Type Of Circuit Breaker Research Articles

Shaking Table Test on Seismic Performance of Combined High Voltage Circuit Breaker

This paper focused on the experimental characteristics of seismic performance on a typical combined high voltage (HV) circuit breaker. Through the shaking table test of the scale model of a “T”-type circuit breaker, the results indicated that the test model could better reflect the main force characteristics of the prototype structures. Meanwhile, the dynamic characteristics of the model structure were reflected by white noise sweep frequency, and the seismic response of the model structure under the excitation of different seismic waves with different intensities were studied. It is concluded that the vulnerable parts of the model structure appeared at the root of the structural insulation porcelain column, the top and the bottom of the structure. Generally, the magnification coefficient of acceleration is about 1.1-2.7.

Research on 10kv Quick Vacuum Circuit Breaker with Double Opening and Closing Coils

This paper introduces the development history of vacuum circuit breakers. According to the low reliability of the vacuum circuit breakers with single opening and closing coil, this paper proposes a new type of 10kV quick vacuum circuit breaker with double opening and closing coils. This new type circuit breaker has two opening and closing coils, which together act on the metal disc of the circuit breaker to ensure the reliability. Then, the electromagnetic repulsion force of the metal disk is deduced using the equivalent calculation method. On this basis, mathematical analysis and calculation are performed on the electromagnetic repulsion of the circuit breaker's metal disc. Thereby the reliablity of the quick vacuum circuit breaker with double opening and closing coils is proved.

Circuit Breakers A Survey Among International Trading Venues

Circuit Breakers are widely implemented in 2016. Currently, the majority (86%) of the responding trading venues use circuit breakers to ensure investor protection and to increase market integrity and stability. Compared to the previous study (WFE, 2008), the proportion of exchanges using circuit breakers increased from 60% to 86%. The most widely-used circuit breaker mechanisms are market-wide trading halts and volatility interruptions. On cash markets, market-wide trading halts and volatility interruptions represent 72% of the implementations. On derivatives markets, most exchanges coordinate their circuit breaker with their cash market (40%) followed by market-wide trading halts (20%) and volatility interruptions (13%). The majority of mechanisms do not differentiate between upward or downward market movements. Either way, when price fluctuations are extensive, circuit breakers are triggered. In the cash market segment, only 15 of 47 (32%) mechanisms react solely to downward market movements. Thirteen of 15 (87%) circuit breakers on the derivatives markets are triggered in both directions. Only in two cases of internal coordination between cash and derivatives markets, the respective trading halt on both market segments is only triggered in the event of downward market movements. Most circuit breakers are triggered by predetermined price ranges that are either static or dynamic with the former being set wider than the latter. It is noticeable that only volatility interruption mechanisms apply dynamic price ranges (in most cases in combination with static ranges). The other three types of circuit breakers rely on static price ranges, which typically refer to the previous day´s closing prices or last auction prices. Transparency dominates when it comes to providing information on the thresholds to market participants. The vast majority (92%) of responding exchanges publishes all information regarding the threshold determination process and the thresholds themselves. However, three exchanges only provide general information, but do not disclose specific parameters such as the width of price ranges to avoid deliberate triggering of the circuit breaker. There is support for greater coordination of circuit breakers across venues. The study gathered a multitude of opinions of global trading venues and thus serves as further input to this important topic. Although 20 of 29 responding exchanges (69%) generally favor the concept of coordination, only 32% of the exchanges that make use of circuit breakers already coordinate them with other venues.

Types of Circuit Breaker and its Application in Substation Protection

Power system consists of the generation, transmission, distribution, and substation. All the power system component requires suitable protection devices as the protection system to protect the system during fault occur. In this paper, the circuit breaker has been selected as one of the protection devices in several applications. The types of circuit breaker that has been reviewed in this paper are oil circuit breaker (OCB), air circuit breaker (ACB), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker, and DC breaker which are hybrid DC breaker and solid-state DC breaker. Normally, the systems or the circuits disrupted or damaged by the fault. To implement the protection system in the system or circuit, the type of faults and cause of faults should be known to overcome the fault. To provide the suitable voltage for the consumer, the substation is needed to control the voltage transmitted at high voltage from the generating station. Protection system is also required in a substation.

Ensuring Market Integrity and Stability: Circuit Breakers on International Trading Venues

Circuit breakers are important mechanisms used to prevent excess short-term volatility and to ensure price continuity. This article presents the results of an international survey on the design and application of circuit breakers on trading venues worldwide. The majority (86%) of the responding trading venues apply circuit breakers and thereby aim to ensure investor protection and increase market integrity and stability. On cash markets, market-wide trading halts and volatility interruptions are the most prevalent types of circuit breakers (72%). On derivatives markets, most exchanges coordinate their circuit breaker with their cash market (40%), followed by marketwide trading halts (20%) and volatility interruptions (13%). Most circuit breakers do not differentiate between upward and downward market movements. There is also support for greater coordination of circuit breakers across venues, and a few exchanges (32%) already coordinate their circuit breakers with other venues. <b>TOPICS:</b>Exchanges/markets/clearinghouses, global

Impact of SFCL on the Four Types of HVDC Circuit Breakers by Simulation

Recently, studies on HVDC circuit breaker (CB) prototypes have shown successful test results. Nevertheless, effective and reliable solutions regarding massive fault energy during dc fault interruption have not yet been commercialized, and dc current breaking topologies on methods of achieving artificial zero should be somewhat modified. As an alternative, one feasible solution is to combine fault current limiting technologies with dc breaking topologies. In this paper, we studied the application of resistive superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) on various types of HVDC CB in order to estimate the effects of combining fault current limiters and conventional dc breakers. For the simulation works, four types of dc breaker topologies were modeled, including a mechanical CB using black-box arc model, a passive resonance CB (PRCB), an inverse current injection CB, and a hybrid HVDC CB. In addition, a resistive SFCL was simulated and added to the dc breakers to verify its interruption characteristic and distributed energy across HVDC CB. From the simulation results, we found that the maximum fault current, interruption time, and dissipated energy stress on the HVDC CB could be decreased by applying SFCL. In addition, it was observed that, among four types of HVDC CB, PRCB with SFCL exhibited the best observable enhancement.

Study on Analysis of Interrupting Characteristics for O-CO Operation of Self-blast Type Circuit Breakers

The function of high voltage circuit breaker is to clear the fault current and protect the equipment in a power network when the overload or short circuit is generated in the network. High voltage circuit breaker should interrupt short circuit currents not only under Open operation for minimum arcing time but also under Open-CloseOpen operation for maximum arcing time. Self-blast type high voltage circuit breaker often fails to interrupt the short circuit current under the Open-CloseOpen operation condition. In this study, analysis of arc extinction characteristics under the Open-CloseOpen operation for maximum arcing time has been conducted for the self-blast type high voltage circuit breaker. Arc extinction phenomena were analyzed by simulation that was developed based on computational fluid dynamics. Arc simulations for high voltage circuit breaker use compressible gas dynamic equations(e.g. Navier-Stokes equations) including Ohmic input, Lorentz force and radiation transport. Relevant Maxwell’s equations are included for the calculation of electromagnetic fields. The simulation results show that the arc extinction performance of the Open-CloseOpen operation is severely affected by the conditions of remaining thermal gas in the thermal expansion chamber after the first Open operation.

The Optimal Configuration of Feeder Switches in DAS Based on Pareto Optimality Solution

In urban radial networks, the feeder is often complex with a main line, branches and even sub-branches. It is necessary to optimize the configuration of automation switching devices in distribution automation system (DAS) to reduce the impact range of power outage and improve the power supply reliability. The interruption frequency and the space-time relationship among the switching devices were ignored in the most of researches. This paper presents a new reliability planning scheme of switching devices in DAS which involves three types of circuit breakers and three types of load switches. The model which target is to get the minimal cost, the lowest average annual interruption frequency and the least interruption duration is built thereby. The constraint is the availability rate of electricity supply of load node. Based on the Pareto optimality theory, the multi-objective differential evolution algorithm is adopted to solve the Pareto front efficiently. The proposed algorithm can provide many optional choices and the final scheme can be chosen based on the situation. Finally, a practical example is used to illustrate the developed scheme.

TDV10 Type Vacuum Circuit Breaker Electromagnetic Operating Mechanism Design

TDV10 upright type vacuum circuit breaker is mainly used for electric locomotive running in the process of main circuit disconnection and connection, and also applied in the overload protection and short circuit protection.And TDV10 type operating mechanism is pneumatic, pneumatic structure because of its complex structure, cylinder work noise, air leakage risk, now a electromagnetic operating mechanism is designed to replace the pneumatic institution.TDV10 type circuit breaker through analysis the principle and performance parameters of the comparison, put forward the feasibility in theory, and gives the basic design of the electromagnetic mechanism and external circuit.Using Ansoft software design agency for static and dynamic simulation analysis of magnetic field. Through the analysis and comparison of the curve of each parameter, verify the feasibility of the design.

Alterações de funções orais na presença de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos com recursos intraorais

OBJETIVO: investigar as possíveis alterações de fala, mastigação e deglutição em usuários de aparelhos ortodônticos com recursos intraorais fixos no palato. MÉTODO: foram avaliados 28 pacientes de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 10 a 24 anos, em tratamento no Centro de Reabilitação Estética Orofacial em Campinas. Tais pacientes foram avaliados por fonoaudiólogas antes da colocação do aparelho e após trinta dias de uso de aparelho ortodôntico com recurso fixo. Todos os sujeitos foram avaliados previamente por ortodontistas e apresentaram indicação de colocação do recurso intraoral. O exame fonoaudiológico foi composto pela avaliação da mastigação, deglutição e fala, segundo protocolo especifico de motricidade orofacial, e de teste de fala na área de fonética. Os testes estatísticos aplicados foram: Teste de ANOVA, teste T-Student Pareado, Teste de Igualdade de duas proporções e Intervalo de Confiança para a média. Foram considerados significantes associações com p-valor &lt; 0,05 . RESULTADOS: para a amostra analisada, não houve alterações de mastigação e deglutição estatisticamente significantes após um mês de uso dos aparelhos selecionados. Na fala, 64,3% da amostra não apresentou alterações, mas em 25% dos pacientes observou-se a presença de distorção de grupos consonantais na presença de aparelhos do tipo disjuntor. CONCLUSÃO: o uso de aparelhos fixos com recursos intraorais, provoca modificações estatisticamente significantes somente na fala.

Three-phase Making Test Method for Common Type Circuit Breaker

The synthetic short-circuit making test to adequately stress the circuit breaker has been specified as the mandatory test duty in the IEC 62271-100. The purpose of this test is to give the maximum pre-arcing energy during making operation. And this requires the making operation with symmetrical short-circuit current that is established when the breakdown between contact gap occurs near the crest of the applied voltage. Also, if the interrupting chamber of circuit breakers is designed as the type of common enclosure or the operation is made by the gang operated mechanism that threephase contacts are operated by one common mechanism, three-phase synthetic making test is basically required. Therefore, several testing laboratories have developed and proposed their own test circuits to properly evaluate the breaker performance. With these technical backgrounds, we have developed the new alternative three-phase making circuit.

A New Z-Source DC Circuit Breaker

A novel type of circuit breaker is introduced for operation at medium-voltage dc with future naval ship power systems as a targeted application. The breaker utilizes a z-source LC circuit in order to automatically commutate a main-path SCR during a fault. Compared to existing dc circuit breakers, the z-source breaker features fast turn-off, simple control, and the source does not experience the fault current. The operation and analysis of the new breaker is presented. Component sizing is carried out for three medium-voltage power levels. Incorporation of the new breaker within a drive system is also explored. Laboratory validation is carried out on a low-voltage prototype.

Upgrading of the VVN air-blast circuit breakers with shunting betel resistor equipment

It is shown that the betel resistor shunting equipment enables the nominal disconnection current of the VVN series air-blast circuit breakers, operating at a voltage of 110 - 330 kV and a current of up to 31.5 kA, to be in- creased. The upgraded circuit breakers satisfy the requirements of the Russian Federation standards. Values of the resistance of the resistors and methods of mounting them are presented, and also measures which must be taken to upgrade all types of circuit breakers. The VVN series of circuit breakers are the most widely used air-blast circuit breakers in Russia operating at a voltage of 110 - 330 kV. They began to be developed during the pe- riod in which the State Standard GOST 687-41 and the time standards for reestablishing the voltage operated. These stan- dards were considerably below those adopted in subsequent standards. Moreover, in the development period no require- ments were imposed on the switching capability when dis- connecting local short circuits. The increase in the operating level of power systems was accompanied by an increase in the short-circuit currents at the points where circuit breakers were placed. The increase in the number of substations and the reduction in the lengths of the power transmission lines led to a considerable increase in the number of short circuits, which could be regarded as local discharges. As a result, the switching capability of cir- cuit breakers of the VVN series, and primarily of the 110 kV circuit breakers, at the beginning of the Seventies of the last century ceased to correspond to the operating conditions in the power systems. Research and tests of circuit breakers, carried at the Ural Polytechnic Institute, under Professor M. M. Akodis, showed that the switching capability of the VVN-110 circuit breakers under factory conditions with a ShS-300 shunting resistor had to be limited to a current of 12.5 kA as against the certi- fied value of 31.5 kA. Improvements in the methods of test- ing the switching capability and repeated tests of circuit breakers showed that the switching capability of circuit breakers had to be limited to a current of 20 kA. Since the replacement of the large number of established VVN-series circuit breakers by other types of circuit break- ers involve considerable technical and economic difficulties, the Scientific-Research Center for Testing of High-Voltage Apparatus and the Energotekhprom enterprise were commis- sioned to develop a method of upgrading the VVN-series of circuit breakers in order to increase their switching capa- bility.

Radiometric Timing of High-Voltage Circuit-Breaker Opening Operations

This paper demonstrates the feasibility of radiometric on-line circuit breaker timing. The timing test is crucial and can reveal a wide range of faults or defects. The work presented concentrates on the timing of gas-insulated substation (GIS) circuit breakers, which due to their enclosed nature pose a variety of challenges not encountered in air insulated substations (AIS). It is demonstrated how key events in the arcing process such as arc ignition and extinctions can be identified from the emitted electromagnetic pulses and how this information can be used to assess the integrity of the circuit breaker being monitored. The results are backed by site measurements of a high voltage reactor switching SF6 double pole puffer breaker. The proposed technique can readily be extended to monitor closing operations as well as being adapted to monitor other types of circuit breakers.

A Novel Smart High-Voltage Circuit Breaker for Smart Grid Applications

In this paper, we propose a new “intelligent operation” concept for high-voltage SF6 gas circuit breakers, in which the moving contacts are self-adaptively controlled from one position to an adjacent position to improve the circuit breaker life cycles. To analyze the concept intelligent operation, a new model of high-voltage SF6 gas circuit breaker is developed, and the moving characteristics of the new type circuit breaker are computed based on the newly designed model. Then both mechanical and electrical wears are quantitatively analyzed according to the breaker's new moving characteristic. Finally, we demonstrate the life cycle improvement of the new type of high-voltage SF6 gas circuit breaker. Our analysis can also be used to estimate the remaining life cycle of a breaker based on the tallied data collected by our intelligent modules.

Latest technical trend of arc plasma, electrical contacts, and their applications

AbstractArc plasma generated by arc discharges is used in various fields because of its extraordinary characteristics such as very high temperature and high energy density. On the other hand, the principle of current interruption by extinguishing the arc discharge between electrical contacts is practical and useful in many types of circuit breakers. Arc discharge and electrical contacts have been well investigated, and numerous procedures have been developed. In this review paper, we introduce the recent technical trends in arc plasma treating wastes, synthesizing new materials, and the latest circuit breakers equipped with arc plasma and electrical contact techniques. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.

Reducing the magnetizing inrush current by means of controlled energization and de-energization of large power transformers

Energizing unloaded transformers may result in magnetizing inrush current of high amplitude. These currents have many unfavorable effects including differential protection maloperation, deterioration of the insulation material and mechanical support structure of windings, voltage sag and other power quality issues on the HV, as well as on lower voltage terminal(s). If no point-on-wave controller is applied the energization of the transformer may occur at any time on the sinusoidal wave producing high inrush current peaks if the transformer core is driven into saturation. The point-on-wave control methodology presented in this paper has been elaborated to eliminate the inrush currents of 132/15 kV, Y/delta connected generator step-up transformers, which are switched very often in quick start, gas-turbine power stations. A new controller has been elaborated to operate the mechanically staggered, common drive type circuit breakers which are characterized by three-pole operated spring drive and fixed time delay between the operating poles. The paper proposes a new method to minimize the residual flux in the core by means of controlled de-energization. The new concept has been proved by several field tests and the new controllers have been put into service in several power stations in Hungary.

History of vacuum circuit breakers and recent developments in Japan

Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) have been developed and widely applied in Japan to meet the requirements of increasing energy consumption and also in national security of various areas. As a result, for example, a 168 kV two break porcelain type and a 100 kA one break VCB have already appeared in the Japanese market and they are currently being exported to world-wide markets. VCBs interrupt currents in vacuum, and this means they do not exhaust dissolved gases which are sometimes harmful to the human body or cause effects on the environment. Therefore, by its nature, the recycling of materials and safety to the human body have been realized, and also no global warming effects would be expected. Energy is extremely essential and important in human daily life, and many types of circuit breakers play important roles in electrical power transmission and distribution systems to maintain the systems reliability and safety by switching the systems under several conditions. Since vacuum circuit breakers possess a lot of advantages such as high current interrupting capabilities, small size, and low cost, they will be used much more in the future, and at this moment, we believe it is very worthy to discuss and consider thoroughly future trends of VCBs. In this paper, the results of the developments in Japan will be reviewed, the reflection of the results will be stated, and the subjects of engineering in the 21st century will be discussed. These will include recycling, safeguards to the human body and the fireless nature of VCBs; and it will be demonstrated that the developmental works of VCBs are being wonderfully explored in Japan now and in the future.

Present Status of Power Circuit Breaker and its Future

Gas circuit breaker and vacuum circuit breaker are the 2 main types of circuit breaker used in extra high voltage and medium voltage networks. After reviewing the history of these circuit breakers, their present status and technologies are described. As for future technology, computation of interrupting phenomena, SF6 gas less apparatus and expectation of the high voltage vacuum circuit breaker are discussed.

Mechanical Condition Recognition of Medium-Voltage Vacuum Circuit Breaker Based on Mechanism Dynamic Features Simulation and ANN

A new research method is proposed for the medium-voltage (MV) vacuum circuit breaker's (CB's) mechanical condition monitoring, which combines the mechanism dynamic features simulation and mechanical condition recognition algorithm based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). This method includes three steps: First, the relations between eigenvalues and mechanical failures of a vacuum circuit breaker (CB) through simulation instead of measurement are obtained. In this paper, the mechanism dynamic features of a vacuum CB in failure are simulated; the simulation results indicate that the parameter that can be monitored-main angle-has different characters for different mechanism failures. Second, the eigenvalues for different failure conditions are described by three parameters. Third, mechanical condition recognition of the MV vacuum CB by an algorithm based on ANN is realized. It is concluded by the work mentioned above, both the known mechanical condition type and the new mechanical condition type of the medium-voltage vacuum CB can be recognized with predetermined reliability.