Type Of Eruption Research Articles

Eruptivity Criteria for Two-Dimensional Magnetic Flux Ropes in the Solar Corona

We apply the magneto-frictional approach to investigate which quantity or quantities can best predict the loss of equilibrium of a translationally-invariant magnetic flux rope. The flux rope is produced self-consistently by flux cancellation combined with gradual footpoint shearing of a coronal arcade which is open at the outer boundary. This models the magnetic field in decaying active regions on the Sun. Such a model permits two types of eruption: episodic small events caused by shearing and relaxation of the overlying arcade, and major eruptions of the main low-lying coronal flux rope. Through a parameter study, we find that the major eruptions are best predicted not by individual quantities but by thresholds in the ratios of squared rope current to either magnetic energy or relative magnetic helicity. We show how to appropriately define the latter quantity for translationally-invariant magnetic fields, along with a related eruptivity index that has recently been introduced for three-dimensional magnetic fields. In contrast to previous configurations studied, we find that the eruptivity index has only a weak predictive skill, and in fact is lower prior to eruption, rather than higher. This is because the overlying background magnetic field has the same direction as the arcade itself. Thus we propose that there are a whole class of solar eruptions that cannot be predicted by a high eruptivity index.

33P A literature review of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and multikinase inhibitors (MKIs)

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/ Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is the most severe type of drug eruption, characterized by blisters and generalized epidermolysis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), and multi-kinase inhibitors (MKIs) are three types of molucular therapy popularly used in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The therapies can cause keratinocytes apoptosis, leading to SJS/TEN, which is not common but always life-threatening. We performed a retrospective analysis of case reports about ICIs, EGFR-TKIs, MKIs induced SJS/TEN by exploring PubMed, the Embase database, CNKI and WanFang. We analyzed 32 cases of SJS/TEN caused by ICIs (pembrolizumab, 11; nivolumab, 10; Ipilimumab + nivolumab, 5; Tislelizumab, 2; Toripalimab, 1; atezolizumab, 1; Camrelizumab, 1; Sintilimab+Toripalimab, 1). SJS/TEN could occur from 1 week to 5 months after initiation of ICIs, which was usually 1-2 cycles of treatment. SJS/TEN caused by ICIs is characterized by severe condition and high mortality. 11/32 patients were dead (pembrolizumab, 3; nivolumab, 3; Ipilimumab + nivolumab, 4; Sintilimab+Toripalimab, 1). Almost all patients who developed serious SJS/TEN had pre-symptoms, such as acneiform eruption, xerosis, pruritus. There were 8 cases of SJS/TEN associated with EGFR-TKIs (Osimertinib, 4; afatinib, 2; gefitinib, 1; vandetanib, 1). SJS/TEN usually occurred from 20 to 50 days of administration. The earliest occurrence time was 8 days, the latest occurrence was 78 days. There were 3 cases of MKIs related SJS/TEN (Regorafenib, 1; Sorafenib, 1; apatinib, 1). The apatinib-related case was treated with the combination of Toripalimab. No death associated with EGFR-TKIs and MKIs related SJS/TEN was reported. Compared with ICIS, EGFR-TKIs and MKIS related SJS/TEN is less common and mild, with well respond to steroid therapy and immunoglobulin and less deaths. It might be necessary to use anti-allergic agents before ICIs.

A new Multi-GAS system for continuous monitoring of CO2/ CH4 ratios at active volcanoes

We have designed, built, and tested a new Multi-GAS instrument which includes a CH4 sensor, along with CO2, H2O, and H2S sensors. We conducted laboratory-based experiments to calibrate the sensors, analyze possible cross-interferences among sensors, and evaluate the quality of the measurements. The results of these experiments demonstrate high-quality measurements with each sensor, with no cross-interferences and accurate and precise CO2/CH4 concentration ratios. These promising results from the laboratory experiments were validated with field measurements. We tested the new Multi-GAS instrument at four different sites on the flanks of Rincón de la Vieja and Miravalles volcanoes in Costa Rica. At each site, direct samples were also collected to compare these results to the Multi-GAS measurements. The results from direct sampling and Multi-GAS showed excellent agreement. These field tests confirmed that this Multi-GAS instrument has the potential to shed new light upon the dynamic interactions of magmatic systems with hydrothermal systems and therefore could help forecast phreatic and other types of volcanic eruptions.

Distribution of Pyroclastic Deposits around Lake Maninjau Agam District, West Sumatera, Indonesia based on Magnetic Susceptibility

Lake Maninjau is an erupting volcano in West Sumatra Province. The results of the eruption have now settled in various places and scattered in all directions due to the transportation process. The process of transporting volcanic material is caused by several factors such as wind and rain. This study aims to analyze the distribution pattern of volcanic material that is scattered around Lake Maninjau, Agam Regency. We have 25 types of samples divided into 3 categories. There are pumice, lava, and ash. This research was conducted at the FMIPA UNP Laboratory using the rock magnetization method. In this study, a Bartington MS2 with MS2B sensor was used by calculating the magnetic susceptibility value based on the mass of the sample. The results of the magnetic susceptibility analysis obtained varied between 74.7×10-8 - 3956.7×10-8 m3/kg which is included in the ilmenite (FeTiO3) group. The highest value of vulnerability was 2800×10-8 - 4000×10-8 m3/kg found at the core of Lake Maninjau ± 5.0 km seen from the green contour map. The lowest magnetic susceptibility values ​​0 - 800×10-8 m3/kg were found in the western part of Lake Maninjau and the material was deposited at a distance of ± 13 km from the core of the Maninjau caldera. Deposits were also found in the eastern part of Lake Maninjau ± 22.4 km from the core of Lake Maninjau and to the Middle East ± 23 miles from the core of the Maninjau caldera. The white color represents 1600 - 2000×10-8 m3/kg which is included in the moderate magnetic susceptibility value, which is ± 4 km to the southeast of the Maninjau caldera. The benefit that can be taken from this research in the ink industry is the presence of a magnetic mineral distribution map based on suseptibility values ​​and makes it easier to find raw materials for making ink around Lake Maninjau.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Lake Maninjau stores various elements contained in the released material. The elements that make up magnetic minerals are Fe, Si, Ca, Al, K, Ti. The collection of several elements forms the raw magnetic mineral
 Volcanic material contains the mineral ilmenite which in theory can be used as a raw material for making TiO2 pigments, ferrous metals and chemical compounds containing iron. In the industrial field TiO2 is widely used as a paint pigment, additives in the paper-making process, ceramic raw materials, pharmaceutical industry raw materials and TiO2 is also widely used for photoclinic materials
 Superparamagnetic minerals are present in volcanic rock samples resulting from an eruption, the magnetic sensibility values at high frequencies are slightly lower than the magnetic susceptibility values at low frequencies. If there are no superparamagnetic minerals (SP)
 It can be assumed that the ancient volcanic eruptions of Maninjau belong to the type of plinia eruption which is highly exposed from magma with high viscosity or acid magma, the composition of the magma is andesitic to rhyolitic
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Sequence of Volcanic Activity of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan, as Revealed by Non-Eruptive Deflation

Mechanisms that control fluctuation of long-term eruptive activity are not well understood. Since 1955, Sakurajima volcano has experienced repeated Vulcanian eruptions accompanied by deflation. However, ground deflations sometimes occurred even if no eruption took place. Characteristics of the non-eruptive deflation (NED) have not been investigated because of the related ambiguous ground vibration, infrasound and visual phenomena. In this study, we categorize deflation events contained in continuous deformation records covering eruptive activities at the Sakurajima volcano Minamidake crater during the period from November 2017 to December 2020. The deflation events are classified into eruptive and NED types by examining the seismic data, infrasound generations, and visual phenomena. Their event type occurrence characteristics are then further clarified based on their relationships to pressure source volume changes. Comparing the pressure source volume changes with the monthly mass of volcanic ash expelled from the crater, which is estimated from deposition data around the volcano, we found the contribution of NED events to volcanic ash mass eruption amounts to be much smaller than that for Vulcanian events, and visual observations confirm that NED events are phenomena that primarily emit volcanic gas. The NED event changes during the episode are interpreted by the magna transition from bubble-rich to bubble-poor conditions and are supported by the sulfur dioxide (SO2) discharge rate. The activity of NED events is helpful to understand long-term variations in eruptive activity.

Cutaneous Manifestations and Treatment Advances of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Abstract Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma caused by the human T lymphotropic virus type-1. The skin is affected in approximately half of ATLL patients, and skin lesions may be the first manifestation of the disease. The skin lesions of ATLL are polymorphous, and depend on the type of skin eruption, which makes it possible for doctors to predict the prognosis of the disease based on the characteristics of skin lesions. In this review article, we describe the clinical manifestations and histopathological patterns of skin lesions in ATLL, focus on its diagnostic and prognostic significance, and also summarize the advances in the treatment of ATLL.

Basaltic volcanism of Medvezhia caldera on the Iturup Island of Kurile Isles: impact of regional tectonics on subduction magmatismMartynov Yu.А., Rybin А.V., Chibisova М.V., Ostapenko D.S.,Davydova M.Yu

ABSTRACT We present newly acquired data on the trace element composition and Sr–Nd–Pb-O isotopes of Pliocene – Holocene basalts of the Medvezhiy caldera located on the Iturup Island, Kuril arc. With its unique rhenium mineralization and high-Mg basalt volcanism, it is the largest caldera on the volcanic front of the Kurile Island arc. The calc-alkaline suite of rocks spanning the range from high-Mg basalts to high-Al basalts, has typical arc rock features, such as Nb-Ta depletion and LILE enrichment. The whole set of the caldera geochemical data is divided into two age units, pre- and postcaldera basalts. The precaldera basalts typify low-K, high-Al, basaltic suite of the frontal zones of «cold» subduction. PRIMACALC2 code and Arc Basalt Simulator version 3.1 forward model points to ~21.7% of partial melting of moderately depleted mantle peridotite with relatively high water content (~0.34 wt%) at the pressure of ~1.37 GPa. With similar isotope and trace element signatures, Late Pleistocene–Holocene basalts are marked by the high abundances of MgO (up to 11 wt %), but low Al2O3. The primary magmas were generated from depleted mantle with lower H2O content (~0.13%) and degree of partial melting (~9.5%), but at higher pressure (~1.77 GPa). The decompression scheme reproduces the fractionation trends of postcaldera magnesian basalts for most major elements but fails to explain the composition variations of the precaldera lavas. Their origin has been the matter of some complex processes in the shallow magma chamber. The abrupt change in the type of eruptions and magma composition of the caldera in Late Pleistocene–Holocene were related to a transformation of both the magma-feeding and melt generation systems as the result of geodynamic reorganization of the vast territory adjacent to the Sea of Japan and Kamchatka.

Tephra Fallout Probabilistic Hazard Maps for Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha Volcanoes (Ecuador) With Uncertainty Quantification

AbstractTephra fallout hazard assessment is undertaken with probabilistic maps that rely on numerical models. Regarding maps production, the input parameters of the model (including atmospheric conditions), the physical approximations of the numerical simulations, and the probabilities of occurrence of different eruption types in specific time frames are among the most critical sources of uncertainty. We therefore present a tephra fallout hazard assessment study for two active volcanoes (Cotopaxi and Guagua Pichincha) in Ecuador. We utilize PLUME‐MoM/HYSPLIT models, and a procedure for uncertainty quantification where: (a) the uncertainty on eruptive source parameters and eruption type occurrence is quantified through expert elicitation; (b) we implement a new procedure for correlations between the different parameters, and (c) we use correction coefficients to take into account the uncertainty of the numerical model. Maps of exceedance probability given a deposit thickness threshold, and thickness maps given a probability of exceedance, are produced (a) for two eruptive scenarios (sub‐Plinian and Plinian) and (b) as a combination of these scenarios in case the next eruption will be sub‐Plinian or Plinian. These maps are described according to the uncertainty distribution of eruption type occurrence probabilities, considering their 5th percentile, mean, and 95th percentile values. We finally present hazard curves describing exceeding probabilities in 10 sensitive sites within the city of Quito. Additional information includes the areal extent and the population potentially affected by different isolines of tephra accumulation. This work indicates that full uncertainty quantification helps in providing more robust scientific information, improving the hazard assessment reliability.

Spatial - Temporal variability of Land Use Land Cover at Mount Merapi, Indonesia

One of the most active volcanoes in the island of Java is Merapi mount which was experienced the last major eruption peak on October 26th, 2010. This volcanic eruption was effusive eruption type where magmatic gas pressure in the crater was not too strong and magma eruption was just flown out past the slopes of the Merapi mount area. However, magmatic gas pressure and magma volume still result in deformation changes that have a direct impact on residential areas throughout the Merapi mount area. Residential areas were obtained through supervised classification process from Landsat 7 and 8-satellite imagery in the 2009, 2011 and 2019 acquisition year. The reason of observation year selection was based on pre and post eruption concept to get pattern of Merapi’s mountain body change through deformation analysis. The work focuses on spatial-temporal variability of land use land cover analysis at Mount Merapi pre and post 2010 eruption event considered here. The technique is based on NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and False Colour Composite methodology. Based on change in number of pixels it was analysed. Actually, some portion of land was covered with clouds and its shadows. From the results it was observed that, water body, barren and built up features were miss classified. So finally False Colour Composite (FCC) images are used to identify the misclassified classes.

Lava Volume from Remote Sensing Data: Comparisons with Reverse Petrological Approaches for Two Types of Effusive Eruption

Five effusive eruptions of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion) are analyzed to investigate temporal trends of erupted mass and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. Daily SO2 emissions are acquired from three ultraviolet (UV) satellite instruments (the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), and the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)) and an array of ground-based UV spectrometers (Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC)). Time-averaged lava discharge rates (TADRs) are obtained from two automatic satellite-based hot spot detection systems: MIROVA and MODVOLC. Assuming that the lava volumes measured in the field are accurate, the MIROVA system gave the best estimation of erupted volume among the methods investigated. We use a reverse petrological method to constrain pre-eruptive magmatic sulfur contents based on observed SO2 emissions and lava volumes. We also show that a direct petrological approach using SO2 data might be a viable alternative for TADR estimation during cloudy weather that compromises hot spot detection. In several eruptions we observed a terminal increase in TADR and SO2 emissions after initial emission of evolved degassed magma. We ascribe this to input of deeper, volatile-rich magma into the plumbing system towards the end of these eruptions. Furthermore, we find no evidence of volatile excess in the five eruptions studied, which were thus mostly fed by shallow degassed magma.

Les Nécrolyses Epidermiques Toxiques (NET) au service de dermatologie du CHU Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar : aspects épidémiologiques, phénotypiques, étiologiques et évolutifs de 2005 à 2019 (15 ans)

ObjectivesTo determine the epidemiological, phenotypic, etiological and evolutionary aspects of NET in the Dermatology department of the HALD. Methodologycross-sectional study with retrospective recruitment over 15years (2005–2019) including all the files of patients hospitalized in the Dermatology department of HALD for NET. Data were collected by Sphinx software and analyzed by SPSS20.0. The associations were assessed using the X2 test. Any P≤0.05 was statistically significant. ResultsWe collected 142 cases of NET (44.4% of cutaneous drug reaction). The mean age was 32.84. There was a significant correlation between the occurrence and age (P=0.0001). These were 80 cases of Lyell syndrome (SL), 41 cases of Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS), and 21 cases of overlap syndrome (SC). The inducing drugs were not identified in 46 cases (32.4%). NETs were induced by anticonvulsants in 19%, antibiotics (Cotrimoxazole) in 10.6%, analgesics (Paracetamol) in 10.6%, anti-gout drugs (Allopurinol) in 7%, antimalarial (Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine) in 4.9%, anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen) in 4.2%, ARVs (Nevirapine) in 2.1%. Oral herbal medicine was also incriminated at 7.7%. Death noted in 17.6% of cases was often secondary to septic shock. Death was correlated with age (P=0.002), type of drug eruption (P=0.006) and time to hospitalization (P=0.05). ConclusionNETs are dominated by Lyell syndrome (56.3%). anticonvulsants are the main induced drugs.

Standardized analysis of juvenile pyroclasts in comparative studies of primary magma fragmentation; 1. Overview and workflow

Juvenile pyroclasts, especially in the ash size range, provide important information on primary fragmentation processes, i.e., initial explosive magma fragmentation, and on the state of the magma both prior to and at the point of fragmentation and quenching. There exists an extensive body of literature focusing on the quantification of juvenile particle morphology (shape), internal textures, and surface features spanning several decades; however, a standardized method has yet to emerge for comparative studies. No community-wide consensus currently exists (i) regarding the most representative size fraction(s) to be examined, (ii) on sample preparation procedures (such as whether to use whole-particle silhouettes or 2D cross-sections), (iii) on imaging techniques and image acquisition parameters, or (iv) on the optimal morphometric parameters to measure. Lack of a standardized method precludes robust comparison between different studies and laboratories. We propose here a preliminary “best practices” and workflow for characterization of juvenile pyroclasts, for comparative studies of primary fragmentation. If the community follows such a standardized method, it will become possible to accumulate a large volume of consistent data on juvenile pyroclasts from a range of eruption styles, fragmentation mechanisms, and magma compositions. This will ultimately allow deeper insights into the full panoply of magma-to-pyroclast processes that drive particle-producing volcanic eruptions. One or more “fragmentation diagrams” may eventually be developed to allow different types of magmatic and phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions to be distinguished based on their products.

Congenital Candidiasis in a Preterm Neonate: Raising Awareness of a Rare and Unpredictable Disease

Congenital cutaneous candidiasis is a rare disease that is usually misdiagnosed as a type of benign neonatal eruption. We report on a preterm infant born with diffuse skin rashes that evolved into various forms and misleading the diagnosis. The persistence of respiratory distress and worsening of chest X-ray findings should alert the physician to systemic involvement. A high index of suspicion and prompt systemic treatment can improve survival rates.

V838 Monocerotis as seen by ALMA: A remnant of a binary merger in a triple system

Context. V838 Mon erupted in 2002, quickly becoming the prototype of a new type of stellar eruption known today as the (luminous) red nova. Red nova outbursts are thought to be caused by stellar mergers. The merger in V838 Mon took place in a triple or higher system involving two B-type stars. Aims. We wish to characterize the merger remnant ~17 yr after the eruption to learn more about the remaining system, the progenitor, and the merger physics. Methods. We mapped the merger site with ALMA at a resolution of ~25 mas, or 148 au for a distance of 5.9 kpc, in continuum dust emission and in rotational lines of simple molecules, including CO, SiO, SO, SO2, AlOH, and H2S. We use radiative transfer calculations to reproduce the architecture of the remnant at the epoch of the ALMA observations. We also make use of optical spectroscopy data obtained mainly with VLT/X-shooter and SALT/HRS. Results. For the first time, we identify the position of the B-type companion relative to the outbursting component of V838 Mon. The stellar remnant is surrounded by a clumpy wind with characteristics similar to those of the winds of red supergiants. The merger product is also associated with an elongated structure of 17.6 × 7.6 mas (104 × 45 au) seen in continuum emission, and which we interpret as a disk seen at a moderate inclination. Maps of continuum and molecular emission also show a complex region of interaction between the B-type star (its gravity, radiation, and wind) and the flow of matter ejected in 2002. The remnant’s molecular mass is about 0.1 M⊙ and the dust mass is 8.3 × 10−3 M⊙. The mass of the atomic component remains unconstrained. Conclusions. The most interesting region for understanding the merger of V838 Mon lies in its direct vicinity and appears elongated, but details of its substructure remain unknown. To study it further and in more detail will require even higher angular resolutions. ALMA maps show us an extreme form of interaction between the merger ejecta and the distant (~250 au) companion. This interaction is similar to that known from the Anteres AB system but at a much higher mass loss rate. The B-type star not only deflects the merger ejecta but also changes its molecular composition with an involvement of circumstellar shocks. The ALMA view of V838 Mon offers the best images of a merger site so far.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANOMALIES IN SURFACE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE PRECEDING VOLCANO ERUPTIONS DETECTED BY THE LANDSAT-8 THERMAL INFRARED SENSOR (CASE STUDY: KARANGETANG VOLCANO)

Indonesia's geological as part of the “ring of fire” includes the consequence that community life could be affected by volcanic activity. The catastrophic incidence of volcanic eruptions in the last ten years has had a disastrous impact on human life. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to conduct research on the strengthening of the early warning system for volcanic eruptions utilising remote sensing technology. This study analyses spatial and temporal anomalies of surface brightness temperature in the peak area of Karangetang volcano during the 2018-2019 eruption. Karangetang volcano is an active volcano located in North Sulawesi, with a magmatic eruption type that releases lava flow. We analyse the anomalies in the brightness temperature from channel-10 of the Landsat-8 TIRS (Thermal Infrared Scanner) time series during the period in question. The results of the research demonstrate that in the case of Karangetang Volcano the eruptions of 2018-2019 indicate increases in the surface brightness temperature of the crater region. As this volcano has many craters, the method is also very useful to establish in which crater the center of the eruption occurred.

Degassing and gas percolation in basaltic magmas

Due to their generally low eruptive melt viscosities and concomitant high diffusivities of volatiles, basaltic magmas degas relatively efficiently. This relative efficiency, combined with variations in style, extent, timing and length scales of degassing govern the range of eruptive styles observed at basaltic volcanoes. The result is a surprising complexity of degassing regimes and products in basaltic volcanism. In particular, the transition between closed- and open-system degassing at low pressure at the percolation threshold may strongly affect the type of eruption. Here we aim to better understand degassing and gas percolation processes in basaltic magmas and their implications for eruptive style. Combining new and literature data, we present a database of vesicle metrics in basaltic rocks including vesicularity, vesicle number density, vesicle size distribution (and its polydispersivity), vesicle connectivity and permeability. We combine these textural and petrophysical data with a numerical model of percolation for systems having polydisperse vesicle size distributions. Using this model, we also evaluate different definitions of vesicle connectivity inherent to different measurement techniques. Our results show that polydispersivity exerts a strong control on the percolation threshold of basaltic magmas and consequently on eruptive style. Intermediate to highly polydisperse bubble networks are more typical of Hawaiian activity and are characterized by higher values of percolation threshold. This results in delayed coalescence and an increase in magma vesicularity hindering the formation of large decoupled and buoyant bubbles, which in turn can promote magma acceleration, fragmentation by inertia below the percolation threshold and sustained fountaining activity. Bubble populations with lower polydispersivity, typical of Strombolian eruptions, promote early coalescence prior to fragmentation, which in turn may lead to the formation of large decoupled slugs or gas pockets and/or plugs at the surface via outgassing. Further, we discuss the implications of our findings for Plinian, violent Strombolian, Surtseyan, deep submarine and effusive basaltic eruptions.

Configuration of a Magnetic Cloud From Solar Orbiter and Wind Spacecraft In-situ Measurements

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) represent one type of the major eruption from the Sun. Their interplanetary counterparts, the interplanetary CMEs (ICMEs), are the direct manifestations of these structures when they propagate into the heliosphere and encounter one or more observing spacecraft. The ICMEs generally exhibit a set of distinctive signatures from thein-situspacecraft measurements. A particular subset of ICMEs, the so-called Magnetic Clouds (MCs), is more uniquely defined and has been studied for decades, based onin-situmagnetic field and plasma measurements. By utilizing the latest multiple spacecraft measurements and analysis tools, we report a detailed study of the internal magnetic field configuration of an MC event observed by both the Solar Orbiter (SO) and Wind spacecraft in the solar wind near the Sun-Earth line. Both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models are applied to reveal the flux rope configurations of the MC. Various geometrical as well as physical parameters are derived and found to be similar within error estimates for the two methods. These results quantitatively characterize the coherent MC flux rope structure crossed by the two spacecraft along different paths. The implication for the radial evolution of this MC event is also discussed.

Isolation and Identification of Candida Species and Some Superficial Mycosis Associated with Diaper Dermatitis in Erbil City

Diaper dermatitis (DD) is the most common cutaneous diagnosis in infancy that affects almost every child during the early months of their life time; most cases are associated with the yeast colonization of Candida or DD candidiasis and some dermatophytes. It is an irritating and inflammatory acute dermatitis in the perineal and perianal areas resulting from the occlusion and irritation caused by diapers. The study aimed to assess the association between Candida species and some dermatophytes in infants with napkin dermatitis and determine the prevalence of DD in relation with yeast (Candida) colonization and identify common Candida spp. which is responsible for Candida (fungal) DD among infants. Data from 210 infants aged between (0 and 18) months are collected from January to August 2018 in Raparin Hospital in Erbil City. The cases include 113 (53.80%) male infants and 97 (46.19%) female infants and diagnosed with DD. Results of 210 infant with diaper rash participated in this study. 188 (89.52%) were positive for Candida spp. and Dermatophytes (molds). From the total yeast number, Candida albicans was the most predominant species accounting 128 (84.21%), while 24 (15.78%) were non-albicans and dermatophyte molds among which Malassezias spp that accounted 26 (13.83%) and 10 (5.32%), respectively. The percentage of misdiagnosed cases was 9 (4.28%). Infants at age group 6–12 months showed high frequency with diaper rash 127 (60.47%). The prevalence of DD is higher in urban 120 (57.14%) than rural area 90 (42.85%). Furthermore, high prevalence DD found in hot season than colds was 121 (64.36%) and 67 (35.63%), respectively. In conclusion, I found that there are high association between DD with Candida spp. and dermatophytes and Candida albicans is a common invader of all types of napkin eruption.

Dermatologic manifestation of COVID-19: a systematic review

<p class="abstract">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, causing disease known as COVID-19, has been associated with a myriad of symptoms, including dermatological ones. Despite there has been a consensus on pulmonary and systemic signs and symptoms of COVID-19, the same cannot be said of dermatological ones. We write in attempt to find a common theme of dermatological manifestations of COVID-19. We conducted literature searches from Medline databases as well as Google Scholar using keywords “cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19” and “dermatologic manifestations of COVID-19”. We included case series in our pooled descriptive analysis to describe types of cutaneous eruptions, localizations, and associated symptoms among COVID-19 patients with confirmed real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results. We included 12 case series in our pooled analyses with 2 more analyzed separately due to non-comparable data presentations. The results identified common types of cutaneous eruptions associated with COVID-19 to be maculopapular rash, urticaria, vesicular rash, vascular rash. Eruptions tend to be localized on the trunks, with lesser frequency found on extremities, and eruptions are often accompanied by pruritus of varying intensity. These various eruptions are associated with two distinct pathological pathways, namely inflammation of skin tissues, causing inflammatory rashes, and hypercoagulable state which is associated with vascular rashes. Our literature review identified several common types of cutaneous eruptions associated with COVID-19 with different proposed pathophysiological mechanisms for inflammatory and vascular rashes. This review is limited by its data sources which includes only case series as well as the fact that at this stage in the pandemic, little biomolecular research has been conducted to definitively associate SARS-CoV-2 infection with cutaneous manifestations.</p>

Prevalence of Ectopic Eruption of First Permanent Molars in Panoramic Images of 5-8-Year-Old Children in Sari, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran in 2013-2020

Background Ectopic eruption is a tooth eruption disorder in which the tooth does not erupt in its proper eruption path. The most common type of ectopic eruption is the mesial eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar, which results in the loss of the second deciduous molars, resulting in a reduction in arch length and loss of space. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of ectopic growth of this tooth in children. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on panoramic radiographic images of children aged between 5-8 years. Census sampling method was used in this study. A general dentist under the supervision of an oral and maxillofacial radiologist assessed ectopic eruption according to a grading system described by Barberia et al., all radiographs. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0. Results: 772 panoramic radiographs were examined in this study, panoramic radiographs of 79 patients were considered to have ectopic eruption, which 61% of cases were in girls and 39% in boys. 25.6% of the patients had a mild, 60.3% had a moderate, and 14.1% had a severe ectopic eruption. All patients (except one) had a mesial ectopic eruption, 19% of the ectopic eruptions occurred in the maxilla, 59.4% in the mandible, and 59.5% in both jaws. Ectopic eruption in the mandible was more frequent in the mandible than in the maxilla and this finding was statistically significant (P <0.05). Conclusion The results of the present study showed that the frequency of ectopic eruption of the first permanent molars in Sari was 10.2%, which is higher than the values reported in studies in other regions of Iran.