Types Of Electrodes Research Articles

Do different types of cochlear implant electrode influence hearing preservation and speech perception?

Background Hearing can be preserved in patients with considerable low-frequency hearing implanted with cochlear implants. However, the most favorable electrode type for hearing preservation and speech perception has been debated. Objective The aim was to evaluate hearing preservation and speech discrimination one year post-implantation for all types of cochlear implant electrode used for adult patients implanted between 2014 and 2022. Methods The HEARING group formula was used to calculate the degree of hearing preservation, which was defined as minimal (0-25%), partial (25-75%) or complete (≥ 75%). Speech perception was measured by monosyllabic words. Results Analysis of hearing preservation for the various electrode types revealed that FLEX 24 preserved hearing statistically significantly better (p < 0.05) than FLEX 28, FLEX soft, and contour advance. Also, FLEX 20 preserved hearing statistically significantly better (p < 0.05) than contour advance. No statistically significant difference was found for the monosyllabic word score for the different electrode types. Discussion There was a statistically significant difference between the electrode types in terms of hearing preservation but not for speech perception. The result of this study contributes important information about hearing preservation and speech perception that can be used for pre-surgery patient counselling.

Elimination of phenol by sonoelctrochemical process utilizing graphite, stainless steel, and titanium anodes: optimization by taguchi approach

Phenol is one of the worst-damaging organic pollutants, and it produces a variety of very poisonous organic intermediates, thus it is important to find efficient ways to eliminate it. One of the promising techniques is sonoelectrochemical processing. However, the type of electrodes, removal efficiency, and process cost are the biggest challenges. The main goal of the present study is to investigate the removal of phenol by a sonoelectrochemical process with different anodes, such as graphite, stainless steel, and titanium. The best anode performance was optimized by using the Taguchi approach with an L16 orthogonal array. the degradation of phenol sonoelectrochemically was investigated with three process parameters: current density (CD) (25, 50, 75, and 100 mA/cm2), time (1, 2, 3, 4 h), and phenol concentration (100, and 200 mg/l). Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilized to examine the impact of each factor. The optimal conditions for phenol removal were 100 mA/cm2, 100 mg/l of phenol, and 4 hours of electrolysis. Under optimal operating conditions, the phenol removal efficiency was 80.99%. The CD was the most influential factor on phenol elimination effectiveness, while the phenol concentration had the least impact.

Self-sensing function and thermoelectric effect of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with porous structures

This study investigates the self-sensing and thermoelectric mechanism of ultra-lightweight engineered cementitious composites (ULW-ECC) with porous structures by comparing seven different mixtures. Porous structures based on fly ash cenosphere (FAC) and polyethylene (PE) fibre are compared with those formed solely by individual materials (air-entraining admixture (AEA), FAC, PE fibre), as well as dense structure (pure cement). Mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and self-sensing capabilities (compression, bending, and tension) were systematically tested. Additionally, thermoelectric behaviours were examined under various treatment methods (normal state and leaching treatment) and electrodes. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) analysis were conducted to explain the self-sensing and thermoelectric mechanism of ULW-ECC. Results indicate that achieving self-sensing functionality in cementitious composites without conductive fillers and other special treatments is feasible through the creation of a porous structure, with enhanced performance corrected with increased porosity. Such porous structure can be achieved using high-volume FAC, PE fibres, and AEA either independently or in combination. Furthermore, cement-based composites exhibit ionic thermoelectric performance, with efficiency influenced by mineral admixtures, porosity, specific porous area, electrode types, and leaching treatment. The ionic Seebeck coefficient increases with higher porosity and specific surface area, resulting in ULW-ECC with a porous structure demonstrating a superior ionic Seebeck coefficient compared to pure cement. This study provides novel insights into the versatile applications of ULW-ECC and other cement-based composites.

Development of Mesoporous Carbon Fibers As Catalyst Supports for PEFC

Mesoporous carbon fiber (MCF) sheet was developed for the purpose of controlling both the macroscopic fiber structure and the mesopore structure of the fibers. Two types of MCF sheet electrodes were fabricated by changing the conditions of the solution of electrospining. By depositing Pt on MCF sheet followed by introducing Nafion ionomer, MEAs with Pt/MCF sheet electrode as the cathode were prepared, and their IV performance was evaluated. As a result, Pt/MCF sheet electrodes successfully functioned as cathodes. On the other hand, IV performance was lower than that of a standard MEA, mainly due to the higher activation and concentration overvoltage. After evaluating different Pt/MCF sheet MEAs, increase in the Pt loading per sheet volume was found to be important to reduce the activation overvoltage, and optimizing the fiber density within the MCF sheet was found to be important to reduce the concentration overvoltage.

Development of Mesoporous Carbon Fibers As Catalyst Supports for PEFC

Mesoporous carbon fiber (MCF) sheet was developed for the purpose of controlling both the macroscopic fiber structure and the mesopore structure of the fibers. Two types of MCF sheet electrodes were fabricated by changing the conditions of the solution of electrospining. By depositing Pt on MCF sheet followed by introducing Nafion ionomer, MEAs with Pt/MCF sheet electrode as the cathode were prepared, and their IV performance was evaluated. As a result, Pt/MCF sheet electrodes successfully functioned as cathodes. On the other hand, IV performance was lower than that of a standard MEA, mainly due to the higher activation and concentration overvoltage. After evaluating different Pt/MCF sheet MEAs, increase in the Pt loading per sheet volume was found to be important to reduce the activation overvoltage, and optimizing the fiber density within the MCF sheet was found to be important to reduce the concentration overvoltage.

Efficacy of machine learning algorithm in estimating oxyhydrogen gas generation system: Electrolyte concentration and current influence on sustainable energy production

Hydrogen gas has emerged as a promising and ecologically friendly substitute for fossil fuels, providing a long-term energy alternative. This research study applies machine learning regression models for estimating the volume of HHO gas generated using two distinct electrolytes with varying concentrations, namely sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The efficiency of the HHO gas production system hinges on various factors, such as the type of electrolyte and electrode, distance between electrodes, applied current and voltage. This investigation employed a comprehensive array of 29 multiple-regression algorithms to predict gas production. Notably, the input data for these algorithms were directly fed from the collected experimental data without any preprocessing. The input variables include the electrolyte concentration, current, and voltage, while the output is the estimated production of HHO gas. The findings of this study revealed that the multilayer perceptron (MLP) regression algorithm yielded the highest correlation coefficients, registering values of 0.9945 for NaOH and 0.9942 for KOH, respectively. Root relative squared error, relative absolute error, root mean squared error, mean fundamental error, and correlation coefficient were the metrics used to determine the model performance in predicting the volume of HHO gas produced. Furthermore, the experimental analysis demonstrated a direct relationship between the concentration of the electrolyte solution and the current with the rate of HHO gas production. Notably, the study identified that operating the cell at 40 A with KOH resulted in the maximum productivity of 0.9 litres per minute (LPM) of HHO gas, representing a 16 % increase compared to NaOH. These findings underscore the potential of machine learning regression models in optimizing hydrogen production and highlight the advantages of KOH as an electrolyte in this context.

Monitoring the synergistic effect of Mn/Ni Co-doping and morphological engineering in α-Fe2O3 for energy storage capacity as battery type electrode material

Morphology engineering and elemental doping proved to be an efficient way to enhance the capacitive performance of electroactive materials. To investigate the tuning of morphology via doping here, pure α-Fe2O3 and Ni1-xMnxFeO3+δ (x = 0,0.3,0.5,0.7,1) was synthesized via the hydrothermal method and investigated the impact of Ni and Mn doping on the structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of α-Fe2O3. The XRD and Raman spectra confirmed the single-phase hematite's rhombohedral crystal structure of pure α-Fe2O3 with no extra peaks confirming the Ni and Mn doping without impurities. SEM analysis demonstrated a shift in the morphology of nanostructures, from spherical to nano-rod structures with increasing the concentration of Mn doping. Cyclic voltammetry results unveiled the battery-type behavior of Ni1-xMnxFeO3+δ nanoparticles while GCD results indicated an escalation in specific capacity from 380 Cg-1 (706 Fg-1) to 751 Cg-1 (1251 Fg-1) with higher Mn content. This increase culminated in the highest specific capacity of 751 Cg-1 (1251 Fg-1) for α-MnFeO3 +δ nanoparticles at the current density of 1 Ag-1 which is higher than α-Fe2O3 (380 Cg-1), NiFeO3+δ (425 Cg-1), Ni0.7Mn0.3FeO3+δ (470 Cg-1), Ni0.5Mn0.5FeO3+δ (530 Cg-1), and Ni0.3Mn0.7FeO3+δ (590 Cg-1). In addition, α-MnFeO3+δ exhibited a remarkable charge capacity retention (96%), and 100% coulomb efficiency after 10,000 consecutive GCD cycles. The noteworthy specific capacity and robust stability of the α-MnFeO3+δ nanorods suggest their suitability as potential candidates for battery type supercapacitors.

Frequency selection method with support vector machine to minimize the impact of individual differences on the electrical impedance spectra of fruits

Individual differences in electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) parameters is a technical bottleneck in fruit quality detection. To achieve non-destructive fruit quality testing and minimize the impact of individual differences, this paper proposes a frequency selection + support vector machine strategy based on the frequency response characteristics of biological tissues and the path of current flow. This study found obvious differences in the EIS parameters of different samples. The measurement stability was affected by the electrode type and frequency. The destructive needle electrode was much less affected by individual differences than the non-destructive patch electrode. The effect of low frequencies was greater than that of high frequencies. The heterogeneity of the fruit peel and pulp and the contact area between the electrode and peel were the main reasons for individual differences. When detecting banana maturity, the highest precision of the models was 98.9% by proposed methods; however, the generalizability of the model and its application for other fruit quality tests still require further verification and optimization. The results promote the practical application of EIS in the field of fruit quality assessment and provide new insights for the quality evaluation of other agricultural products.

Effects of changes in the waveform and frequency of radio frequency energy on tissue ablation range

This study reports the effects of changes in the waveform and frequency of radio frequency (RF) energy on the tissue ablation range. We developed a 70-watt RFA generator that provides sine and square waves and allows frequency control between 10 Hz and 500 kHz. The changes in the ablation range according to the waveform and frequency were observed using the developed generator. In the waveform variation test, the distance between the electrodes and the electrode type were changed for both waveforms with the frequency set to 500 kHz. In the frequency variation test, the waveform and electrode type were changed with the frequency set to 10, 100, and 500 kHz, while the distance between the electrodes was set to 20 mm. A fixed 45 voltage was applied using the bipolar method. RF energy was applied for 90 s in vitro. The temperature was regulated to not exceed 70°C. The ablation range was calculated using ImageJ software. The analysis results showed that the ablation range was larger with the square wave than with the sine wave and at 10 kHz than at 500 kHz. The developed generator can advance research on ablation area and depth in RF ablation.

Novel usage of perinone polymer as solid contact in ion-selective electrodes

The paper presents the use of a new perinone polymer (PPer) as an intermediate layer and the development of a new type of potassium ion-selective electrodes with solid contact. The PPer layer was applied to the surface of a glassy carbon electrode using potentiodynamic polymerization from an electrolyte solution containing perinone precursors (Per). Subsequently, the surface of the electrode after application of the polymer was examined using a microscope and an optical profilometer. To check the quality of the prepared ion-selective electrodes, a series of tests were carried out and the analytical and electrical parameters of the electrodes were determined. Electrode modifications using PPer improved the electrode parameters, especially the stability and reversibility of the potential, compared to the control electrode covered only with an ion-sensitive membrane. The best electrode was the electrode modified with PPer applied in 10 cycles, which, as a result of the modification, allowed better parameters to be obtained – slope 58.86 mV/decade, LOD 1.2 × 10−6 M, linearity range 5 × 10−6 – 1 × 10−1 M. A very low short-term potential drift value of 2.7 × 10−4 mV/s was obtained as well as an extremely satisfactory SD value of 1.1 mV from E0 measurements. The modification also improved electrical properties and gave a negative result of the water layer test.

Fermi level limitation in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–BaTiO3 piezoceramics by electrochemical reduction of Bi

The (electro)chemical stability of undoped and Zn-doped 0.94Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 lead-free piezoceramics (NBT–6BT) was studied. For this purpose, the Fermi level at the interface between NBT–6BT and Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) electrode is varied by gradually reducing the ITO film either by annealing in vacuum or by applying a voltage across a Pt/NBT–6BT/ITO. The chemical and electronic changes are monitored in situ by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experiments reveal the formation of metallic Bi when the Fermi level is reaching a value of 2.23 ± 0.10 eV above the valence band maximum, while no reduction of Ti is observed. The electrochemical reduction of Bi constitutes an upper limit of the Fermi level at ≈1 eV below the conduction band minimum. High electron concentrations in the conduction band and a contribution of free electrons to the electrical conductivity of NBT–6BT can, therefore, be excluded. The reduction occurs for an ITO work function of 4.2–4.3 eV. As typical electrode materials such as Ag, Cu, Ni, or Pt have higher work functions, an electrochemical instability of the electrode interfaces in ceramic capacitors is not expected. Under the given experimental conditions (350 °C, electric fields &amp;lt;40 V/mm), no degradation of resistance and no enrichment of Na at the interface are observed.

Synergistic effects of various membrane and cathode electrode types in dual chamber microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment: Investigation of the start-up phase, modeling using artificial neural networks, and cost analysis

Although various membrane and cathode electrode types have been investigated in dual chamber microbial fuel cells (DCMDCs), there is no agreement on which combination of electrodes and separator materials works best. The main objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic effects of cathode electrodes and membranes on the performance of DCMFCs during the start-up phase, to model the DCMFCs through artificial neural networks (ANN), and to determine the most cost-effective choice. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the interrelationships among various factors that influence DCMFCs. Two types of ion exchange membranes (cation exchange membrane and anion exchange membrane) and two types of cathode electrodes (carbon cloth covered with 20% Pt as catalyst and plain carbon cloth) were studied. Electrodes and membranes were analyzed using AFM, TEM, SEM, XRF, and FTIR to investigate changes in morphology and the potential of fouling. The results showed that DCMFC with cation exchange membrane (CEM) and plain carbon cloth (CC) generated the maximum power among the investigated configurations. The average voltage values and COD removal efficiency reached 748 ± 13 mV and 57.8 ± 2.5%, respectively. The maximum power density achieved was obtained when the external resistance was set at 1000 Ω and was 180 mA/m2. ANN was successful in predicting the output voltage for the examined DCMFCs. The use of DCMFC with CC and CEM can be considered optimal in terms of performance and cost.

Superior performance of asymmetric supercapacitor based on Cu doped bismuth ferrite electrode

Electrochemical energy storage devices, like supercapacitors and batteries, are needed to meet the constantly increasing demands of portable energy devices. Many types of supercapacitor electrodes were synthesized and reported which include carbon-based materials, polymers, oxides and perovskites. In this work, we report on the fabrication of Cu doped bismuth ferrite (Cu-BiFeO3, Cu-BFO) nanoparticles via sol-gel procedure. In most of the doping cases the costly rare earth elements like La, Nd, Sm, Ce and Yb are used to replace Bi. Electrodes of Bi1-xCuxFeO3 where x have the values 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.15 were deposited on graphitic sheets. Optimum Cu doping value was found to be at x = 0.05. Cu2+ ions doping in place of Bi3+ ions will reveal the roles of oxygen vacancies, as determined from XPS. The estimated values of specific capacitance was found to be 732 F/g at 0.5 A/g for the electrode at x = 0.05 in three electrode system. 5%Cu-BFO//Carbon black asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device can be charged and discharged reversibly at cell voltage of 0.0 up to 1.5 V when using a 0.5 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte. This configuration allows the ASC device to deliver a great energy density of 37.25 Wh/kg at a power density of 752 W/kg. The ASC device demonstrates excellent cycling stability, retaining 88.64 % of its initial specific capacitance after 5000 cycles. Increasing the Cu content up to 15 % causes instability in the crystal structure of BFO resulting on phase segregation into Bi2Fe4O9 along with BFO and deterioration in the electrode overall performance. XPS showed that replacement of Cu2+ in place of Bi3+ disturbs the neutrality and the chemical environment of the compound. Hence to achieve neutrality and ionic balance, oxygen vacancies increase and the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio increases as well. Both oxygen vacancies and the change in the Fe ions ratio reduce electrochemical impedance and give rise to charge density. The homogenous distribution of the pores at x = 0.05 contributed greatly to its fast electrolyte ion diffusion that improved the observed capacitive properties. One has to mention here, that despite doping that contains ions with different ionic size and/or different oxidation state is unfavorable, to some extent, due to the changes they produce in the electronic structure and the chemical environment, nevertheless it is sometimes beneficial in creating new parameters in the structure that promote specific application like in the case of the current work, oxygen vacancies, increase in surface area and the mixed state valency.

Performances of two-stage electrostatic precipitator with different types of discharge electrodes of unipolar electrostatic agglomerator

Current-voltage characteristics of electrostatic agglomerator with three types of discharge electrodes, operating as the first stage of a two-stage electrostatic precipitator, and the effects of its operating parameter on the removal efficiency of this system for PM10 particles have been investigated. The results shown that the removal efficiency of the system of this specific design only weakly depends on the supply voltage of the AC kinematic electrostatic agglomerator in the supply voltage range of 18–26 kV. A synergistic effect between the operation of electrostatic agglomerator and electrostatic precipitator was obtained. By this effect, the removal efficiency of the whole system, i.e., the electrostatic agglomerator and electrostatic precipitator operating simultaneously, is higher than that determined as the combination of the removal efficiencies obtained for both of these stages operating alone. The effect of synergy results from the agglomeration of fly ash particles in the electrostatic agglomerator stage that decreases the concentration of small particles and increases their removal efficiency by electrostatic precipitator.

α-Bi2O3 tubular rods coated on Bi2O2CO3 nanosheets for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor applications

Mixed phases of bismuth oxide nanostructures as an active electrode material in supercapacitor applications have recently gained huge research interest. In this study, the layered Bi2O2CO3 nanosheets and the secondary phase of α-Bi2O3 tubular rods named Bi2O2CO3/α-Bi2O3 heterostructure have been synthesized and utilized for supercapacitor applications. The crystal nature and microstructure of the Bi2O2CO3/α-Bi2O3 heterostructure were initially confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), Raman, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS, absorbance), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements have investigated the oxidation states and chemical binding energies. Regarding the electrochemical performances, the Bi2O2CO3/α-Bi2O3 heterostructure as electro-active material delivered a maximum specific capacitance (Cs) value of 635 F g−1 at the given current density value of 1 A g−1 in a conventional three-electrode mode. A coin cell type electrode has been fabricated using Bi2O2CO3/α-Bi2O3 heterostructure, resulting in an asymmetric supercapacitor device cell (ASC), which has a Cs of 112 F g− 1 (at 1 A g− 1) and a power density and energy density values of 515 W kg−1 and 22.5 Wh kg−1 respectively. The two supercapacitor electrodes in sequence effectively ignite the red-light-emitting diode (LED). Moreover, in the ASC type Bi2O2CO3 /α-Bi2O3 heterostructure, the specific capacitance value was slightly reduced to 12.3 % by 2000 cycles, showing favourable cyclic performance and stability during the electrochemical process. Based on the above-mentioned characterization, the appropriate electrochemical performances of Bi2O2CO3/α-Bi2O3 tubular rod heterostructures make them a promising candidate for future energy storage devices.

Effects of electrodes surface texture, electrodes materials and dielectric material on properties of plasma activated water

This study explores how different components of a plasma device (PD) affect plasma-activated water (PAW), including ground electrode material, power electrode type, and dielectric material. Plasma is created within the PD, interacting with water downstream to form PAW. Findings show notable improvements in discharge current, plasma-coupled power (>76%), and physicochemical properties (PP). PAW from a knurled ground electrode exhibits significantly higher NO3ˉ and NO2ˉ ion concentrations compared to non-knurled electrodes. Substituting quartz for borosilicate glass as the dielectric layer enhances discharge power and reactive oxygen-nitrogen species (RONS) concentration. Using a wire spiral power electrode enhances PP and NO3ˉ ion concentration. Copper electrodes outperform brass and steel in enriching RONS and improving PP. Optimizing PD improve PAW effectiveness for diverse applications.

Effect of Hydrogen Pressure on The Mass Transfer Characteristics of Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Battery Electrodes

The mass transfer characteristics of porous carbon electrodes in the liquid side of a hydrogen bromine redox flow battery (H2-Br2 RFB) were investigated under compressive deformation caused by operation at elevated hydrogen pressure. Here, flow cell measurements of permeability and micro-particle image velocimetry (μPIV), alongside electrochemical measurements of capacitance and battery discharge were used to characterize changes in the liquid side electrode compression, in-plane liquid flow, accessible surface area, polarization, and mass transfer scaling brought by hydrogen pressure. We studied two electrode types with different structures, carbon paper and carbon cloth, in untreated well as heat-treated forms in the pressure range 0–8 bar H2. It was found that pressure-induced compression of the liquid side electrode increases the accessible area of untreated electrodes, with little effect on heat-treated electrodes, but decreases the electrochemical performance of the battery in all cases by increasing the ohmic resistance of the cell and decreasing the mass transfer coefficient of the porous electrode. Overall, heat treatment is shown to affect the rigidity, saturation behavior, and generalized mass transfer of paper electrodes but not of cloth electrodes. Our findings will guide the selection of electrode materials and operation parameters for the H2-Br2 RFB.

Improving Bioelectricity by Optimizing the Use of Electrodes in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells Based on the Algae Scenedesmus sp. and Shrimp Cultivation Waste

Abstract Rapid economic growth and increasing electrical energy consumption have raised significant challenges to the provision of sustainable electrical energy. This research aims to examine the effect of variations in the population density of microalgae and the type of electrode (graphite and nickel) on the electrical voltage produced. This research was carried out experimentally using a randomized block design (RAK) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 repetitions. Electrical voltage data was taken every 60 minutes for 12 hours (6 hours of light and 6 hours of dark) for all treatments. The results showed that the use of different types of electrodes in the PMFC circuit did not affect the electrical voltage produced because both electrodes produced voltage electricity with a difference that is not much different, namely for graphite electrodes between 38.1 mV – 135.6 mV in the light phase and between 16.7 mV – 144.1 mV in the dark phase, while for nickel electrodes it is between 18.2 mV – 135.4 mV in the light phase and between 18.3 mV – 156 mV in the dark phase. Variations in population density of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. used in the PMFC circuit have a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on the electrical voltage produced, namely in the light phase of treatment (P4) 2×107 it is 131.53 ± 25.12 mV for graphite electrodes and 137.90 ± 17.26 mV for nickel electrodes, while in the dark phase treatment (P3) 2×106 it was 168.70 ± 18.55 mV for graphite electrodes and 139.70 ± 27.35 mV for nickel electrodes.

Solid-state supercapacitors based on different electrolytes: structural characteristics and comparative performance

Abstract Solid-state supercapacitors bring huge potential for the next generation of energy storage systems and are especially significant for portable and wearable electronic devices, medical equipment, and smart textiles. This paper provides a concise overview of the device mechanism while discussing the developing status of solid-state supercapacitor electrolytes. The performance evaluation of solid-state supercapacitors is reviewed and compared based on their energy storage characteristics and electrode types (e.g., freestanding, fibre-based, and flexible), followed by an exploration of future research directions and key technical challenges in this field.

Investigation of membrane-electrode assembly parameters for double-layer anion-exchange membrane-unitized regenerative fuel cell

In this study, we investigate various membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) parameters in the oxygen and hydrogen electrodes for high-efficiency anion-exchange membrane-unitized regenerative fuel cell (AEM_URFC). The effects of catalyst loadings, types of porous transport layer (PTL), and oxygen and hydrogen catalysts were optimized to improve the efficiency of the AEM_URFC. The PTL results indicated that the PTL suitable for fuel cell (FC) exhibited high round-trip efficiency (RTE). Additionally, the types of hydrogen electrode (Pt/C and PtRu/C) were examined. Additionally, AEM_URFCs with different oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst types (Pt/C and Pt black), and ORR and oxygen evolution reaction catalyst loadings were evaluated. Through our investigations, we developed a high-efficiency AEM_URFC with an RTE of 65.9 % at 20 mA cm−2 (0.871 and 1.572 V (FC and WE modes, respectively)). Moreover, the performance of this AEM_URFC is superior to that of other AEM_URFCs reported in the literature, which is attributed to the reduced ohmic resistance loss caused by the electrical conductivity and hydrophobicity of carbon PTL. Moreover, the AEM_URFC was durable for 5 cycles, indicating that it is cyclable under URFC operation.