Type Eggs Research Articles

The capacity of Trichogramma chilotraeae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) to parasitize Spodoptera frugiperda reared with natural diet vs artificial diet vs alternate host

Parasitoids can be mass-produced easily using artificial diets or an alternate host. This research examined Trichogramma chilotreae’s ability to parasitize S. frugiperda (reared on different diets) and Corcyra cephalonica eggs (alternate host). The research was conducted using a completely randomized design. The treatment used is the type of egg (50 eggs of S. frugiperda fed on a natural and artificial diet during the larval stage and 50 eggs of C. cephalonica). These eggs were exposed for 24 hours to one mated female of T. chilotraeae and then reared until the emergence of adult parasitoids. Results show that T. chilotraeae parasitized more S. frugiperda eggs fed on a natural or artificial diet than C. cephalonica eggs. However, the parasitization rate was the same between the three. Similar to the sex ratio of the resulting T. chilotraeae offspring, S. frugiperda eggs fed on a natural diet produced more female offspring than S. frugiperda eggs fed on an artificial diet or on C. cephalonica eggs, indicating that mass rearing of T. chilotraeae can be carried out using a host in the form of S. frugiperda eggs from adult fed on artificial diet during a larval stage or by using C. cephalonica eggs.

Nutritional characteristics of different types of eggs

Objective: To analyze 5 types of poultry eggs (chicken, turkey, ostrich, duck and quail) to compare their nutritional characteristics and sensory properties.
 Design/ Methodology/ Approach: A physical analysis was performed: weight of the entire egg (weight and proportion of the albumin, yolk and shell) length and width of the entire egg, shape index, shell color, and yolk color, nutritional (determination of raw fat, protein, dry matter and ashes) and in sensory adaptation (measured through hedonic testing of adaptability through the arrangement of nine points to an individualized quantity of 97). Different types of egg used: chicken, turkey, ostrich, duck and quail.
 Results: The egg containing the most amount of protein was that of the duck (13.02 ± 0.46 %), while the sample containing the lowest result was that of the ostrich (9.47 ± 0.27 %). The type of egg that contained the fattest level was the duck (10.31 ± 0.75 %); on the other hand, the type of egg that demonstrated the least amount of fat was that of the chicken egg (8.28 ± 0.39 %).
 Results/ Findings/ Conclusion: Even though some physical differences exist in all types of eggs, they are similar and there is minimal variation in terms of their nutritional value. Therefore, these different types of eggs can be applied for consumption as substitutes for chicken eggs and as an alternative source of protein.
 Limitations of the study/ Implications: Lack of previous research in regard to comparisons of the types of analyzed eggs.

The Gastrointestinal Parasite Cow in The Work Area of UPTD Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Public Health in Jambi Province in 2020-2022

Background: Jambi Province consists of 11 regencies and cities, which have a quite high potential for cattle breeding because the availability of natural feed for livestock is still very abundant. Jambi province has high rainfall and humidity. High rainfall and humidity cause the growth of helminth eggs, which can infect the digestive tract of cows. Helminths infestation in the digestive tract can cause damage to the intestinal mucosa, which can reduce the efficiency of absorption of food, causing a loss in cattle productivity in body weight, milk production, and meat quality. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the incidence of helminthiasis and the types of worms that infect livestock in the work area UPTD Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Public Health Jambi Province. Methods: A total of 2.720 feces were screened for parasite digestive tract in this study using floating and sedimentation methods. Results: It was found that the highest prevalence in 2020 occurred in Bungo Regency, which was 4.47%, while the lowest was in Sarolangun Regency, which was 0%. In 2021, the highest prevalence was in Jambi City, which was 7%, while the lowest was in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, which was 0.28%. The highest prevalence in 2022 will be in Jambi City, which is 6.19%, while the lowest will be in Sungai Full City, which is 0.52%. The type of helminth that infected cattle in 2020-2022 is Paramphistomum sp., with as many as 87, 48, and 205 cases, with the highest incidence in Bungo Regency, namely 23 cases, while Jambi City, namely, 21 and 51 cases. Conclusion: The highest incidence of helminthiasis in Jambi City, with the highest identified type of helminth egg, was Paramphistomum sp.

Assessment of the Epidemiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract Nematode Parasites in Sheep in Toke Kutaye, West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia.

Gastrointestinal tract nematodes are considered to be the most significant and underestimated problems that hinder sheep productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of gastrointestinal tract nematode infestation of sheep in the Toke Kutaye District of West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal tract nematode parasite infestation in sheep. Faecal samples were collected from 384 sheep and subjected to coprological examination, including direct smear, flotation techniques, and Baermann techniques for screening and identifying gastrointestinal nematodes. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal tract nematode parasite infestation in sheep in the study area was 284 (73.96%). From the total positive cases, males and females were 97 (82.91%) and 187 (70.04%), respectively. The predominantly detected gastrointestinal tract nematodes of sheep in the study area were Trichostrongylus 111 (28.91%), Oestartagia 55 (14.32%), Haemonchus 42 (10.94%), Oesophagostomum 48 (12.50%), and Trichuris 23 (5.99%). Mixed nematode eggs were noticed in some of the sheep beside the single type of nematode eggs, with a prevalence of 85 (22.14%). The relationship in the occurrence of parasites between sex, age groups, body conditions, and seasons was statistically significant (P = 0.008, P = 0.014, P = 0.001 and P = 0.003), respectively. The present study is of great importance to add to the existing knowledge of the epidemiology of gastrointestinal tract nematodes of sheep, and the findings are very important to apply the proper control and prevention strategies for gastrointestinal tract nematodes of sheep in the area.

Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle in and Around Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia.

Gastrointestinal parasites are ubiquitous parasitic agents of cattle all over the world, and cause both clinical and subclinical parasitism that results in significant financial losses. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and the risk variables related to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites in cattle in Hossana town and the nearby area. On a total of 400 faecal samples, a cross-sectional investigation with a random sampling technique was carried out utilizing a coprologic parasitological examination. Two hundred and sixty-nine (67.2%) of the 400 faecal samples analyzed had one or more gastrointestinal parasites. Of this, 163 (40.75%) cattle had two or more parasites while a single infection was recorded in 106 (26.5%) cattle. Mixed infection of Strongyle+Fasciola (14%) was found a higher prevalence followed by Strongyle+Paramphistomum (7.75%) as compared to other GIT parasite combination. Major classes of parasites recorded include Trematodes, Nematodes, Cestodes, and Protozoa. The major parasites observed were Strongyle type (18.25%), Paramphistomum (9.5%), Fasciola (8.25%), Toxocara (3.25%) and Eimeria (2.75%). Strongyle type eggs were the most predominant type of eggs identified while Trichuris (2.25%) and Moniezia (1.5%) were observed to have relatively lowprevalence. There was a high relationship between risk factors such as age, body condition, and management system with the prevalence of GIT parasites. The high frequency of GIT parasite infection in cattle in the research area necessitates the strategic deworming and effective management practices necessary for gastrointestinal parasite eradication.

Floor eggs: Hatchability, microbiological analysis, and effects of post-hatch use of ceftiofur on performance of broiler chicks

The present study aimed to determine the effects of egg type (nest clean or floor eggs) on eggshell microbiological, hatching performance, chick quality, yolk sac microbiology, and the interaction between egg type and post-hatch use of ceftiofur on broiler performance at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. A total of 2500 fertile eggs were obtained from a commercial flock of Cobb Slow® broiler breeders. Half of the eggs were collected directly from the floor, and the other half were collected from the nests. Microbiological evaluation of eggshells was performed before and after sanitization. After hatching, 420 male chicks were randomly selected and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, separated by the type of egg (clean nest or floor) and the inclusion or not of subcutaneous ceftiofur, totaling four treatments. Egg type did not influence hatchability although the contamination level was 1.3% higher. The body weight and body weight gain of chicks at seven days were greater for chicks from nest eggs that received ceftiofur than chicks from floor eggs that also received ceftiofur. There was no interaction between the studied factors or individual effects for performance at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. It is concluded that incubation of floor eggs, after standard sanitization, does not influence the hatch results and chick quality. Furthermore, it has been proven that the use of ceftiofur is unnecessary when there is correct management during broiler rearing.

Penerapan Metode Trend Moment Untuk Prediksi Permintaan Telur Ayam

CV. Bintang Ternak Hessa Air Genting is one of the livestock companies engaged in the distribution and warehouse of chicken egg products, which is located in Hessa Air Genting Village, Asahan Regency. Based on the results of research and interviews conducted by researchers at CV. Bintang Ternak Hessa Air Genting, a problem that often occurs in the company is that there is often a shortage or accumulation of chicken egg products to be marketed, not in accordance with the number of requests from consumers. The purpose of this study is to apply the Trend Moment method to predict the number of Chicken Egg Demand in CV. Cattle Star Hessa Air Genting in the next few months based on the type of egg, namely A+, A, B, C, D, and E

Rehidratación Abdominal con Hidróxido de Amonio en Lepidoptera: Obtención del Corion para Estudios Taxonómicos

We describe a new abdominal rehydration technique based on ammonium hydroxide and sodium bicarbonate. We present the variations resulting from different rehydration times. Also, we compared six aspects of this technique and those based on proteinase K, potassium hydroxide, and distilled water. This rehydration technique can be of great value since it shows similar results to those recorded in fresh material. These surpass those obtained with other previously studied methods. The refinement of these procedures with the addition of further proposals —from the forensic sciences— could improve the recovery of the chorion in females of Lepidoptera from collections. The last would allow choosing a technique according to the advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specimens' condition: size, volume, and type of egg.

Consumption of Different Egg-Based Diets Minimally, yet Differentially, Impacts Markers Insulin Resistance in Young Healthy Adults

ObjectivesPrevious epidemiological studies have reported conflicting associations between egg consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. However, many observational, survey-based studies do not fully characterize intake of additional egg-based foods or clearly differentiate between type of egg consumed. Thus, we investigated whether daily intake of whole eggs, egg whites, or an egg-free diet differentially altered markers of T2DM risk in young healthy adults. MethodsYoung, healthy men and women (18–35 y, BMI < 30 kg/m2 or <30% body fat for men and < 40% body fat for women, n = 26) participated in a randomized, crossover intervention trial where they followed an egg-free diet for 4 weeks, then were randomized to consume either 3 whole eggs or 3 egg whites per day for 4 weeks. Participants then followed a 4-week egg-free diet washout period, before switching to the alternative whole egg or egg white diet treatment. Additional egg-based foods were restricted. Fasting serum samples were collected at the end of each diet period to measure markers of T2DM risk. ResultsAverage fasting serum glucose was 90.7 mg/dL at baseline, and did not significantly change between the egg-free, egg white, or whole egg diet periods. Similarly, there were no changes in pro-inflammatory N-acetylglucosamine/galactosamine (GlycA), which is an independent predictor of insulin resistance (IR). Serum amino acids levels were further assessed, as elevated branched-chain amino acids and reduced glycine levels are predictors of prediabetes, IR, and future T2DM. Interestingly, isoleucine levels were increased following the egg white and whole egg diet as compared to the egg-free diet, whereas glycine levels were increased in by the whole egg diet only. Despite these differences, lipoprotein IR index (LP-IR) scores, which take into account NMR lipoprotein particle profiles, and diabetes risk index scores, which are calculated from LP-IR and branched-chain amino acid measures, did not change over the course of the intervention. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that eggs minimally impact IR markers in young healthy adults, with egg whites yielding more adverse changes than whole eggs. Funding SourcesThis study was funded by an Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Grant from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.

Penerapan Algoritma Convolutional Neural Network dalam Klasifikasi Telur Ayam Fertil dan Infertil Berdasarkan Hasil Candling

Fertile chicken eggs are eggs that can hatch because these eggs have a development in the form of dots of blood and blood vessels or can be called an embryo, while infertile chicken eggs are a type of egg that cannot be hatched because there is no embryo development in the hatching process. Inspection of infertile chicken eggs must be carried out especially for breeders who will carry out the selection and transfer of fertile chicken eggs and infertile chicken eggs. However, currently, the selection of fertile and infertile chicken eggs is still using a less effective way, namely only by looking at the egg shell or called candling, this process is certainly less accurate to classify which eggs are fertile and infertile eggs because not all breeders are able to see the results of the eggs properly. candling so that the possibility of prediction errors. Therefore, in this study, a classification of fertile chicken eggs and infertile chicken eggs will be carried out based on candling results using the Convolutional Neural Network method. From the results of the classification carried out, the percentage of accuracy obtained for the classification of fertile and infertile chicken eggs is 98% and an error of 5%.

Identifikasi Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) Anak Usia 7-10 Tahun Menggunakan Sampel Feses Metode Natif

The background of this research is that Soil-Transmitted Helminth type worm infection is an infection that can be transmitted through the soil including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris Trichur, and Hookworm. In Indonesia, worm infection is the most common health problem in urban and semi-urban areas that have poor sanitation, personal hygiene, and socioeconomic conditions. Intestinal nematode eggs are happy in areas where the environment is a slum, there is inorganic waste, and One of the locations in the Final Disposal Site (TPA). The aim of this research is to determine the type of intestinal nematode worm eggs or Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) in the feces of children aged 7-10 years in the area of the ​​final disposal site in Borong Manempa Hamlet, Polewali Village Bulukumba 2020. This research method uses the native method with the Accidental Sampling technique. The conclusion of this study is that 2 cases of positive samples were found with a percentage of 10% infected with Soil-Transmitted Helminth from the Ascaris lumbricoid group of the 20 samples examined, and 18 samples were negative with Soil-Transmitted Helminth with a percentage of 90%.&#x0D;

Supercapacitance/Resistance Behaviors of Helminth Eggs as Reliable Recognition and Direct Differentiation Probe.

Parasitic helminths are usually known as undesired pathogens, causing various diseases in both human and animal species. In this study, we explore supercapacitance/resistance behaviors as a novel probe for rapid identification and direct differentiation of Fasciola hepatica, Parascaris equorum (with and without larvae), Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Taenia multiceps, and Moniezia expansa eggs. This claim is attributed to some characteristics, such as grave supercapacitance/area, high-energy storage/area, large power/egg, huge permittivity, and great electrical break-down potential, respectively (Fasciola hepatica: 2,158, 0.485, 2.7 × 10–3, 267, 52.6, Parascaris equorum without larvae: 2,825, 0.574, 3.0 × 10–3, 351, 68.4, Parascaris equorum with larvae: 4,519, 0.716, 2.4 × 10–3, 1.96, 97.6, Dicrocoelium dendriticum: 1,581, 0.219, 2.8 × 10–3, 1.96, 48.8, Moniezia expansa: 714, 0.149, 2.2 × 10–3, 0.88, 35.2, Taenia multiceps: 3,738, 0.619, 4.7 × 10–3, 4.63, 84.4), and durable capacitance up to at least 15,000 sequential cycles at different scan rates (between 2.0 × 10−4 and 120.0 V s−1) as well as highly differentiated resistance between 400 and 600 Ω. These traits are measured by the “Blind Patch-Clamp” method, at the giga ohm sealed condition (6.18 ± 0.12 GΩ cm−1, n = 5). Significant detection ranges are detected for each capacitance and resistance with gradient limits as large as at least 880 to 1,000 mF and 400 to 600 Ω depending on the type of helminth egg. The effect of water in the structure of helminth eggs has also been investigated with acceptable reproducibility (RSD 7%–10%, n = 5). These intrinsic characteristics would provide novel facilitators for direct helminth egg identification in comparison with several methods, such as ELISA, PCR, and microscopic methods.

Identification of Parasitic Worm Eggs in Cow Feces from Sepang Bay, Lembar District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara

Cows are one of the ruminant animals and farm animals that have a higher economic value compared to other livestock such as chickens, goats, buffalo and others, so many people build cattle farming businesses. In this case, the health of farm animals is one of the main factors that determine the successful production of cows. The study aims to detect the type of eggs from parasitic worms in cow feces and the degree of infection based on Total Standard (Egg Per Gram). Fecal sampling is done randomly from traditional breeder cows in Teluk Sepang Lembar Subdistrict. The sample number of 10 community cattle farms. Identification of the type of worm was carried out at UPTD Animal Hospital and Veterinary Laboratory of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health Office of West Nusa Tenggara Province. Furthermore, quantitative examination uses the buoyant method (Flotation method) and qualitatively with the Mc. Master method that calculates the number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces. The results showed 6 negative samples and 4 positive samples infected with parasitic worms,and  2 types of worm eggs of the nematode class namely Trichostrongylus sp. and Chabertia ovina , and 1 species of cestoda class namely Moniezia sp. Based on the standard total EPG (Egg Per Gram) feces it is known that the degree of infection of the type of worm eggs Trichostrongylus sp., Chabertia ovina and Moniezia sp. It is low level.ÂÂ

Analisis Citra Kuning Telur Berbasis Ekstraksi Ciri Statistika Orde Satu untuk Mengenali Jenis Telur Ayam Ras dan Ayam Kampung

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Chicken eggs are one of the most familiar side dishes in Indonesia besides tempeh. High protein and low prices make eggs a favorite side dish for the people of Indonesia. Although almost every day we see egg yolks we often can't tell for sure what chicken egg yolks we see. Based on this, the author tries to study egg yolk imagery based on first-order feature extraction using various features such as variance, skewness, carding, entropy, and mean. Statistical calculations are used based on the pixel values of the original image in this first-order texture calculation with the sole purpose of finding the histogram properties of the image. The results of first-order statistical characteristic calculations were used to differentiate between native and purebred chicken eggs. This study facilitates decision making, especially in the selection of accurate and measurable egg yolks from several types of chicken eggs, thereby minimizing public mistakes in choosing eggs based on egg yolks. The first step that can be done is to determine the data consisting of various types of images of free-range chicken egg yolks. These are free-range chicken eggs and purebred chicken eggs. The image is then segmented by separating the yolk and white, then first-order statistical analysis which later the results of these statistical calculations can be used as a reference in determining the type of egg. The results of the trial resulted in first-order feature extraction statistical values, namely for native chickens, the mean value was 132.743, min 69.5255, max 252.5, standard deviation was 29.922 and variance was 905.882. The average value of statistics was order 1 for native chickens. of mean 137,176, min 48, max 240.2, standard deviation 31,454 and variance of 957.89.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The physicochemical characteristics of mayonnaise using a different combination of poultry eggs and acids

Eggs are a high protein, easy to digest and highly nutritious food. Various types of processing have been done to increase the diversification and consumers’ preferences on eggs. One type of processing eggs is mayonnaise. Mayonnaise is an emulsion product that uses a mixture of ingredients including egg yolk, salts, sugars, oils and acids. The combination of poultry eggs and acids on the physicochemical characteristics of mayonnaise has not been widely studied. The research objective was to determine the effect of the combination of poultry eggs and acids on the physicochemical characteristics of mayonnaise. This studies used a completely randomized design (CRD), with 9 combinations and 3 replications. The treatment combinations were A1; duck eggs and lime, A2: duck eggs and apple vinegar, A3: duck eggs and synthetic acid, A4: native chicken eggs and lime, A5: native chicken eggs and apple vinegar, A6: native chicken eggs and synthetic acid, A7: chicken eggs and lime, A8: chicken eggs and apple vinegar, A9: chicken eggs and synthetic acid. The parameters observed were yield, pH value, water content and rancid odor. The results showed that the using different types of poultry eggs and acid had a significant effect (P≤0.05) on the yield and pH value of the mayonnaise. However, the combination of the two did not show a significant effect on moisture content and the rancid odor of mayonnaise. The combination of duck eggs and apple vinegar improved the physicochemical characteristics of mayonnaise.

Pengaruh Teknik Micronizing Jagung Kuning pada Ransum Ayam Isa Brown Leghorn Terhadap Kualitas Isi Telur

This article presents the results of research on the effect of micronizing techniques on chicken rations isa brown leghorn on the quality of egg contents. Isa Brown eggs are one type of egg that can meet the nutritional needs of people in Indonesia. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) using 3 treatments. and 6 replications. The analysis used one factor ANOVA test (One Way ANOVA) with SPSS 16.0. Followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with a level of 5%. Based on the results of the study showed that the yellow corn micronizing technique had a significant effect on egg quality in (1) ration consumption of; (2) Hen day production (HDP); (3) Index albumen; (4) Yolk index; (5) Haugh index, with sig. (P&lt;0.05). While the yellow corn micronizing technique had a significant effect on egg yolk color and eggshell color (P&gt;0.05). The effect of the yellow corn micronizing technique on brown leghorn isa chicken rations on the quality of egg contents showed an increase in quality in the treatment of fine grain yellow corn rations.

Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infection in domestic horses (Equus Caballus) in the Sudano-Guinean Altitude Zone of the North West Region of Cameroon

A study was conducted from &nbsp;March to September 2020 in five Sub-Divisions in Donga Mantung to determine the prevalence and &nbsp;intensity of gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infection of domestic horses with the objective to develop and implement strategic parasitic control measures. &nbsp;A total of 794 randomly selected horses (317 males and 477 females), aged ≤1 to ≥7 years old were examined using standard parasitological procedure. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the rectum and examined coprologicaly in the laboratory for the presence of GI nematode eggs. A qualitative flotation &nbsp;technic using saturated sodium chloride solution and a quantitative technic using the Mc Master Slide method of coprological analysis were realized. Result indicated &nbsp;nine species of nematodes (Strongylus equinus, Parascaris equorum, Oxyuris equi, Habronema muscae, Strongyloides westeri, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichonema sp, Triodontophorus serratus and Dictyocaulus aenfieldi) were identified. Horses harbored one or more nematode infection with a total prevalence rate of 100% for the gastrointestinal nematodes. The two genera of nematodes commonly encounter during the study period were Strongylus equinus type of egg (97,0% ) and Parascaris equorum (52,0%) in horses. There was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in prevalence of Strongyle type of eggs and P. equorum between species.&nbsp; The mean intensity of infection was 1459 ± 956 in horses with age 3 years. Poly-parasitic infections with prevalence of 98,0% were more common &nbsp;than mono-parasitic infections of 2,0%. These results suggest the possible need of studying the epidemiology, economic impact of these nematodes affecting the equine industry, stimulating important aspects to livestock programs and prevention activities.

Prevalence and Intensity of Parasitic Worms on Free-Range Chickens and Egg-Laying Chickens in Muara Badak sub-District, Kutai Kartanegara

One of the diseases often threatens the health of free-range chickens and egg-laying chickens are worm parasites (endoparasites). Parasites can be transmitted through food, drinks and the cage environment. Sanitation is one of the preventive steps carry out by farmers to protect livestock against infection from the environment. The objective of study was to determine the prevalence and intensity of parasitic worm eggs that infect the digestive tracts of free-range chickens and egg- laying hens in Muara Badak District. Research was done by observing worm eggs in fecal samples. A total of 60 samples consisting of 30 samples of egg-laying hens in Tanjung Village and 30 samples of free-range chickens in Badak Baru Village, Muara Badak. For the sample analysis technique used 2 methods are namely the floating method and the sedimentation method. The results has showed the type of worm eggs are infected the digestive tract found in free-range chickens and egg-laying chickens had consisted of Echinostoma revolutum, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Davainea proglotina, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Ascaridia galli, Capillaria annulata and Trichostrongylus tenuis. The highest prevalence in free- range chickens and egg-laying chickens were found in Ascaridia galli was 53.33% and 40%. While the lowest prevalence in free-range chickens against Raillietina echinobothrida and Amoebotaenia sphenoides 3.33%. egg-laying chickens are against Echinostoma revolutum, Raillietina tetragona and Trichostrongylus tenuis 6.67%. The highest intensity in free-range chickens and against Ascaridia galli was 141 eggs/individual and in egg-laying chickens was 139 eggs/individuals. The lowest intensity in this research was found in free-range chickens against Amoebotaenia sphenoides and Raillietina echinobothrida 3 eggs/individuals and egg-laying chickens against Echinostoma revolutum 5 eggs/individuals. Keywords: Endoparasites, Prevalence, Intensity, Chicken, hen.

A giant soft-shelled egg from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica.

Egg size and structure reflect important constraints on the reproductive and life-history characteristics of vertebrates1. More than two-thirds of all extant amniotes lay eggs2. During the Mesozoic era (around 250 million to 65 million years ago), body sizes reached extremes; nevertheless, the largest known egg belongs to the only recently extinct elephant bird3, which was roughly 66 million years younger than the last nonavian dinosaurs and giant marine reptiles. Here we report a new type of egg discovered in nearshore marine deposits from the Late Cretaceousperiod (roughly 68 million years ago) of Antarctica. It exceeds all nonavian dinosaur eggs in volume and differs from them in structure. Although the elephant bird egg is slightly larger, its eggshell is roughly five times thicker and shows a substantial prismatic layer and complex pore structure4. By contrast, the new fossil, visibly collapsed and folded, presents a thin eggshell with a layered structure that lacks a prismatic layer and distinct pores, and is similar to that of most extant lizards and snakes (Lepidosauria)5. The identity of theanimal that laid the egg is unknown, but these preserved morphologies are consistent with the skeletal remains of mosasaurs (large marine lepidosaurs) found nearby. They are not consistent with described morphologies of dinosaur eggs of a similar size class. Phylogenetic analyses of traits for 259 lepidosaur species plus outgroups suggest that the egg belonged to an individual that was at least 7 metres long, hypothesized to be a giant marine reptile, all clades of which have previously been proposed to show live birth6. Such a large egg with a relatively thin eggshell may reflect derived constraints associated with body shape, reproductive investment linked with gigantism, and lepidosaurian viviparity, in which a 'vestigial' egg is laid and hatches immediately7.

Pengolahan Citra untuk Identifikasi Jenis Telur Ayam Lehorn dan Omega-3 Menggunakan K-Mean Clustering dan Principal Component Analysis

Chicken eggs are divided into several types including omega-3 chicken eggs, native chicken eggs, Arab chicken eggs, and domestic chicken eggs. Visually to distinguish the type of domestic and omega-3 chicken eggs have difficulty because physically the shape of the eggshell and the color of the chicken eggs look the same. Visual inspection of the two types of chicken eggs has a weakness because it only relies on the sense of sight that has limitations, and the results are less accurate because it is very dependent on the interpretation of each consumer. This research aims to distinguish the two types of domestic and omega-3 chicken eggs which pre-processing techniques of contrast stretching, brightness, histogram equalization, changing color images to gray images, then the k-mean image segmentation process is carried out. clustering, morphological operations, dilation, and erosion. Next, the first-order statistical feature extraction is done by calculating values namely mean, variance, entropy, skewness, and kurtosis results from the histogram. The final step is to look for eigenvalues, the eigen vector PCA method used to distinguish omega-3 egg types. The results in the form of plot graphs of mean and entropy features after the second rotation show that the first-order statistical feature extraction method and PCA method can be used to significantly distinguish the types of lehorn chicken and omega-3 chicken eggs.