Types Of Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Heat and mass transfer in tri‐layer ependymal ciliary transport with diverse viscosity

AbstractSpecialized cilia known as ependymal cilia help the cerebrospinal fluid, which is important for nutrient delivery and waste elimination, to circulate in the brain. Many species rely on cilia and flagella for fluid movement and motility. Cilia and flagella, for instance, produce propulsive forces that allow unicellular creatures like Paramecium and Euglena to move through their surroundings. Ciliary transport plays a role in the flow of egg cells, or oocytes, via the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system. The transfer of the egg towards the uterus is facilitated by the synchronized wave‐like motion produced by the cilia lining the fallopian tubes. Like this, ciliary transport in men aids in the passage of sperm cells via the epididymis. Many scientists and researchers are studying the mechanics of cilia motion and the properties of the viscoelastic fluid layer to develop new treatments and applications in biomedical engineering and for some diseases. Motivated by a wide range of biological applications, the objective of this study is to investigate the heat and mass transfer flow of tri‐layered Newtonian fluids flowing with the help of ciliary beating in a Cartesian coordinate. The fluid is incompressible, and fluid layers are not intermixed. The fluid flow with heat and mass transfer is first modelled in wave and then transmuted into fixed. Solutions for temperature profile, velocity distribution, stresses and concentration distribution are obtained. The influence of incipient parameters is displayed with graphs and plotted with the computational software MATHEMATICA 13.0 in the results section. The key findings obtained from graphs show that the maximum magnitude for temperature and velocity is achieved in the middle layer of fluid whereas in the outer layer concentration profile is maximum. It is predicted that this approach will make an essential contribution to the progress and enhancement of various types of drug delivery systems in the biomedical industry and biomechanics.

A REVIEW ON FAST DISSOLVING FILM

Orally fast dissolving films (OFDFs) have been introduced in the market recently as they provide convenience and ease of use over other dosage forms such as orally disintegrating tablets. This technology evolved over the past few years from the confection and oral care markets in the form of breath strips and became a novel and widely accepted form by consumers, so OFDFs are gaining the interest of large number of pharmaceutical industries. Orally fast dissolving film is the type of drug delivery system which when placed in the oral cavity, disintegrate or dissolve within few seconds without the intake of water. OFDFs are very similar to postage stamp in their shape, size and thickness. These films have a potential to deliver the drug systemically through intragastric, sublingual or buccal route of administration and also has been used for local action. This type of technology offer a convenient way of dosing medication, not to special population groups like pediatric, geriatric, bedridden patients, mentally ill patients, but also to the general population. The present review provides an account of various formulation considerations, method of preparation and quality control of the OFDFs.

Targeted Hybrid Nanocarriers as Co-delivery Systems for Enhanced Cancer Therapy

Hybrid nanocarriers have realized a growing interest in drug delivery research because of the potential of being able to treat, manage or cure diseases that previously had limited therapy or cure. Cancer is currently considered the second leading cause of death globally. This makes cancer therapy a major focus in terms of the need for efficacious and safe drug formulations that can be used to reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality globally. The major challenge encountered over the years with cancer chemotherapy is the non-selectivity of anticancer drugs, leading to severe adverse effects in patients. Multidrug resistance has also resulted in treatment failure in cancer chemotherapy over the years. Hybrid nanocarriers can be targeted to the site and offer co-delivery of two or more chemotherapeutics, thus leading to synergistic or additive results. This makes hybrid nanocarriers an extremely attractive type of drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Hybrid nanocarrier systems are also attracting attention as possible non-viral gene vectors that could have a higher level of transfection, and be efficacious, with the added advantage of being safer than viral vectors in clinical settings. An extensive review of various aspects of hybrid nanocarriers was discussed in this paper. It is envisaged that in the future, metastatic cancers, multi-drug resistant cancers, and low prognosis cancers like pancreatic cancers, will have a lasting solution via hybrid nanocarrier formulations with targeted co-delivery of therapeutics.

Unraveling metachronal wave effects on heat and mass transfer in Non-Newtonian fluid

Non-Newtonian fluids flow generated by “cilia” are critical in medicine and bio-medical engineering. Such investigations are created by the back-and-forth movement of a microscopic hair-like structure connected to the walls, which causes a metachronal wave to form and drive biological fluids. Motivated by a wide range of biological applications, this study aims to explain the incompressible flow of Ellis fluid caused by the propagation of an infinite metachronal wave train traveling along channel walls owing to constantly beating cilia. The problem is simplified by low Reynolds number and long wavelength assumption. The mathematical model is solved with the aid of symbolic computational software Mathematica 13 version. The consequences of emerging parameters are then shown in graphical form and discussed comprehensively. From the study, it is worth mentioning that velocity declines with increasing material constants. Temperature distribution is also improved in the core sector of the channel and reduced at the walls. It is predicted that this approach will make an essential contribution to the progress and enhancement of various types of drug delivery systems in the biomedical industry and biomechanics.

Niosomes : Novel Drug Delivery Systems

The administration of medications to specific targets with minimal affinity to other organs is a challenge during the treatment of disease conditions. Novel drug delivery systems enable localization of drugs to their site of action. These targeted drug delivery systems use various carriers, such as serum proteins, liposomes, synthetic polymers, and microspheres. Niosomes are a type of drug delivery system that has a bilayer structure made of non-ionic surfactants. Niosomes are amphiphilic; hence, they can encapsulate both lipophilic and lipophobic drugs and increase their bioavailability. Current work describes the structure, various methods of preparation and applications of niosomes.

An Overview of Transferosomes: A Transdermal Drug Delivery System

A lipid bilayer including phospholipids, an edge activator, and an ethanol/aqueous core makes up transferosomes, often referred to as transferosomes, which are ultra-deformable vesicles for transdermal applications. Compared to oral and needle-based methods, this approach has a number of benefits, including self-administration, non-invasiveness, significantly reduced hepatic clearance of the medication, and increased patient compliance. The primary reason for the development of various drug delivery systems was that due to the first pass metabolism, adverse and side effects, non-patient compliance and invasive procedures, the efficient therapeutic outcomes. The advantage of transferosomes is they are barely invasive without the first pass metabolism. Transferosomes also has several advantages than liposomes due to the active surfactant properties. Due to its penetration enhancer properties, it enables the drug molecule to penetrate into the skin via the stratum corneum than other formulations. So, more research works are encouraged with respect to tranferosomes in order to formulate various new drugs in this type of drug delivery system.

Starch-Based Hydrogels as a Drug Delivery System in Biomedical Applications.

Starch-based hydrogels have gained significant attention in biomedical applications as a type of drug delivery system due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to absorb and release drugs. Starch-based hydrogels can serve as effective carriers for pharmaceutical compounds such as drugs and proteins to develop drug-loaded hydrogel systems, providing controlled release over an extended period. The porous structure of a hydrogel allows for the diffusion of drugs, ensuring sustained and localized delivery to the target site. Moreover, starch-based hydrogels have been used as a powerful option in various biomedical fields, including cancer and infectious disease treatment. In addition, starch-based hydrogels have shown promise in tissue engineering applications since hydrogels can be used as scaffolds or matrices to support cell growth and tissue regeneration. Depending on techniques such as chemical crosslinking or physical gelation, it can create a three-dimensional network structure that tunes its mechanical properties and mimics the extracellular matrix. Starch-based hydrogels can also provide a supportive environment for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation to promote specific cellular responses and tissue regeneration processes with the loading of growth factors, cytokines, or other bioactive molecules. In this review, starch-based hydrogels as a versatile platform for various biomedical applications are discussed.

Formulation and Evaluation of Cetrimide Based In situ Gelling System for Ocular Drug Delivery

Conventional drug delivery system is a traditional type of drug delivery system which manifests poor bioavailability of drug due to tear turn over, tear flow and blinking of eye which causes removal of drug at the ocular surfaces. To overcome from the drawbacks of conventional drug delivery system In- situ gels come into the fashion of ocular drug delivery system for the treatment of ocular diseases which have enhanced bioavailability and better for patient’s compliance. The goal of the present work to express formulation and evaluation of cetrimide in situ gels which have anti-fungal activity used in the treatment of fungal keratitis caused by Fusarium solani. Carbopol 934 is used as viscosity enhancing property. Xanthan gum was used as thickening and stabilizing agent. Sodium alginate was used for gelation ability. The combination of carbopol and xanthan gum showed good gelling capacity and gelation time up to 6hrs period. The developed formulation of cetrimide in situ gels was stable non -irritant which are feasible substitute for conventional drug delivery system such as eye drops by virtue of its stability to increase residence time of drug at the ocular surfaces and provide sustained release of drug with increase bioavailability and better for patient’s compliance.

Application of the Quality by Design Concept (QbD) in the Development of Hydrogel-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems are of interest to researchers for many reasons, such as biocompatibility, high diversity, and the possibility of administration from different routes. Despite these advantages, there are challenges, such as controlling the drug release rate and their mechanical properties during the manufacturing of these systems. For this reason, there is a need for the production and development of such drug delivery systems with a scientific strategy. For this reason, the quality by design (QbD) approach is used for the development of drug delivery systems. This approach, by identifying the most effective factors in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products and controlling them, results in a product with the desired quality with the least number of errors. In this review article, an attempt is made to discuss the application and method of applying this approach in the development of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems. So that for the development and production of these systems, according to the type of drug delivery system, what target characteristics should be considered (QTPP) and what factors, such as material properties (CMA) or process parameters (CPP), should be taken into account to reach the critical quality attributes of the product (CQA).

Oral Drug Delivery Systems Applied to Launched Products: Value for the Patients and Industrial Considerations.

Drug delivery systems (DDS) control the amount, rate, and site of administration of drug substances in the body as well as their release and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion). Among the various types of DDS, amount-controlled DDS for solubilization and absorption increase the bioavailability. Time- and amount-controlled DDS are controlled release formulations classified as (1) membrane-type, (2) matrix-type, (3) osmotic-type, and (4) ion-exchange type. Timed-release formulations also control the time and amount of release and the absorption of drugs. Site- and amount-controlled DDS are characterized by colonic delivery and intestinal lymph-targeting to improve release and ADME of drug substances. Finally, site-, time-, and amount-controlled DDS are gastroretentive formulations and local delivery in the oral cavity to improve site retention, release, and ADME of drugs. DDS can enhance efficacy, reduce adverse effects, and optimize the dosing frequency of various drug products to increase patient value. This review focuses on patient value and industrial considerations of launched oral DDS. We provide a technological overview of candidate and marketed DDS, as well as the pros/cons of the technologies for industrialization with consideration to excipients, manufacturing, and storage stability. Moreover, to demonstrate the usefulness of the technology and support the selection and development of the best technologies for patients, we also describe patient value from clinical studies and analyses, particularly with regard to increased new medical options, higher efficacy, reduced adverse effects, reduced number of doses and clinic visits, easier administration, higher quality of life, greater adherence, and satisfaction.

Post‐Polymerization Modifications to Prepare Biomedical Nanocarriers with Varying Internal Structures, their Properties and Impact on Protein Corona Formation

AbstractThe reactive ester approach provides access to various types of drug delivery systems. Either amphiphilic block copolymer micelles with hydrophobic cores can be generated for encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs, or they are (reversibly) crosslinked by polar molecules into nano(hydro)gel particles affording hydrophilic cores and coronas. Beyond short oligonucleotides complexation or covalent drug conjugation inside the core, a surface functionalization with targeting units is further possible to address a large variety of drug delivery scenarios. Interestingly, the reactive ester approach can thereby not only govern the nanocarriers' inner structure and surface property, but at the same time also provide strategies to prevent protein corona formation. These features are summarized in this article and underline the concept of reactive ester macromolecules as beneficial tool for assisting in drug delivery.

Fast Dissolving Films: A Review

Fast dissolving films for oral administration were a novel treatment option for individuals who had trouble swallowing pills or tablets. Hydrophilic polymers are used to create a film that quickly dissolves on the tongue. Upto 50-60% of all dosage forms, the traditional dosage forms (tablet and capsule) are widely accepted. For condition such as trigeminal neuralgia, Meniere’s disease and addiction, any buccal administration solutions have been commercialized or are being suggested. The type of drug delivery system known as an orally fast dissolving film dissolves or disintegrates in the oral cavity after being placed there in a matter of seconds without the need for water. Films are unconstructive, excellent mucoadhesion. Methods used for manufacturing of Fast dissolving films are solvent casting method, rolling. Evaluation test for fast dissolving films are hardness, friability. A new drug delivery technology for oral drug administration is fast-dissolving film. It was created using the transdermal patch's technology. The methods employed for Spray drying and freeze-drying are used to make fast-dissolving tablets. By creating an easy-to-use dosage form, Novel Pharmacological Delivery System (NDDS), a recent advancement, promises to improve the safety and effectiveness of currently used drug molecules improved patient compliance and better administration. To create a chemical entity, it takes a lot of money, effort, and time are necessary. Beneficial in situations where an extra quick onset of action is necessary, such as motion sickness, severe discomfort, allergic reactions, or coughing.

Preparation and molecular interaction of organic solvent-free piperine pro-liposome from soy lecithin

Pro-liposome is a type of drug delivery system (DDS) with numerous advantages as a stable material with various applicability for several pharmaceutical dosage forms, to effectively deliver the material to reach its target in the human body. Nevertheless, it is mostly designed by employing an organic solvent hence giving rise to safety issues. We have developed a method for the preparation of organic solvent-free liposomes composed of soy lecithin and cholesterol by highlighting the importance of temperature during the initial mixing process, a self-hydration of a thin layer spread film, and a spray-drying technique with a suitable excipient as the carrier. The method was successfully applied to prepare a stable pro-liposome containing 0.17% (w/w) of piperine with an encapsulation efficiency of 95.58 ± 2.91%. Moreover, the study revealed that a piperine molecule forms hydrophobic interaction with six of the adjacent phospholipids in the liposome structure, this information can be useful for researchers designing similar studies. In conclusion, organic solvent-free pro-liposome can be an alternative method in the development of DDS, and several factors could be continuously improved to fulfill the intended pro-liposome characteristic.

Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Sodium Diclofenac Salt Release from Chitosan-Based Hydrogels and Possible Applications.

Two formulations based on diclofenac sodium salt encapsulated into a chitosan hydrogel were designed and prepared, and their drug release was investigated by combining in vitro results with mathematical modeling. To understand how the pattern of drug encapsulation impacted its release, the formulations were supramolecularly and morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy, respectively. The mechanism of diclofenac release was assessed by using a mathematical model based on the multifractal theory of motion. Various drug-delivery mechanisms, such as Fickian- and non-Fickian-type diffusion, were shown to be fundamental mechanisms. More precisely, in a case of multifractal one-dimensional drug diffusion in a controlled-release polymer-drug system (i.e., in the form of a plane with a certain thickness), a solution that allowed the model's validation through the obtained experimental data was established. The present research reveals possible new perspectives, for example in the prevention of intrauterine adhesions occurring through endometrial inflammation and other pathologies with an inflammatory mechanism background, such as periodontal diseases, and also therapeutic potential beyond the anti-inflammatory action of diclofenac as an anticancer agent, with a role in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, using this type of drug-delivery system.

Living Cells and Cell-Derived Vesicles: A Trojan Horse Technique for Brain Delivery.

Brain diseases remain a significant global healthcare burden. Conventional pharmacological therapy for brain diseases encounters huge challenges because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limiting the delivery of therapeutics into the brain parenchyma. To address this issue, researchers have explored various types of drug delivery systems. Cells and cell derivatives have attracted increasing interest as "Trojan horse" delivery systems for brain diseases, owing to their superior biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and BBB penetration properties. This review provided an overview of recent advancements in cell- and cell-derivative-based delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Additionally, it discussed the challenges and potential solutions for clinical translation.

PEGylation Effects on the Interaction of Sphingomyelin Nanoemulsions with Serum Albumin: A Thermodynamic Investigation

AbstractThe recent focus in the development of novel nanosystems for biomedical applications lays firmly on their interactions with biomolecules. Thermodynamic parameters driving the interaction between nanoparticles and proteins provide insights into complex processes at bio/nanointerface. The present work aims to investigate the binding mechanisms and the dominant contributions that determine the adsorption processes during the interactions of a model protein, that is, bovine serum albumin, with a new type of drug delivery systems, Vitamin E/sphingomyelin nanoemulsions, plain and coated with polyethylene glycol, and d‐ɑ‐tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate. The binding parameters (binding constant, binding stoichiometry, enthalpy, Gibbs energy, and entropy changes of binding) are evaluated by the isothermal titration calorimetry with a MicroCaliTC200 equipment. The effect of nanoemulsions on the protein stability is examined by measuring the thermodynamic parameters for the protein's unfolding (heat capacity; enthalpy, entropy, and free energy changes) with a NanoDSC (TA Instrument) apparatus. The thermodynamic profile shows for all compositions an entropy‐driven interaction dominated by hydrophobic forces due to the rearrangements/displacement of the surrounding water molecules, while maintaining the native conformation of the protein. All the information acquired by thermodynamic approach may significantly enhance the knowledge with special focus on PEGylated nanoemulsions used for biomedical applications.

Introducing a New Type of Drug Delivery System Based on the Silicon Carbide Monolayer

Introducing a New Type of Drug Delivery System Based on the Silicon Carbide Monolayer

Dextran Formulations as Effective Delivery Systems of Therapeutic Agents.

Dextran is by far one of the most interesting non-toxic, bio-compatible macromolecules, an exopolysaccharide biosynthesized by lactic acid bacteria. It has been extensively used as a major component in many types of drug-delivery systems (DDS), which can be submitted to the next in-vivo testing stages, and may be proposed for clinical trials or pharmaceutical use approval. An important aspect to consider in order to maintain high DDS' biocompatibility is the use of dextran obtained by fermentation processes and with a minimum chemical modification degree. By performing chemical modifications, artefacts can appear in the dextran spatial structure that can lead to decreased biocompatibility or even cytotoxicity. The present review aims to systematize DDS depending on the dextran type used and the biologically active compounds transported, in order to obtain desired therapeutic effects. So far, pure dextran and modified dextran such as acetalated, oxidised, carboxymethyl, diethylaminoethyl-dextran and dextran sulphate sodium, were used to develop several DDSs: microspheres, microparticles, nanoparticles, nanodroplets, liposomes, micelles and nanomicelles, hydrogels, films, nanowires, bio-conjugates, medical adhesives and others. The DDS are critically presented by structures, biocompatibility, drugs loaded and therapeutic points of view in order to highlight future therapeutic perspectives.

Gastric Retentive Drug Delivery system and its recent insights : A Review

Oral route is believed to be the most convenient and profoundly accepted drug delivery system and to enhance the efficiency of oral delivery of drug and to overcome the physicochemical and biological barriers in oral delivery, concept of novel delivery system is introduced.Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) is one such type of drug delivery system. In conventional delivery system it is hard to provide drug at specific site, but on other hand GRDDS we can retain the drug in stomach for prolong period. There is various approach for retention of drug in stomach like high density, low density (floating system), magnetic, raft forming, bio-adhesive systems, which helps increase the bio-availability of drug. Drugs with good acid solubility, instability at alkaline pH, narrow absorption window, can be formulated by this system. This review includes introduction, potentialcandidates, advantages, disadvantages, approaches, formulation aspects, marketed preparations, current insights including ongoing research and patent works. This review article will help researchers and medical students to have better understanding on GRDDS which ultimately help themin formulation and designing of GRDDS.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a pH-, microbiota- and time-based oral delivery platform for colonic release

Several formulation strategies have been proposed for oral colon delivery, particularly for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, targeting the large intestine remains a challenging goal. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a novel type of drug delivery system, which is based on multiple drug release triggers for reliable performance. The system consists of: (i) a drug core, (ii) an inner swellable low-viscosity hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) layer, and (iii) an outer film coating based on a Eudragit® S:high-methoxyl (HM) pectin (7:3 w/w) blend, optionally containing chitosan. Convex immediate release tablets (2 or 4 mm in diameter) containing paracetamol or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) were coated in a fluid bed. The double-coated tablets exhibited pulsatile release profiles when changing the release medium from 0.1 N HCl to phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Also, drug release was faster in simulated colonic fluid (SCF) in the presence of fecal bacteria from IBD patients compared to control culture medium from tablets with outer Eudragit® S: HM pectin: chitosan coatings. The latter systems showed promising results in the control of the progression of colitis and alteration of the microbiota in a preliminary rat study.