Types Of Coercion Research Articles

الإکراه وأثره فی الفقه والقضاء

الإکراه وأثره في الفقه والقضاء ماجد بن خليفة السلمي أستاذ أصول الفقه المساعد قسم الدراسات القضائية ، کلية القانون والدراسات القضائية ، جامعة جدة، المملکة العربية السعودية . البريد الالکتروني: 04103310 @uj.edu.sa ملخص : يتناول هذا البحث أحد المباحث الأصولية التي يذکرها الأصوليون عند کلامهم عن التکليف، وهو مبحث الإکراه، وبيان أثره في الأحکام الفقهية والقضائية، وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث أن يکون في مقدمة، وتمهيد، ومبحثين، وخاتمة. أما المقدمة: فقد ذکرت فيها أهمية البحث، وأسباب اختياره، وأهدافه، والدراسات السابقة، ومنهج البحث، وخطته، وفي التمهيد: عرفت بالأهلية عند الأصوليين، وبينت مدى اعتبار الشريعة الإسلامية للرضا في تصرفات المکلفين.وفي المبحث الأول: تناولت تعريف الإکراه، وأرکانه، وشروطه، وأقسامه، وقد جاء في خمسة مطالب: المطلب الأول: تعريف الإکراه -لغة واصطلاحا-، والمطلب الثاني: أرکان الإکراه، المطلب الثالث: شروط الإکراه، والمطلب الرابع: تقسيم الإکراه: باعتبار المکره به، والمکره عليه، والمطلب الخامس: أثر الإکراه على التصرفات القولية والفعلية عند الأصوليين.وفي المبحث الثاني: تناولت تطبيقات فقهية وقضائية لعارض الإکراه، وجاء ذلک في أربعة مطالب: المطلب الأول: الإکراه على الزنى، والمطلب الثاني: الإکراه على البيع، والمطلب الثالث: الإکراه على الطلاق، والمطلب الرابع: الإکراه على الإقرارات.وأما الخاتمة: فقد ذکرت فيها أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها، ومنها: أن العلماء بحثوا الإکراه، واهتموا بتعريفه وأقسامه وشروطه.أن الإکراه قد يکون له تأثير في کثير من الأحکام الفقهية، وقد لا يکون له تأثير، على تفصيل بينهم حسب نوع الإکراه، وتوفر شروطه، ووسيلته.أن مباحث الإکراه التي ذکرها علماء الأصول أو الفقه، لها تأثير بالغ في نظر القضايا وإصدار الأحکام القضائية فيها. الکلمات المفتاحية: الإکراه، شروط الإکراه، أرکان الإکراه، أقسام الإکراه، أثر الإکراه في التصرفات، البيع، الطلاق، الزنا، الإقرار. Coercion And its impact on jurisprudence and the judiciary Majid bin Khalifa Al-Salami Assistant Professor of Fundamentals of Jurisprudence Department of Judicial Studies, College of Law and Judicial Studies, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Email: 04103310 @ uj.edu.sa Abstract: This research deals with one of the fundamentalist investigations that fundamentalists mention when talking about commissioning, which is the topic of coercion, and explaining its effect on jurisprudence and judicial rulings. The nature of the research required that it be in the introduction, prelude, two topics, and a conclusion .As for the introduction : it mentioned the importance of the research, the reasons for its selection, its goals, previous studies, the research methodology, and its plan, and in the preamble : it was known as the eligibility of the fundamentalists , and it showed the extent of the Islamic Sharia’s consideration of satisfaction in the actions of those charged with .In the first topic : I dealt with the definition of coercion, its elements, conditions, and sections . It came in five demands : The first requirement : the definition of coercion - language and convention - and the second requirement : the elements of coercion , the third requirement : conditions of coercion , and the fourth requirement : the division of coercion : as impeller him, impeller him , and demand the fifth : the effect of coercion on the behavior of anecdotal and actual fundamentalists .In the second topic : I dealt with the jurisprudential and judicial applications of a coercive objector, and this came in four demands : the first requirement : coercion for adultery , and the second requirement : coercion to sell , and the third requirement : coercion to divorce , and the fourth requirement : coercion of declarations .As for the conclusion : it mentioned the most important results it reached, including : The scientists looked coercion, and cared defined and its divisions and conditions .That coercion may be his effect in many of the provisions of jurisprudence, it may not have his influence on the breakdown of them according to the type of coercion, and provide conditions, and Oselth .The SSI coercion that mentioned scholars assets or jurisprudence, have the effect of adult in view of the issues and the issuance of judgments and judicial them . Key words : coercion, conditions of coercion, elements of coercion, sections of coercion, the effect of coercion on behavior, sale, divorce, adultery, and acknowledgment .

An Experimental Investigation of Victim Blaming in Sexual Assault: The Roles of Victim Sexual Orientation, Coercion Type, and Stereotypes About Bisexual Women.

Bisexual women are more likely to be sexually assaulted and to receive negative reactions to disclosures of sexual assault than heterosexual and lesbian women. However, few studies have examined the extent to which victim sexual orientation and related factors influence perceptions of sexual assault victims and perpetrators. To fill this gap, the current study used an experimental manipulation to examine the influence of victim sexual orientation and coercion type on perceptions of sexual assault victims and perpetrators. Participants (N = 826) were randomly assigned to read one of nine vignettes in which the sexual orientation of the female victim (bisexual, lesbian, heterosexual) and the type of coercion (verbal, physical, alcohol incapacitation) were varied. Then, participants were asked a series of questions about the victim and the perpetrator. Results indicated that bisexual and heterosexual female victims were both perceived as having wanted to have sex with the perpetrator more and as having "led the perpetrator on" more than lesbian victims. In contrast, victim sexual orientation was not associated with explicit ratings of victim or perpetrator responsibility or victim suffering. Bisexual female victims were also perceived as more promiscuous than both lesbian and heterosexual female victims. In turn, perceiving the victim as more promiscuous was associated with perceiving the victim as more responsible, having wanted to have sex with the perpetrator more, having "led the perpetrator on" more, and suffering less, and with perceiving the perpetrator as less responsible. In sum, our findings suggest that efforts to reduce sexual violence toward bisexual women should attend to negative attitudes toward bisexual women, especially the perception of bisexual women as promiscuous.

From Freewill to Force: Examining Types of Coercion and Psychological Outcomes in Unwanted Sex

Unwanted sex is sex that is not fully desired, whether an individual agrees to it or not. It can be coerced—when one person compels another unwilling person—or not coerced—when a person willing agrees to participate. Experiencing unwanted sex, especially when coerced, has been associated with negative psychological outcomes. Researchers have created severity continua of coerced sex based on type of coercion used, but relative severity of outcomes across the range of unwanted sex has not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to identify types of coercion experienced in unwanted sex and evaluate differences in psychological outcomes as a function of type of coercion experienced. Participants (N = 276) provided narrative descriptions of an unwanted sexual experience. Three categories of coercive tactics and two categories of unwanted but non-coerced sex were identified. Differences across categories emerged for the following outcomes: PTSD symptoms, perpetrator blame, situational blame, societal blame, negative thoughts about the self, negative thoughts about the world. Individuals who experienced actively forced sex reported significantly more symptoms than individuals who experienced other types of unwanted sex on most measures. These results are a first step in better understanding the psychological influence of the entire range of unwanted sexual experiences.

Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Coercion: Measurement Invariance in a Population-Based Sample of Male and Female High School Students.

Though researchers have documented that adolescents are vulnerable to coercion focused on reproductive and sexual autonomy, measures to assess this type of coercion for both adolescent females and males have not been validated in a population-based sample. The present study used secondary data collected from high school students across Kentucky (n=16,137 from two independent samples in 2010 and 2014) to 1) determine if five items measuring adolescent reproductive and sexual coercion (ARSC) are appropriate for use among both females and males; and 2) estimate prevalence of identified ARSC factors by sex. For both male and females, given measurement items, the results supported a two-factor model of ARSC comprised of 1) verbal relationship manipulation and 2) contraceptive interference. Measurement invariance by sex was also supported. Additional findings indicated the high prevalence of ARSC and its associated subscales. Approximately 4 in 10 females and 3 in 10 males reported experiencing ARSC in the previous year, with almost all of those reporting contraceptive interference also reporting verbal relationship manipulation. Findings suggest verbal relationship manipulation and contraceptive interference (together forming ARSC) may restrict the autonomous sexual and reproductive decision-making of both female and male adolescents.

Understanding the Importance of Ethical Dilemma with False Confessions

The purpose of this article is to gain a better understanding of the ethical dilemma of false confessions that are created from the use of deceptive interrogation tactics. First, this article will explore various types of interrogation tactics that are used by law enforcement and assess those tactics' ability to influence the suspect in providing a false confession. The various interrogatory tactics that are used by law enforcement in the United States will be analyzed, including the deceptive interrogatory tactics used with the Reid-technique model. In addition, alternative interrogatory tactics, such as the PEACE model will be explored, along with assessing the use of the PEACE model tactics on decreasing the chances of false confessions. Secondly, this article will examine the different types of coercion that may be used in an investigation, such as inherent coercion and psychological manipulation. The ethical concerns regarding false confessions and how these confessions can easily be coerced will be examined. Additionally, the risks involved in creating a false memory with suspects during an interrogation will be discussed; consequently, there is a risk of creating a false memory that could lead to a false confession. Furthermore, the Innocence Project and other court cases that involved false confessions will be discussed. Finally, this article will examine a real life story of an innocent child who falsely confessed to the murder.

Unpacking the Role of Conflict in Peer Relationships: Implications for Peer Deviance and Crime

ABSTRACTAlthough criminologists have long recognized the role that peers play in crime, the specific mechanisms responsible for this relationship have been difficult to isolate. Drawing from the perspectives of differential coercion and social support and differential association, we examine how one type of coercion among friends – conflict – moderates the peer deviance/crime relationship. Using dyadic data, greater levels of conflict are related to higher levels of deviance and conflict weakens the peer deviance–crime relationship. Overall, conflict plays a dual role by relating to higher amounts of deviance while jointly reducing the influence of peer deviance on crime.

The Future of Land Use Regulation: A Tribute to Callies One Small Point of Departure: Exactions and Impact Fees

There is a continuing debate after the Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management Dist., 133 S.Ct. 2586 (2013) decision as to whether legislatively-enacted impact fees should be subject to Nollan/Dolan scrutiny or whether only adjudicative actions in the form of physical or monetary exactions will require this heightened scrutiny. Nollan/Dolan heightened scrutiny developed when the Court in Nollan v. California Coastal Comm'n, 483 U.S. 825 (1987) held that the California Coastal Commission’s requirement that the Nollans dedicate a easement across their beachfront property in exchange for a permit to rebuild a new property did not have an “essential nexus” to the effects of the proposed land use. The Court in Dolan v. City of Tigard, 512 U.S. 374 (1994) refined this test to require that in addition to the exaction having an essential nexus, “that an adjudicative exaction requiring dedication of private property must also be “rough[ly] proportiona[l]” ... both in nature and extent to the impact of the proposed development.” In Koontz, the Court extended the use of Nollan/Dolan scrutiny to apply to monetary as well as physical exactions. Practitioners and scholars anticipate that this issue will come before the U.S. Supreme Court once litigation presents the appropriate case for the Court to give guidance to state and federal courts. This article, as well as the author’s prior article, When Local Government Misbehaves, 2016 Utah L. Rev. 105, argues that courts should apply deferential scrutiny to legislative impact fees. Instead of subjecting such legislative fees to the Nollan/Dolan test, courts should apply applicable state standards, which range from a deferential rational basis test in California to a searching inquiry in North Carolina. As explained by the Court in Koontz, exactions pose a special concern because “land-use permit applicants are especially vulnerable to the type of coercion that the unconstitutional conditions doctrine prohibits because the government often has broad discretion to deny a permit that is worth far more than property it would like to take. . . . [and] [e]xtortionate demands of this sort frustrate the Fifth Amendment right to just compensation.” Therefore, courts should apply heightened scrutiny to exactions in order to “provide important protection against the misuse of the power of land-use regulation,” however state and local legislative actions should continue to receive judicial deference. Takings challenges to legislative action should remain subject to the per se takings tests under Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 458 U.S. 419 (1982) (finding a taking “where government requires an owner to suffer a permanent physical invasion of her property”) and Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003 (1992) (finding a taking where regulations “completely deprive an owner of ‘all economically beneficial us[e]’ of her property”), or to the Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978) three-factor test (based on the “magnitude of a regulation's economic impact and the degree to which it interferes with legitimate property interests”), if it constitutes a partial taking. Until the Court speaks directly to the distinction between adjudicative exactions for individual development permitting and legislative impact fees designed to offset general development externalities, local governments, courts, litigators, and scholars will continue to struggle with whether the Nollan/Dolan test applies to municipal impact fees.

Can coercion be justified when it benefits the poor? The case of commercial surrogacy industry in India

Commercial surrogacy in India is a booming industry however the raising number of poor illiterate women's participation as commercial surrogate poses serious question of coercion, on the other hand it economically empowers them. In this context, this article analyses the crucial question, can coercion be justified when it benefits the poor by investigating commercial surrogates’ life stories and looking into the various types of coercion discreetly operates. It concludes with few recommendations which can help in empowering poor commercial surrogates who involved in commercial surrogacy industry in India.

PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE NATURE OF VIOLENCE

Purpose. In order to consistently distinguish between violence, which is always primarily a destructive force, and the civilized use of force that involves constructive, creative goals, one should explore the main possible philosophical approaches to understand the nature of violence and try to give it a systematic outline. Methodology. This study uses a systematic approach to identify the internal relationship between different forms of violence and, accordingly, the counteraction against violence. Also, the author uses an axiology to identify the values that are the basis for distinguishing violence from its prototypes, as well as for the distinction between violence and coercion, as well as different types of coercion. Originality. This article presents significant clarifications on the classification of types of violence, in particular, it is clearly established that certain types of violence can not have ethical relevance, since they belong to the sphere of biology (expansion, aggression) or social anthropology (cultural, institutional coercion). Actually violence or violence in the narrow sense implies the existence of will, consciousness and destructive purpose. Accordingly, counteraction against violence should include the formation of a certain non-violent type of will, non-violent culture and creative, constructive goals. This requires both personal effort and institutional support and the availability of appropriate moral traditions. Ethical theory is intended to clarify and systematize these efforts. In this sense, ethics is the core of practical philosophy. To the extent that the influence of ethics on changes in human culture and sociality in the counterfactual regime is increasing, one should also speak of the anthropological significance of ethics. Conclusions. From the socio-philosophical point of view, it is necessary to specify exactly which social institutions and in which constellation generate violence. The ethical aspect of the study of violence involves categorizing the problem in terms of good and evil: violence is evil, as opposed to coercion, which can be justified, legitimated - but always from the point of view of promoting the development of society and the individual, encouraging the disclosure of his creative potential. Counterfactuality acts as an important ethical category, which reveals the transformation mechanism applied by human relative to himself and society while focusing on the values of goodness and other constructive and creative values.

Indirect Compellence and Institutional Change: A Case Study On The Demise Of Swiss Banking Secrecy

Coercion is a central albeit under-researched mechanism in institutional theory. Institutional theorists have limited their analysis to cases of compellence (a particular type of coercion) were onl...

Examining the Relationship between Psychological Functioning, Childhood Trauma, and Types of Perceived Coercion Among Drug Court Enrollees: Results from A Pilot Study.

Background:Drug court interventions produce positive results—especially among mandated populations. Many criminal justice-involved persons, including drug court enrollees, have cooccurring substance abuse and childhood trauma disorders associated with psychological dysfunction. Given the coercive nature of mandated drug court treatment, it is important to understand whether childhood trauma and psychological functioning influence perceived coercion to enter treatment.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to describe the degree to which adverse childhood trauma and psychological functioning were associated with six domains of perceived coercion— self, family, legal, financial, health, and work—among a population of drug court enrollees.Methods:Data from 54 enrollees in a drug court pilot study were used to examine the relationship between childhood trauma, psychological functioning, and perceived coercion.Results:The pilot study data showed that psychological dysfunction and traumatic experiences in childhood were associated with higher perceived coercion to treatment, explaining 29% of the variance in coercion, controlling for gender and pre-arrest alcohol and drug use. Results indicated that the associations between psychological dysfunction and trauma were driven by non-legal types of coercion. In particular, childhood trauma was correlated with family (r = .32), financial (r = .32), and health (r = .47) types of coercion.Conclusions:Based on these preliminary findings, drug court practitioners are urged to assess perceived coercion, in addition to the behavioral health and childhood trauma of their clients, and to utilize non-legal types of coercion such as family, health, and financial impact to enhance treatment engagement.

Expanding the Behavior-Analytic Meanings of “Freedom”: the Contributions of Israel Goldiamond

The adoption of determinism and the use of the term “control” when referring to relations of influence between environment and the actions of organisms seem to suggest that there is no room for freedom in behavioral science. Nevertheless, some behavior analysts had articulated meanings of the word “freedom” that are wholly consistent with the epistemological assumptions of radical behaviorism. Some of these meanings, like those elaborated by Skinner, Baum and Catania, are relatively well-known in the behavior-analytical community and had some measure of conceptual or practical impact. In order to expand the possible behavior-analytic meanings of “freedom”, this article aimed to revisit and discuss a unique and little known formulation on the subject elaborated by Israel Goldiamond. To these ends, we present 1) Goldiamond’s first remarks on freedom; 2) his subsequent proposal of a nonlinear behavior analysis; 3) the concepts of degrees of freedom, degrees of coercion and “genuine choice”; and 4) the types of coercion identified by Goldiamond that ultimately limit freedom in different social contexts. This is followed by a discussion on how and to what extent Goldiamond’s formulation constitutes an expansion of the behavior-analytic meanings of “freedom”. Similarities and differences between Goldiamond´s formulations and those of Skinner, Baum and Catania are also discussed.

Fascism as Action through Time (Or How It Can Happen Here)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how fascism may be identified by its actions, the stages through which a fascist rule takes power, and how to recognize it before it does so. The thesis is that a fascist takeover of a democratic government is rapid and unexpected. Its goal is a revolutionary reversal of representative government in the name of the people, while it accomplishes the opposite: a single-party corporate regime that replaces individual liberty with subtle, bureaucratic, and overt types of coercion. Rather than generate a generic definition of the many types of fascism, it is more useful to study how it affects the lives of ordinary people, the milieu out of which it develops, and what its precursors look like. Understanding fascism entails studying it from the point of view of those who lived under it and recorded their experiences, as well as from the analytic perspectives of social scientists. As Robert O. Paxton observes: “The fascist phenomenon was poorly understood at the beginning in part because it was unexpected.”1 We are facing the question again in 2017 with the surprise election of Donald Trump as the forty-fifth president of the United States by a minority of the popular vote and the evident support of the white nationalist milieu. Paxton proposes a five-stage theory for understanding fascism in its many varieties. A developmental sequence is proposed against which current events in the United States may be assessed.

The Tip of the Iceberg: Media Coverage of “Slave Labor” in Argentina

The Argentina media often report “slave labor” conditions in clothing production and seed nurseries. A critical assessment of the types of coercion (economic and noneconomic) that hold workers under these brutal conditions indicates that instances of extraeconomic coercion are merely the extreme manifestation of a general situation in which economic coercion predominates. The determinants of the deterioration of working conditions in these two sectors include relative overpopulation and technological backwardness. Los medios habitualmente refieren en a las condiciones laborales en los talleres textiles y empresas semilleras argentinas como formas de “trabajo esclavo.” Un balance crítico de los tipos de coacción (económica o extraeconómica) que confina a estos trabajadores a brutales condiciones laborales indica que los casos particulares donde existe alguna forma de coacción extraeconómica pueden considerarse la manifestación extrema de una condición más extendida donde la coacción económica predomina. Las determinaciones del deterioro de las condiciones laborales en estas dos ramas económicas incluyen la expansión de la sobrepoblación relativa y el carácter tecnológicamente atrasado de estas actividades.

Sexting Coercion as a Component of Intimate Partner Polyvictimization.

We examined the role of sexting coercion as a component of the intimate partner abuse (IPA) construct among young adults to determine whether sexting coercion would emerge alongside other forms of partner aggression as a cumulative risk factor for psychological, sexual, and attachment problems. In a sample of 885 undergraduates (301 men and 584 women), 40% had experienced some type of coercion. Although there was some overlap between sexual coercion and sexting coercion (21% of participants had experienced both), some individuals had experienced only sexting coercion (8%) and some only sexual coercion (11%). Women were more likely than men to be coerced into sexting. Both sexting coercion and sexual coercion were significantly and independently related to negative mental health symptoms, sexual problems, and attachment dysfunction, and, notably, sexting coercion was found to be a cumulative risk factor for nearly all of these negative effects. These data support the idea that digital sexual victimization is a new component of IPA polyvictimization, potentially increasing the negative effects experienced by victims of multiple forms of partner aggression.

Applying Differential Coercion and Social Support Theory to Police Officers’ Misconduct

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study is to test differential coercion and social support theory on police officers’ misconduct. Data from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, 1997–1999 are analyzed to test the propositions of the theory. Specifically, we test whether this theory can explain intimate partner violence (IPV) and problematic drinking perpetrated by police officers. Results indicated that two types of coercion (out of five) were significant in predicting IPV perpetration, while two alternate forms of coercion were significant in predicting problematic alcohol consumption. Anger was the only significant social–psychological deficit in predicting both dependent variables. Social support, mainly from family/friends and the department, only decreased the odds of problematic alcohol consumption. The current study provides further evidence that victimization continues to be one of the most consistent forms of coercion most likely to lead to criminal behavior.

One-year incidence and prevalence of seclusion: Dutch findings in an international perspective.

The Netherlands started a nationwide coercion reduction program in 2007. In 2011, accurate registration of coercive measures became obligatory by law. The aim of this study was to compare number and duration of coercive measures in the Netherlands with international data. 2011 data on coercive measures were collected, using a system developed in Germany. To understand determinants of coercion, multilevel logistic regression was performed. 12.0% (n=5169) of patients (n=42.960) in 2011 experienced at least one coercive measure. Exposure to coercion was comparable to other countries, and duration was higher. Medication use seemed to half average times in seclusion. In the Netherlands, coercion mainly constituted of seclusion and occurred in bipolar and psychotic disorders. In Germany, coercion was mostly mechanical restraint and occurred in organic disorders and schizophrenia. Gathering comprehensive data allows comparisons between countries, increasing our understanding of the impact of different cultures, legislation and health care systems on coercion. In the Netherlands, seclusion is still the main type of coercion, despite significant improvements in the last few years. It is shorter when applied in combination with enforced medication.

The local bureaucrat in the making of urban power

This paper presents a perspective on urban power using the Gramscian concept of hegemony. In particular it focuses, on the coercion–consensus binary encompassed by the concept. The discussion is framed within Mexico’s national security policy and reforms that feed into its war on drugs. It is argued that the militarization of the police illustrates the violent coercion of the State, whereas the concept of citizen security illustrates the consensual side of the hegemonic binary. Based on previous debates, the paper argues that unpacking coercion into its different types is important in acknowledging the role of the bureaucrat within the study of (urban) security. Through the understandings built between local bureaucrats (beyond police forces) and citizens, it is argued that the ’complicit’ and ’neglecting’ types of coercion may work as mechanisms that undermine the consensual discourse of citizen security and its implementation.

Laura Valentini: Justice in a Globalized World: A Normative Framework

Laura Valentini’s Justice in a Globalized World presents, with admirable clarity, a new, hybrid conception of global justice that builds on insights from both cosmopolitans and statists, especially their relational variants. Relational cosmopolitans generally argue that substantial economic cooperation and interdependence (i.e., the relevant economic relations) trigger robust obligations of distributive justice. They then argue that, as a matter of fact, these relations obtain globally in virtue of intensifying global trade, capital flows, and labor migration. Thus, relational cosmopolitans conclude that obligations of distributive justice directly apply to the global economic order. Relational statists, by contrast, argue that obligations of distributive justice are trigged by coercive, political relations. Furthermore, these coercive relations only obtain—and can only be justified—within a state. As a consequence, the global order is a ‘secondary site’ of justice that ought to be concerned with assisting and protecting legitimate states but does not directly trigger obligations of distributive justice. Valentini’s view occupies a conceptual space that borrows from both the cosmopolitan and statist conceptions. From the statists, she agrees that obligations of distributive justice are triggered by coercion. Yet, pace the statist conception, Valentini argues that the global order is itself coercive. Thus, Valentini argues that, on the statists’ own view, they ought to be committed to globally-oriented obligations of distributive justice. While cosmopolitans argue for uniquely global obligations of justice because globalization has led to economic cooperation, Valentini argues that globalization—and its concomitant institutional regimes as described by the cosmopolitans—actually creates sources and loci of coercive power. So, Valentini accepts the normative conception of statists—at least in its general terms—but she rejects the statist application of that conception to the global order. Statists miss the coercive nature of the global order, argues Valentini, because they have an impoverished view of coercion that fails to detect these new sources of global power. Statists have, incorrectly, thought that the only relevant kind of coercion is ‘interactional,’ which is defined as “Agent A coerces another agent B if A foreseeably and avoidably places non-trivial constraints on B’s freedom, compared to B’s freedom in the absence of A’s intervention” (130). This type of coercion is ascribable to a single agent, and represents a rights violation. Yet, the Ethic Theory Moral Prac (2014) 17:587–588 DOI 10.1007/s10677-014-9509-9

Gender Differences in Patterns of Experienced Sexual Coercion and Associated Vulnerability Factors Among Young People in The Netherlands

The development of effective policies and programs to prevent sexual coercion among young people requires thorough understanding of the diversity of coercive sexual experiences, patterns in such types of experiences, and similarities and differences between subgroups, especially by gender, in patterns of coercive sexual experiences and associations with potential vulnerability factors. The present online self-report study assessed a wide range of coercive sexual experiences and potential vulnerability factors among a sociodemographically diverse sample of 1,319 young people (16-25 years old) in The Netherlands. Findings confirm that sexual coercion comprises a diversity of experiences, with rates differing substantially across types of coercion. Latent class analysis revealed distinct patterns of coercive sexual experiences for young women and young men. Among young men, three patterns of experiences were found: no coercive sexual experiences, experience with verbal pressure, and experience with verbal pressure as well as coercion related to alcohol intoxication. Among young women, four patterns of coercive experiences were identified. In addition to the three patterns observed among young men, a fourth pattern encompassed experiences with verbal pressure as well as the use of force or violence. Higher numbers of sexual partners, lower levels of sexual refusal skills, and higher levels of token resistance were consistently associated with increased vulnerability. Findings illustrate the importance of communication skills and suggest that sexual communication training should be an integral part of sexuality education.