultsSeveral children remained in the same KC setting during the observation (39%). The others were reunified (34%) or moved to another substitute setting (27%). Multivariate regression analyzes indicated that reunification was mostly determined by higher frequency of parent-child contacts, less registrations in clinical programs and absence of parental mental health problems, while placement move was mostly associated with placement beginning as provisional measure, higher frequency of parent-child contacts and presence of parental mental health problems. ConclusionsThis study highlights determinants of stability and permanency that may be specific to kinship placements

Type of Successful Cross-Border VC Exit: The Influence of Venture Age, US VCs, and Market Potential

We investigate the influence of venture age, influence of US VCs in syndicates, and market potential on the type of successful VC exit (trade sale and IPO) from cross-border venture investments. We theorize that VCs’ exit behavior would be motivated by returns from a specific exit as well as longer term benefits from the exit via accretion to their reputation, which leads to improved deal flow and lower search costs in the future. We also investigate how US VCs’ strength in the syndicate and market potential of the region influences venture timing and the exit type. We test our hypotheses in a sample of 995 exits outside the US by VC syndicates with US VCs as one of the partners. Our analysis controls for a variety of country, VC firm, VC fund, and portfolio firm (venture) level influences, as well as tests for potential selection bias. We find that venture age has a positive effect on the choice of TS as an exit option over IPO. Further, the strength of the US VC firms in the syndicate moderates this relationship toward favoring an IPO exit. Finally, we find support for the notion that VCs are more willing to wait for an IPO exit in fast-growing and high potential Asia Pacific region to build their reputation in the market than in the mature and slow-growth European market.

Life after Social Death: Leaving the Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses, Identity Transition and Recovery

It is well documented that religiosity is linked with positive indicators of well-being, but less research has examined the psychosocial impacts of leaving “high-control” religions. Theoretically situated in recovery and desistance literature underpinned by the social identity approach, the current study examined cross-sectionally the extent to which ‘disfellowshipped’ former Jehovah’s Witnesses’ experiences of ostracism and post-exit identification with others are associated with diminished psychological well-being and identity transition success. It also examined the extent to which the type of exit (forced vs. voluntary) and prior religious commitment shaped these outcomes. The authors recruited 554 adults (62% female; M age = 37.26, SD age = 12.82) via online social support networks for former Jehovah’s Witnesses. Path analysis tested the mediating and moderating functions of exit method (forced vs. voluntary), commitment level during membership, and post-exit group identification with groups on outcomes of identity transition, recovery identity, self-esteem, and well-being. Results indicate that individuals who voluntarily left the Jehovah’s Witnesses reported more ostracism than those who were disfellowshipped (forced out) and that a higher level of prior religious commitment was associated with post-religious identity transition success and diminished self-esteem. Findings further suggest that distinct aspects of respondents’ social identity were related differentially to outcomes in partial support of the theoretical framework. Future research and theory development efforts are deemed necessary to better understand the etiology of how exiting high-control religions impacts psychosocial outcomes.

Relapse and regression to severe wasting in children under 5 years: A theoretical framework.

Systematic reviews have highlighted that repeated severe wasting after receiving treatment is likely to be common, but standardised measurement is needed urgently. The Council of Research & Technical Advice for Acute Malnutrition (CORTASAM) released recommendations on standard measurement of relapse (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment as per recommended discharge criteria), regression (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment before reaching recommended discharge criteria) and reoccurrence (wasting after 6 months of exit from treatment as per recommended discharge criteria). We provide a theoretical framework of post‐treatment relapse and regression to severe wasting to guide discussions, risk factor analyses, and development and evaluations of interventions. This framework highlights that there are factors that may impact risk of relapse and regression in addition to the impact of contextual factors associated with incidence and reoccurrence of severe wasting more generally. Factors hypothesised to be associated with relapse and regression relate specifically to the nutrition and health status of the child on admission to, during and exit from treatment and treatment interventions, platforms and approaches as well as type of exit from treatment (e.g., before reaching recommended criteria). These factors influence whether children reach full recovery, and poorer nutritional and immunological status at exit from treatment are more proximate determinants of risk of severe wasting after treatment, although post‐treatment interventions may modify risks. The evidence base for many of these factors is weak. Our framework can guide research to improve our understanding of risks of relapse and regression and how to prevent them and inform programmes on what data to collect to evaluate relapse. Implementation research is needed to operationalise results in programmes and reduce post‐treatment severe wasting at scale.

Contexto clínico-epidemiológico dos casos de hanseníase notificados em Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais - Brasil, entre 2015 e 2019

Objetiva-se caracterizar o contexto clínico-epidemiológico dos casos de hanseníase notificados no município de Governador Valadares (GV) entre 2015 e 2019. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico no qual foram analisadas variáveis sociodemográficas (sexo, faixa etária e escolaridade) e variáveis clínicas (forma clínica, classificação operacional, número de lesões, presença de incapacidade e tipo de saída). Resultados: Entre os 387 casos notificados, 52,1% eram do sexo masculino, 26,6% apresentavam idade ≥65 anos e 22,9% possuíam da 1ª a 4ª série do ensino fundamental incompleta. Com relação às variáveis clínicas, 42,8% foram classificados como dimorfos e 56,3% como multibacilares. Além disso, foi possível identificar que a maior parte apresentava 5 ou mais lesões (43,4%) e grau de incapacidade zero (71,3%). Observou-se ainda correlação entre ser do sexo masculino e apresentar forma virchowiana (*p=0,0001), multibacilar (*p=0,0004), possuir 5 ou mais lesões (*p=0,0008) e desenvolver incapacidade de grau 2 (*p=0,002). Por outro lado, houve correlação entre ser do sexo feminino e forma tuberculóide (*p=0,001) e o surgimento de somente 1 lesão (*p=0,002). Torna-se importante ressaltar que os percentuais de cura permaneceram acima de 90%. Considerações finais: A hanseníase é uma doença de impacto em GV, fato que torna imprescindível o diagnóstico precoce e a prevenção por meio de medidas de educação em saúde.

Perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos casos de hanseníase em pacientes adultos em um município do Maranhão

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil clínico e epidemiológico dos casos de Hanseníase em pacientes adultos em um município do Maranhão. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, de caráter descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa e de cunho epidemiológico, realizado com base em dados obtidos através do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) referente aos casos de Hanseníase em adultos no município maranhense, entre 2016 e 2018. Por constituir uma pesquisa a partir de dados secundários e de domínio público, não houve a necessidade de apreciação e aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: Foram registrados 145 casos de Hanseníase em adultos, com predominância do sexo masculino (68%), na faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (29%), com classificação operacional multibacilar (85%) e forma clínica dimorfa (67%), modo de entrada como caso novo (72%), cuja detecção acontece em sua maioria por demanda espontânea (41%), com grau de incapacidade zero (41%) e tipo de saída por cura (62%). Conclusão: Espera-se que este estudo forneça informações que permitam conhecer a dimensão dessa doença na coletividade, a fim de potencializar medidas de prevenção e o pronto tratamento dos casos iniciais, o exame periódico dos contatos e a educação em saúde para a população.

Should I Stay or Should I Go? Founder Power and Exit via Initial Public Offering

Founders can voluntarily exit their ventures via initial public offerings (IPOs). This study builds on power theory to develop and test a model of founder exit using a dataset of 313 founders from 177 entrepreneurial IPOs between 2002 and 2010. We largely find support for the model—a negative relationship between founder power and full exit. To capture the underlying mechanism of the power–exit relationship, we conducted two experiments in which we randomly assigned decision makers to either a high- or low-power condition. We find that decision makers in the low-power condition are more likely to use a full exit via IPO than those in the high-power condition, and that frustration mediates this relationship. However, founders can also engage in partial exits, including a managerial partial exit in which the founder leaves management but keeps ownership, and a financial partial exit in which the founder divests ownership but remains in management. We find that the negative relationship between founder power and exit is more negative for full exits than for partial exits. With this paper, we contribute to the literature on exit by identifying a novel mechanism—frustration—underlying power’s influence on the likelihood and type of founder exit.

Decoding Venture Capital Exit Patterns: An Indian Perspective

This study investigated the patterns adopted by VCs in their choice of exit routes The relationship between industry, transaction, and fund level variables with type of exit route chosen was also analyzed. Exit patterns were coded based on industry, type of exit and nature of fund. The relationship between industry, transaction, fund level variables and the type of exit route chosen was analyzed based on 221 transactions that occurred in India during the period from 2004 to 2017. High levels of similarity in the exit patterns of the service and manufacturing industries were observed. The myth that IPO from a service industry generates higher value does not seem to hold true. The choice of exit route depends on the type of exit viz. partial/complete exit. The probability of market exit increased by almost 2.8 times when the exit was partial. The fact that there is similarity in exit patterns of both foreign origin and Indian funds is beneficial for entrepreneurs paving way for strategy changes. Secondly the non-differential impact of industry on exit route choice provides further options for both the entrepreneurs and investors.

Precision Analysis of Supraorbital Transcranial Exits Using Three Dimensional Multidetector Computed Tomography.

Anatomical variation in supraorbital transcranial exits, which can be divided into the lateral supraorbital exit and the medial frontal exit, has been investigated in several studies during the past few decades. However, in previous studies, inconsistent criteria were used for classifying those exits. The authors analyzed variations in supraorbital transcranial exits using 3 dimensional multidetector computed tomography (3D MDCT), and present a consistent classification of the types of those exits with precise location measurements. In 1181 patients (2362 orbits) who underwent facial 3D MDCT, the authors measured a set of qualitative and quantitative parameters. The qualitative parameters included an assessment of the location and type of the exit, and the number of accessory foramina. The quantitative parameters included various distance measurements. A frontal exit was present in 2071 orbits and a supraorbital exit in 953. Neither a frontal exit nor a supraorbital exit was found in 11 orbits. The most common type of frontal exit was the notch type, followed by the foramen type and none. The mean distance from the nasion to the frontal exit was 24.70 ± 3.50 mm on the right side and 23.69 ± 3.42 mm on the left side. In conclusion, various types of supraorbital transcranial exits were observed, of which the frontal notch was the most common. This is the first study to conduct a consistent analysis of a large sample of skulls to characterize the distribution of supraorbital transcranial exit types using a comprehensive and clear set of criteria.

IPO as a VC-Funds Type of Exit

The key characteristic of private equity finance is that investors hold their investments only for a limited period of time. The key goal of VC funds is to grow the company to a point where it can be sold at a price that far exceeds the amount of capital invested. This process is called an exit or divestment. There are three basic types of exits: going public, being acquired by a larger corporation, a sale to a third-party investor.It is a widely believed and accepted proposition in private equity literature that the initial public offering of a private equity portfolio company is the most successful and profitable exit opportunity. However, according to the few sources of literature, public offerings are not the preferred divestment type for venture capital firms. Going public is one of the most critical decisions in the lifecycle of a firm. This is not easy, as the process is very comprehensive and complex. Hence, a lot of considerations should be taken into account. Because every investee firm is different, a development plan to achieve a successful exit takes into consideration a number of macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. Moreover, several advantages and disadvantages of exit through an IPO could be indicated. The objective of this paper is to show the success and profitability of going public by VC funds. The VC’s exit type as a way of cashing out on its investment in a portfolio company is a consequence of the exit strategy, which means the plan for generating profits for owners and investors of a company. While an IPO is the most spectacular and visible form of exit, it is not the most common one, as historically in the US it was, but still in Europe it has not been yet. There will be both literature and statistical data coming from different studies and reports used in this research.

An Empirical Analysis of VCPE Exits: Evidence from Indian Infrastructure Sector

The choice of exit between IPO and M&A is an inevitable decision faced by venture capital and private equity (VCPE) investors. This article examines the exits of VCPE funds from their portfolio companies in the Indian infrastructure sector. The analysis covers the influence of VCPE investors’ characteristics in terms of stages of financing and origin of funds on their choice of exit route. The article also explores the influence of syndication and board representation devices as controlling mechanisms on the exit route. The findings suggest the type of exit can be well predicted by the size of the investment, the duration of investment, and the extent of syndication. This article highlights the growing importance of VCPE for the infrastructure sector in India and makes the case that more exit options should be facilitated in order to promote further investment in the sector.

Taking Lemons for a Trial Run: Does Type of Job Exit Affect the Risk of Entering Fixed-Term Employment in Germany?

A central argument for the deregulation of employment contracts is that fixed-term contracts boost employment of jobseekers with uncertain productivity by giving employers a tool to screen such applicants over a longer period of time before permanent hire. We test this proposition by comparing the risk of entering fixed-term employment for individually laid-off workers with that for individuals who have left their previous job for other reasons. This strategy is based on the assumption that in the German context individual lay-offs create uncertainty about jobseekers’ productivity. We use data on work exits and subsequent labour market re-entry of the prime-age workforce in Germany from waves 2000–2013 of the Socio-Economic Panel. Our results show that the risk of fixed-term employment is substantively smaller after voluntary job exits but reveal only a small and statistically insignificant risk difference between individual lay-offs and workplace closures after adjusting for differences in socio-economic background and characteristics of the previous job. These findings challenge the view that employers use fixed-term contracts as an instrument to screen specific groups of workers whose productivity is highly uncertain, at least with regard to recent career disruptions.

Can favourable psychosocial working conditions in midlife moderate the risk of work exit for chronically ill workers? A 20-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study

ObjectivesTo investigate if favourable psychosocial working conditions can reduce the risk of work exit and specifically for workers with chronic disease.MethodsMen and women (32%) aged 35–55, working and having no...

Ending a sponsorship relationship: consumers’ responses toward a forced versus a chosen exit

ABSTRACTResearch question: Sponsorship relationships can be categorized into a beginning, an ongoing, and an ending phase. Although all of these phases can be consequential for the sponsoring brand, past research mainly focuses on the beginning phase and the management of existing sponsorships, and only a few studies examine the effects of ending a sponsorship relationship. The present study addresses this gap by exploring how two types of exit (chosen vs. forced) and the exit consequences (few vs. extensive) influence consumers’ evaluations of the sponsor brand.Research methods: This research uses an experimental study (N = 202). Data were collected among supporters of a German second division soccer team.Results and findings: The results reveal that consumers’ attitudes are negatively affected when the sponsor’s exit is freely chosen (vs. forced). These effects are moderated by the exit’s consequences. The detrimental effect of a chosen exit is particularly strong when the exit has extensive (vs. few) negative consequences for the sponsored property. The findings further show that the interaction of the type of exit (chosen vs. forced) and the exit’s consequences on consumers’ attitudes is mediated by the perceived abandonment of the sponsored property.Implications: We contribute to the literature by expanding knowledge about the effects of a sponsorship termination on consumers’ attitudes toward the sponsor brand. The present study highlights the effects of different types of exit on consumers’ attitudes and identifies the explanatory mechanisms underlying these effects. Furthermore, our research offers several practical recommendations regarding the management of sponsorship termination.

‘Planning for uncertainty’: narratives on retirement transition experiences

ABSTRACTRetirement is a major life transition which is associated in public discourses with reduced economic productivity and a raft of personal vulnerabilities. Consequently, governmental, health and employment sectors have promoted ‘active’ planning of affordable and ‘healthy’ retirements. This study presents a qualitative exploration of retirement transition and preparation experiences among 52 men and women from rural and urban areas of North East England, United Kingdom. The sample was diverse in terms of social class, income level, health status and type of work exit. Health, finance, social relationships and third-age opportunities were required resources for a good transition into retirement, and a degree of planning was required to mobilise these resources. However, the degree of choice and control around the transition to retirement was highly variable and socially structured. Thenotionof planning was embedded as a normative practice, particularly in relation to finances, but the practice of planning was highly contingent primarily due to personal circumstances (ill-health, bereavement, relationships) and work exit (redundancy, work stress, changes to shift patterns or hours). The findings offer insights into the reasons why many people do not plan and indicate that many of the assumptions associated with retirement planning warrant further consideration both theoretically and practically.

Patenting Behaviour and the Survival of Newly Listed European Software Firms

We test whether patenting activity impacts on software companies' likelihood of survival after going public in the UK, Germany, France, Sweden, Italy and Spain. Our database covers all software companies undertaking IPOs in these six countries between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2005, and includes data from various sources (the Bureau van Dijk Zephyr database, the Questel-Orbit QPAT patent database, financial documents available on the company websites and specialised websites). Survival analysis follows a semi-parametric approach, based on the stratified Cox competing risk model, controlling for other determinants of survival. We find that, after controlling for the firms' main entry characteristics (experience, size, sales, profitability and solvency, together with market conditions), the influence of the size and the quality of the firms' patent portfolios is different according to the type of exit and the type of software firm. In particular, the number of patents reduces the risk of failure and acquisition for software developers, while quality increases their attractiveness as an acquisition target.