Complement Type Research Articles

Contribution Leadership Transformational and Leadership Learning InImproving the Quality of Education High School in Banten Province

Transformational leadership and learning leadership play a crucial role in improving the quality of education. These two types of leadership complement each other and focus on personal, professional, and organizational development to create a better and higher-quality learning environment. This research is expected to provide a deeper understanding of how transformational leadership and learning leadership contribute to influencing educational quality through the development of self and professional growth of qualified educators are teachers from several high schools in Banten Province in this study included 35 participants, using a quantitative research approach with the Product Moment method. Data was collected through a questionnaire administered to the respondents, with the entire population serving as the sample technique employed is the Product Moment analysis technique using SPSS software. The results of this study show evidence that transformational leadership and learning leadership have a significant impact on educational quality

From evaluative to deontic predication:Evidence for the grammaticalization pathfrom clausal complementation strategies

A shift from evaluation (‘it is good, fitting’, etc.) to deontic modality is well known from the literature on grammaticalization. This article looks at it from the viewpoint of complementation. In Lithuanian, a complementation strategy characteristic of evaluative predicates has been carried over to deontic contexts. The complementation strategy referred to consists in the reuse of an originally conditional adverbial clause structure with evaluative predicates as a means of avoiding the factive implication usually associated with evaluatives (cf. it is good that... : it would be good if...). The conditional clause type under discussion contains the anteriority converb in -us, which, as a result of the shift ‘evaluative → deontic’, has become characteristic of a set of deontic constructions where it competes with the infinitive. This development moreover involved processes of insubordination and resubordination. The relevance of the Lithuanian facts (apart from their intrinsic interest, also from the viewpoint of resubordination processes) consists in that the extension of the complementation type from evaluative to unambiguously deontic contexts provides palpable proof of the transition while the research has hitherto failed to find a cut-off point between evaluation and deontic modality.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN KALIMAT BAHASA INDONESIA PADA BERITA TRIBUN-TIMUR.COM

This research is a qualitative research that aims to describe Indonesian sentence pattern errors, Indonesian diction errors in online media news Tribun-Timur.com. The data in the research are news sentences containing Indonesian sentence pattern errors and Indonesian diction errors. The data source of this research is news published by Tribun-Timur.com online media published in its portal in the period August to November 2023. The results of this study show that: Indonesian sentence pattern errors on Tribun-Timur.com news, including Subject Errors, namely subject errors that do not match the number, wrong word selection, grammatical conformity errors; Predicate Errors in Tribun-Timur. Object Errors, which are discrepancies between the subject and predicate in a sentence; Object Errors, which are discrepancies in the type of nouns, discrepancies in the number of nouns, discrepancies in the use of object pronouns, and discrepancies in prepositions; Description Errors, which are discrepancies in time, discrepancies in place, discrepancies in manner, discrepancies in intensity level, and discrepancies in order; Complementary errors, namely mismatch of complement type, mismatch of complement number, mismatch of conjunction, mismatch of complement meaning, and mismatch of complement phrase; and Indonesian diction errors on Tribun-Timur. com news, namely the use of words that are not in accordance with the value of taste, the use of words through language styles that create nuances of negative ideas, and the use of words that cause ambiguity.

Aboveground and belowground biodiversity have complementary effects on ecosystem functions across global grasslands.

Grasslands are integral to maintaining biodiversity and key ecosystem services and are under threat from climate change. Plant and soil microbial diversity, and their interactions, support the provision of multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality). However, it remains virtually unknown whether plant and soil microbial diversity explain a unique portion of total variation or shared contributions to supporting multifunctionality across global grasslands. Here, we combine results from a global survey of 101 grasslands with a novel microcosm study, controlling for both plant and soil microbial diversity to identify their individual and interactive contribution to support multifunctionality under aridity and experimental drought. We found that plant and soil microbial diversity independently predict a unique portion of total variation in above- and belowground functioning, suggesting that both types of biodiversity complement each other. Interactions between plant and soil microbial diversity positively impacted multifunctionality including primary production and nutrient storage. Our findings were also climate context dependent, since soil fungal diversity was positively associated with multifunctionality in less arid regions, while plant diversity was strongly and positively linked to multifunctionality in more arid regions. Our results highlight the need to conserve both above- and belowground diversity to sustain grassland multifunctionality in a drier world and indicate climate change may shift the relative contribution of plant and soil biodiversity to multifunctionality across global grasslands.

Field observation and verbal exchange as different peer effects in farmers’ technology adoption decisions

AbstractFarmers’ adoption of novel technologies is influenced by other farmers’ behavior, a phenomenon known as peer effects. Although such effects have been studied intensively, the literature does not clearly distinguish between those that result (1) from verbal exchanges with other farmers and (2) from field observations, including the application of technology, its outcomes, and field conditions. We extend existing theoretical concepts and hypothesize that verbal information exchanges and field observations are two types of peer effects. Using data from an online survey of German sugar beet farmers’ application of mechanical weeding from early 2022, we find that the likelihood of adopting mechanical weeding increases across all model specifications by around 26%–28% if at least one adopter is known and by approximately 30%–32% if at least one field is observed. The two types of peer effects complement and reinforce each other in explaining adoption decisions. The effects increase with the number of adopters known and fields observed but decrease with larger distances to the observed fields. The findings can support designing extension services and future peer effects research that should consider the distinction between peer effects arising from verbal exchanges and field observations.

Sentential complements and predicates in Northern Somali

Abstract In the introductory part of this contribution, some of the general parameters that have been used in the literature for describing systems of sentential complementation are briefly surveyed. The major types of Northern Somali sentential complements are described in the following sections. Firstly, clauses introduced by the complementizer in, together with its possible etymology. These are followed by infinitival complements and quotative complements, which are used in a wide array of constructions. Complements headed by verbal nouns or masdars are also discussed, as well as indirect questions, which the author argues should be kept as a syntactic object also in this language. Finally, sentential predicates are introduced, i.e., sentential complements functioning as non-verbal predicates in copular constructions and in their verbless counterparts.

AVALENT AND MONOVALENT VERBS IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

This paper examines avalent and monovalent verbs in the Albanian language and the clause patterns generated with such verbs. Avalent verbs do not select any complement , whereas monovalent verbs require a complement to form the minimal structure of a clause and convey their intended meaning. In Albanian, the classification of verbs by valence is often explained on the basis of their transitivity and their ability to take a subject. However, while transitivity may sometimes suggest a verb's valence, these two classifications should not be equated due to distinct criteria. In Albanian, for example, the number of intransitive verbs significantly exceeds the number of monovalent verbs: all monovalent verbs are intransitive, but not all intransitive verbs are monovalent. This paper aims to clarify the classification criteria and to describe avalent and monovalent verbs; that is, the clause patterns they generate. A comprehensive corpus has been built for this purpose, in which all such verbs and the types of complements they take have been identified and analyzed according to functional, syntactic, and semantic criteria.

Cytological Studies on the Tribe <i>Helianthoideae</i> (Asteraceae)

Cytological investigations on 7 taxa of the tribe Helianthoideae (Asteraceae) reveal certain interesting features. Meiotic counts reported here are all normal, forming regular bivalents. Karyotypes show homogeneity with graded types of chromosome complement. The occurrence of tetraploid species of Tridax procumbens L. (n = 18) is of interest. The reports of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (n = 11, 2n = 22), Tathonia tagetiflora Desf. ex Juss. (n=17), Xanthium strumarium L. (n = 18) are confirmatory nature. Aneuploid variations are also noted in some cases.

Public Diplomacy Activities of the Ukrainian World Congress Aimed at Improving the Image of Ukraine in the World (1991–2024)

Abstract. The article examines the main directions of public diplomacy of the main coordination body of Ukrainian diaspora communities the Ukrainian World Congress (UWC) based on the 2021–25 Public Diplomacy Strategy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. For a better understanding of the topic, the main characteristics of diaspora diplomacy as a phenomenon are outlined. The author emphasises that public diplomacy can be carried out in cooperation with or without the diaspora’s state of origin. The article highlights the shortcomings of Ukraine’s cooperation with Ukrainians abroad, the main of which is the lack of a clear strategy for cooperation with Ukrainians worldwide in Ukrainian legislation. It is noted that the state is only beginning to recognise the potential of Ukrainians abroad as ‘ambassadors’ of Ukraine in the world in the context of the fullscale invasion. The article elaborates on the UWC’s role as an advocate and promoter of Ukraine in the world. The author points out the large-scale assistance provided by the organisation to support the state of its origin. Based on a wide range of sources, including materials from UWC congresses, periodicals and information from official media resources, the author suggests tracing the dimensions of UWC public diplomacy, describing the activities of its structural units, as well as the experience of certain member organisations of the UWC network. It is pointed out that an important area of the UWC’s work is spreading the historical truth about the Holodomor of 1932–1933 and its recognition by foreign countries as genocide of the Ukrainian people. The article highlights the main forms and methods of UWC public diplomacy, which include disseminating information about Ukraine in the world, countering propaganda, and advocating Ukrainian interests in foreign governments and international organisations. The author concludes that different types of public diplomacy complement each other and comprehensively fulfil the UWC’s priority tasks of promoting Ukraine in the world. Keywords: diaspora, Ukrainians abroad, Ukrainian World Congress (UWC), public diplomacy, image, disinformation, culture, sports, Ukrainian communities.

Molecular B-cell clonality assay in minor salivary glands as a useful tool for the lymphoma risk assessment in Sjögren's syndrome

ObjectivesNon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) risk assessment is crucial in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). We studied the prevalence of clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in minor salivary glands (MSG) and their correlations with lymphoma occurrence and with previously established NHL predictors. MethodsMolecular B-cell expansion was studied in fresh-frozen MSG of 207 patients with either suspected SS or with suspected lymphoma during SS, using a standardised multiplex PCR assay combined with heteroduplex analysis by microcapillary electrophoresis. The assignation of clonal cases was based on EuroClonality consortium guidelines. ResultsAmong 207 studied patients, 31 (15%) had MSG monoclonal B-cell infiltration. Monoclonality was significantly more frequent in patients with SS (28/123, 22.8%) compared with patients without SS (3/84, 3.6%, P<0.001). Monoclonal B-cell infiltration in MSG of SS patients correlated significantly with ongoing salivary gland NHL, salivary gland swelling, CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia, rheumatoid factor (RF) activity, low complement levels and type 2 mixed cryoglobulinemia. The accumulation of biological risk factors was associated with a higher rate of MSG B-cell monoclonality given that patients with only positive RF had no probability of MSG B-cell monoclonality, RF-positive patients with 1 or 2 other risk factors had a 25.0% and 85.7% probability of MSG B-cell monoclonality, respectively. ConclusionThe detection of MSG monoclonal B-cell expansion by this easy-to-perform molecular assay is useful, both at the time of diagnosis and during the course of SS. Monoclonal B-cell expansion is associated with a subset of SS patients presenting either ongoing lymphoma or other established lymphoma predictive factors.

Causative constructions in process: How do they come into existence in learner writing?

Abstract This article examines the processes through which English causative constructions with MAKE are produced by French-speaking learners. It relies on data from the Process Corpus of English in Education (PROCEED), in which every text is accompanied by a keylog file and a screencast video. These data make it possible to observe the process paths of constructions as they unfold, from their appearance in the text to their evolution (and possible disappearance) through revision. The analysis shows that almost 20% of the causative constructions do not make it to the final version of the text, either because the idea of causation disappears altogether or because it is expressed in a different way. Among the causative constructions that are kept in the finished text, most still undergo some changes, which range from the simple correction of a typo to the transformation of the complement type (e.g. a verbal complement becoming an adjectival complement). Some of these changes are the result of dictionary consultation, also visible in the process data. In addition, the keylog files reveal the presence of pauses during writing, whose investigation can improve our understanding of the mental processing of causative constructions. It thus turns out that in almost 40% of the cases, the causative constructions are immediately preceded and followed by a pause, which could indicate that they are stored holistically in learners’ minds. Besides providing insights into the processes through which causative constructions come into existence in learner writing, this study also illustrates how writing process data can bring us closer to what the reality of writing looks like for language learners.

Correlation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a comprehensive analysis of blood biomarkers in COVID-19 patients.

This study aimed to better understand the link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) development by analyzing blood samples from 200 registered participants, and measuring biomarkers, such as cell-free DNA, MPO (myeloperoxidase), cathepsin S, and complement type 2 receptor. Blood samples were collected from 200 participants (100 females and 100 males; age range: 17-55 years). Participants were divided into five groups based on their COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-specific IgG, and COVID-19 vaccination status. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to identify the biomarkers. ANOVA and t-tests revealed that the group of COVID-19 positive, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-specific IgG negative, and non-vaccinated individuals had the greatest average value for cathepsin S (p = 0.03). This suggests a correlation between the presence of COVID-19 and autoimmune disorders. The group with the greatest average value of cell-free DNA was the COVID-19-negative, SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-specific IgG-negative, vaccinated group (p = 0.03). This may suggest that even though they had not contracted the disease, they may have had a stronger immune response to the virus since vaccines can stimulate an immune response even in individuals who have not been infected by the virus. Furthermore, the SARS-Cov-2 nucleocapsid-specific IgG+ and COVID-19 positive groups had higher levels of myeloperoxidase, a neutrophil protein linked to inflammation and tissue damage, suggesting a higher risk of autoimmune rheumatologic illnesses (p = 0.02). The study suggests a correlation between COVID-19 status and the development of autoimmune disorders, as well as a potential link between a COVID-19 infection and a strong immune response. However, this study had limitations - the selection of participants and a small sample size, which offers potential for further research and examination.

The syntax of two existential unaccusative verbs in Polish

Abstract The paper examines the syntax of two unaccusative verbs in Polish – ubyć. perf/ubywać.imperf ‘to disappear, to decrease’ and przybyć. perf/przybywać.imperf ‘to arrive, to increase’ – with a view to shedding light on the structure of existential unaccusatives. The two above-mentioned verbs appear in two distinct paradigms – the disappearance/motion verb and the existential one – both of which are taken to represent subtypes of existential structure. Existential verbs are treated here as monadic predicates with a single small clause complement, whose internal structure may vary, depending on the predicate. The two existential unaccusatives analysed in the paper may select two different types of small clause complement, which are different from the small clause selected by the existential być ‘to be’. Thus, Polish seems to make use of three different small clause structures in existential clauses. The paper also provides evidence that in Polish, like in English, existential unaccusatives are structurally distinct from change of state unaccusatives, and thus in the two languages there is more than one way to be structurally unaccusative. The account bears on the analysis of the genitive of negation in Polish, especially the issue of its inapplicability to existential unaccusatives versus its presence with the existential być ‘to be’.

The semantics of clause linkage: analysis of the finite complex complementation types in the English complain verbs

This article engages with the semantics of complex finite syntactic linkages of the complain verbs in English, as in Levin (1993). Since these verbs display two main types of complex complementation patterns, this research explains how semantics motivates and predicts to a great extent the clause linkage process through the Interclausal Relations Hierarchy, the Interclausal Semantics Relation Hierarchy, and the Syntactic Interclausal Relations Hierarchy, within the Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) framework. RRG’s solid proposal is employed in this research for the systematization of the syntax-semantics interface of these verbs, drawing two main conclusions. Firstly, the results accommodate and respect the rationale of the Iconicity Principle governing the hierarchy: the closer the semantic bond (indirect discourse &gt; direct discourse), the tighter the syntactic link (clausal subordination (daughter) &gt; sentential subordination (daughter)). And secondly, I argue in favor that sentential subordination (daughter) is the kind of syntactic link prompted by the direct discourse semantic relation, as this has not been fully dealt with within this theory of grammar.

Zur Diachronie der Valenz von Verbphrasemen mit der Struktur Adjektiv + Kopula

Abstract Some adjectives in the German language can only be used in connection with a copula verb (e. g., ansichtig werden and eingedenk sein/bleiben). Other adjectives can have different meanings, among which a particular meaning restricted to predicative use (i. a. bar sein). Since these constructions consist of an adjective and a fixed verb component, they can be classified as phrasemes or even as verb phrasemes. Verb phrasemes and one-word lexemes can demand a certain number of complements with a particular form and syntactic function and a certain meaning. The choice of the valency characteristics of phrasemes with a predicative adjective as the subject of this article is explained by the fact they have not yet been systematically analyzed concerning the diachronic perspective. The research approach and method examine each phraseme in its valency occurrences, documenting these by examples found in historical and modern dictionaries as well as in corpora of different kinds from Old High German to Modern German. The valency occurrences consist of a combination of complements, which are recorded as so-called complete valency. Both the quantitative and qualitative variation of complements are contained in the complete valency and can therefore be called polyvalency. Quantitative polyvalency refers to the number of complements while qualitative polyvalency refers to the type of complements. Each combination of complements found in the research material is illustrated with an example. Finally, the quantitative and qualitative valency developments are summarized in a short commentary.

The Size of Clausal Complements

Drawing mainly—but not exclusively—on data from Germanic, this article compares syntactic, morphological, and semantic approaches to size differences of complement clauses. Focusing on two phenomena that have been related to clause size reduction and truncation—Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) and restructuring—it is shown that their distribution is radically different and that clause size cannot be the main factor regulating both of these phenomena. This article provides a solution to this conflicting state of affairs and lays out an approach that builds on a fine-grained CP structure, including both syntactic and semantic categories, a reduced structure for infinitives, and a syntax–meaning mapping that predicts different minimal clause sizes for different semantic types of complements. Based on the distribution of ECM in Germanic, a tentative ECM hierarchy is suggested that follows implicational containment relations of an expanded CP.

Does community attitude matter? The effects of local community environmental orientation on firms' environmental practices

AbstractFrom the perspective of institutional theory, prior studies mostly focus on the effects of regulatory and normative forces on firms' environmental practices. We argue that, as a cultural‐cognitive force, local community environmental orientation is another key factor determining firms' environmental practices and performance. With data collected from multiple respondents in 372 Chinese firms, this study demonstrates that such orientation affects two other types of institutional forces facing companies, namely, local legislation and community stakeholders' pressures. These two types of forces complement each other and jointly affect firms' environmental actions, such as green investment and environmental operations, which subsequently affect firms' social reputation. However, local environmental orientation does not directly affect firms' environmental actions. These findings suggest that institutional forces interact with each other to shape firms' environmental actions.

Are retirement planning tools substitutes or complements to financial capability?

We conduct a randomized controlled trial to understand how a web-based retirement saving calculator affects workers' retirement-savings decisions. In both the treatment and active control conditions, the calculator projects workers' retirement income goal. In the treatment condition only, it also projects retirement income based on defined-contribution savings, prominently displays the gap between projected goal and actual retirement income, and allows users to interactively explore how alternative, future contribution choices would affect the gap. The treatment increased average annual retirement contributions by $174 (2.3 percent). However, effects were larger for those with higher measures of financial knowledge, suggesting this type of tool complements, rather than substitutes for, underlying financial capability.

Simplifying the theoretical treatment ofwagerverbs

AbstractSince at least Postal (1974.On raising. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press), English has been assumed to possess a class of verbs that does not syntactically tolerate an overt noun phrase in the “usual” subject position of an infinitival complement clause but will allow one if it has undergone passivization,Wh-formation, Heavy-NP Shift, etc. This class of verbs has been variously described as Derived Object Constraint (DOC) verbs (Postal, Paul. 1974.On raising. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, Postal, Paul. 1993. Some defective paradigms.Linguistic Inquiry24(2). 347–364), ECM-with-Focus verbs (Rooryck, Johan. 2000.Configurations of sentential complementation: Perspectives from Romance languages. London &amp; New York: Routledge), andwager-class verbs (Pesetsky, David. 2019.Exfoliation: Towards a derivational theory of clause size. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Unpublished ms., Version 2.0.http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/004440(accessed 26 April 2022)). Based on the author’s own judgments, supplemented by the results of an acceptability survey conducted at an American university, this paper makes the novel claim that an English verb class with these grammatical properties does not exist, a finding that significantly reduces the inventory of grammatical mechanisms needed to account for complementation types generally. In addition, this paper develops new accounts of two distributional characteristics of thewagerverbs that certain other Raising to Object (RO)/Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) verbs do not exhibit. First, infinitival complements towagerverbs are argued to be aspectually linked to the matrix verb, while those ofpredict-type verbs are not. This explains a well-known stative restriction on complements to this verb class, which includesbelieve. Second, judgments of unacceptability previously attributed to Postal’s DOC or its counterpart in other theories are argued to result from three pragmatic usage preferences involving register and atypical degree that are encoded by the selection of the marked RO option with this verb class, preferences that play out differently forbelieveas opposed towagerverbs.

Environmental factors promoting the effective use of a computer-assisted clinical case for second-year osteopathic medical students.

Computer-aided clinical cases (CACC) have the potential to complement and/or supplement other types of problem-based learning exercises in modern medical curricula. Deploying a CACC learning experience requires institutional commitment to technology and a belief by administration, faculty, and students that "climbing a steep growth curve" is worth the effort. Several aspects of the institutional environment at the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine (KCOM) led to the development of the CACC exercise described in this article, including the need to design a uniform, supplemental, Internet-based learning experience and assessment exercises for students doing clinical rotations at off-site facilities. The CACC learning experience was enthusiastically accepted by second-year medical students as an integrative and clinically relevant educational experience. The success of this CACC exercise has helped to promote the development of other innovative applications of technology to medical education at KCOM.