Types Of Cartridges Research Articles

Novel Jet Cutter Cartridge for Eliminating Deepwater Stuck Pipe Hazards

Pipe sticking is one of technical challenges in the drilling industry that has a major impact on the drilling efficiency and well costs. In order to eliminate deep water stuck pipe hazards, a new type of the jet cutter cartridge is designed. The main structure of the cartridge is a linear shaped charge including hydrogen-based emulsion explosives and copper tubes. During the detonation process of emulsion explosives, the copper tubes form several linear jet cutters along the ring direction to penetrate the stuck drill pipe. Experimental results indicate that the properties of hydrogen-based emulsion explosive meet the requirement to the explosive for the environment of the stuck point. This annular jet cutter cartridge is successfully applied in a copper mine to solve a stuck pipe incident.

CRIMINALISTICS ASPECTS OF THE STUDY BALLISTIC CHARACTERISTICS AND STRIKING PROPERTIES OF BULLETS OF PISTOL CARTRIDGES OF 9 × 21 IMI CALIBER

The article presents data based on the results of experimental studies on the external ballistics parameters and the nature of changes in the trajectory of the kinetic energy of four types of pistol cartridges bullets 9 × 21 IMI (9 × 21 mm.), which were shot from two samples of carbines with different lengths of the rifled part of the barrel. Of particular interest are data on the nature of the shell interaction and expansive bullets of cartridges of the indicated caliber with the tissues of a biological object, the imitation of the interaction with which was carried out using ballistic testing backing material (ballistic clay). The use of a simulator of biological tissues of the human body made it possible to determine the features of the shock-contact interaction of shell and expansive bullets with them, as well as to establish the nature of the behavior of these bullets in the thickness of a viscoelastic medium. It was experimentally found that under certain conditions, 9 mm jacketed bullets are capable of inflicting through wounds to the human body at firing distances up to 25 m inclusive, while the bullet, after breaking through the barrier, has energy characteristics that are sufficient to inflict a penetrating injury of varying severity on another biological object. Due to the use of ballistic clay, it became possible to visualize the maximum amount of damage caused by shell and expansive bullets, as well as to determine the features of the formation of exit wounds, taking into account the destabilization of shell bullets in the thickness of the obstacle. It should be noted that at firing distances up to 5 m inclusive, shell bullets, due to the loss of gyroscopic stability in the tissues of a biological object, which have a sufficiently large thickness, are capable of inflicting wounds, the volume and severity of which are comparable to or exceed the corresponding parameters of wounds caused by expansive bullets. The obtained results of measurements of the velocity of the of shell bullets after overcoming an obstacle in the form of a viscoelastic medium can later become the basis for calculating the contact speed of a bullet with a known length of the channel of the inflicted wound. The article for the first time presents the calculated data on the parameters of the flight path of shell and expansive bullets of pistol cartridges 9 × 21 IMI (9 × 21 mm.) at firing distances up to 100 m. The presented results of experimental studies and calculated data will allow experts in the field of forensic ballistics and forensic medicine to solve the tasks set by the pre-trial investigation authorities. Key words: ballistic clay, biological object, elements of the trajectory of a bullet flight, carbine, pistol cartridge, wound, wound channel, damaging properties, damage.

Analytical procedures for the determination of estrogen compounds in a surface water reservoir in Southeast Brazil

In this study, an analytical methodology was validated to determine and quantify four estrogen hormones using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detections by diode array detector (DAD) and by fluorescence detector (FLD). For validation of the method, the following parameters were evaluated: linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness. Environmental samples were preconcentrated using solid phase extractions and for that, an experimental design was planned to determine the best recovery conditions by varying cartridge types, flow of eluent, pH of the samples, and eluting solvent. Five surface water sampling campaigns were carried out in five different sites of Furnas Reservoir over the months of December 2015 and May 2016. Sample point 1 was located near the sewage treatment plant of the city of Alfenas - MG, while sample point 5 was the most distant from this location. All estrogens, except for E1, were found in all water samples of at least one of the sampling sites. The concentrations of E3, E2 and EE2 ranged from 11-366, 63-422 and 75-9998 ng L-1, respectively. These results are consistent with several studies published in the scientific literature.

Preliminary Comparative Investigations on Ballistic Properties of Intermediate Cartridges

The preliminary results of comparative investigations on intermediate cartridges were presented in this paper. The research focused mainly on the adopted assumptions and verification of research methods. Pressure ballistic test barrels, manufactured according to NATO EPVAT standards, were used for tests. The pressure courses of propellant gases in the barrel and the projectile velocity at four points of the bullet trajectory were measured. The pressure impulses, R100 parameter at 50 m and average bullet drag coefficient were calculated for each type of cartridge. The results allowed for a preliminary ballistic comparison of the most popular types of intermediate cartridges.

A Comprehensive Quality Assurance Platform in Canada for National Point-of-Care Chronic Kidney Disease Screening: The Kidney Check Program

A Comprehensive Quality Assurance Platform in Canada for National Point-of-Care Chronic Kidney Disease Screening: The Kidney Check Program

Rapid Assessment of Coagulation at the Point of Care With the Hemochron Signature Elite System

Real-time point-of-care (POC) measurement of coagulation parameters, including activated clotting time (ACT), activated partial thromboplastin time, and prothrombin time with calculated international normalized ratio can improve patient outcomes in clinical settings, such as surgical and minimally invasive cardiac procedures, critical care units, and emergency departments. Point-of-care analyzers used in these settings must be small, portable, robust, and easy to use. The Hemochron Signature Elite system (Instrumentation Laboratory) offers 6 types of single-use disposable coagulation test cartridges, ACT+ (to measure high to moderate unfractionated heparin concentrations), ACT-LR (to measure moderate to low unfractionated heparin concentrations), activated partial thromboplastin time (citrate or whole-blood samples), and prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (citrate or whole-blood samples). Using a mechanical clot-detection technology, 1 to 2 drops of blood are mixed with an assay-specific reagent. Results are analyzed, displayed, and archived within minutes of testing. An integral barcode reader scans patient and operator IDs, and reagent lot details for documentation and traceability. The system supports remote connectivity (POCT01-A–compliant) and POC management of data, operators, and analyzers with GEMweb Plus 500 Custom Connectivity solution (Instrumentation Laboratory). The Hemochron Signature Elite system provides rapid and reliable testing with the broadest coagulation test menu of any POC instrument.

Development of SPE clean-up procedure for acrylamide determination from potato-based products by GC-MS/MS

Abstract The aim of this work was to develop an analytical method for determining acrylamide in potato-based products by gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS/MS) using solid-phase extraction (SPE) clean-up. Different conditions for extraction and clean-up of AA extracts were studied on a potato crisps reference material (RM) with the value of 625 ± 45 μg/kg: the solvent volume used for AA elution, the extraction water temperature, the volume of hexane used, and also the addition of Carrez solutions. The SPE cartridge sorbents contain silica-based C-18 groups (anion and cation exchangers) and polymers (polystyrene-divinylbenzene). After SPE clean-up, extracts were derivatized with bromine compounds. A good efficiency for AA extraction and a cleaned-up extract from this matrix were obtained when the SPE procedure was carried out with water at room temperature, simultaneous with hexane, without Carrez solutions, by using two types of SPE cartridges (Isolute Multimode; Isolute ENV+), and 5 mL of elution solvent. The SPE clean-up procedure functionality was demonstrated by the results obtained in the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme proficiency test (z-score: −0.8) on French fries (precooked) matrix and also by comparative analysis with a laboratory procedure, validated and accredited on cereal-based food matrices, in which liquid–liquid extraction and clean-up through a florisil column were realized (RSD(R) = 2.23–5.10%).

Validation of an improved LC/MS/MS method for acrylamide analysis in foods

An improved LC/MS/MS method was set up and validated for analyzing acrylamide (AA) in foods including fried potato snack food, baked breakfast food, bread, coffee and tea drinks which are the most popular stimulant drinks in Taiwan. Two types of cartridge in tandem use, elution volume, and a long column (250 mm), were used to improve the separation of interferences and reduce detection limit. Reproducibility, repeatability, and recovery tests were conducted to assure the analytical method applicable in house validation testing. Participation in the FAPAS® inter-comparison study resulted in a satisfactory result. The limit of detection was 3 μg/kg; mean recoveries ranged from 95 to 113%; coefficients of variation ranged from 1.3 to 10.0% for repeatability test and 3.3 to 6.9% for reproducibility test. The good results showed the method has been successfully set up to serve as a routinely analytical method. We also found that brown sugar with high AA contents lead to high AA content in some foods including those not cooked at high temperature.

Method Validation and Investigation of the Levels of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants and Soils of Irrigated Golf Course.

The validation of a sensitive and reliable analytical procedure for the determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in solid environmental samples is reported in this study. Initially, two types of derivatization were used for the identification of the 13 target PPCP standards (acylation and silylation), but silylation proved to be better in sensitivity as it detected all of the analytes under investigation. Samples were extracted using an ultrasonicator, concentrated and re-dissolved in 100 mL water, then cleaned-up using C18 cartridges before silylation that preceded the Gas chromatography-mass Spectrometry detector (GC–MS) analyses. The optimized method provided a linear response over the range of 10–400 ng·g−1 with r2 > 0.992 and satisfactory recoveries (>45.6%) for the 13 compounds of interest. In this study, the variation of the sonication temperature, type of organic solvent for extraction, and types of cartridge were used to optimize the extraction procedure. A good repeatability (within day) and reproducibility (between days) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) that was equal or less than 13% for all the PPCPs were achieved with the developed extraction procedures for the irrigated soil and sewage sludge samples. The limits of detection (LODs) of the tested compounds varied from 0.1 ng·g−1 (aspirin) to 1.4 ng·g−1 (doxycycline) and from 0.1 ng·g−1 (codiene) to 1.7 ng·g−1 (doxycycline) for soils and sewage sludge samples, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the sludge of wastewater treatment plants and soils of an irrigated golf course. Among the tested emerging pollutants, paracetamol showed the highest concentration value of 98.9 ng·g−1 in the sludge, and for the irrigated soil (0 to 10 cm), the concentration ranged from 1.16 ng·g−1 (aspirin) to 8.57 ng·g−1 (ibuprofen).

Tetrabutylammonium tosylate as inert phase-transfer catalyst: The key to high efficiency SN2 radiofluorinations

Here we describe use of the tetrabutylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (TBAOTs) as an inert phase transfer catalyst allowing high efficient aliphatic radiofluorination of labeling precursors for the preparation of common radiotracers using only 0.2–1.2 mg of the substrates. With operational convenience (no need for azeotropic drying) and compatibility with the common types of strong anion-exchange cartridges (QMA), this method has a high potential for routine application in various automated synthesizers and offers significant costs reductions due to less precursors used.

PMD13 A REAL-WORLD COST-MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS COMPARING THE USE OF DIFFERENT ENDOSCOPIC STAPLERS IN THORACOSCOPIC LOBECTOMY

Public hospitals in China are under increasing pressure to control healthcare expenditure growth. This has led to a tendency to procure consumable medical supplies based on acquisition price. However, procurement decisions should be based on an economic evaluation of the whole episode of care instead. This study aimed to investigate the overall impact of different endoscopic staplers on hospitalization costs of thoracoscopic lobectomy. This study used data from electronic medical records (EMR) of one of the largest research hospitals in Anhui Province. Patients who underwent VATS from 2016 to 2017 were selected. Based on types of stapler and cartridge used, patients were retrospectively grouped into two cohorts. Baseline characteristics of the two cohorts were evaluated to identify any significant differences. Hospitalization cost components were used as input for a cost-minimization analysis (CMA) model to calculate an episodic cost differential between the two cohorts. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to assess robustness of base case results. Base case analysis showed that lower overall episodic costs were achieved in the cohort with more expensive staplers. The mean episodic cost differential was more than $300. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the cohort with more expensive staplers had lower overall episodic costs in more than 85% of cases. This cost-minimization study has demonstrated that the economic impact of different medical supplies went beyond acquisition costs and extended to the overall hospitalization cost. This signifies that procurement decisions based solely on price may have unintended consequences. Hospital management would benefit from comprehensive value assessments when deciding on procurement strategies for consumable medical supplies.

An integrated extraction method coupling pressurized solvent extraction, solid phase extraction and solid-phase micro extraction for the quantification of selected organic pollutants in air by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

The continuous release of chemicals in the environment is nowadays a main concern due to their harmful effects. In this paper, a new and efficient extraction and analytical method for the assessment of 103 pesticides, 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), using passive samplers for the assessment of the ambient air pollution in Strasbourg region was proposed. The samplers used were based on XAD®-2 resins and on NMC@SiC foams. The proposed extraction procedure was based on pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) followed by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior to chromatographic analysis. Afterwards, extracts were analyzed using liquid and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometer. However, prior to the gas chromatography (GC) analysis a pre-concentration / pre-injection step based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used. Moreover, the developed method was tested for the extraction solvent used, the extraction time needed for each step as well as the cartridge type required for SPE and the fiber type used for SPME. Subsequently, the method was validated for its linearity proved for a determination coefficient (R2) higher than 0.98 for the majority of the assessed compounds, accuracy and precision. These two parameters were validated by the low relative standard deviation obtained for repeatability and reproducibility, the low limits of detection and quantification respectively ranged between 0.01 and 153.2 ng. sampler−1 and 0.03 and 459.2 ng. sampler−1 as well as the high recoveries ranged between 76% and 99% for all assessed compounds.

Study of the Purification of 177Lu-DOTAELA Complex

Radiolabeled analog of the gonadotropin releasing hormone having a close molecular weight, namely 177Lu -1,4,7,10- tetra-azacyclododecane -1,4,7,10- tetraacetic acid - 4-[[(1R)-2-[5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-[[2-fluoro-6 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-4-methyl-2,6 dioksopirimidin-1-yl]-1-phenylethyl]amino]butanoic acid (177Lu-DOTAELA) plays an important role in radionuclide receptor therapy for triple negative breast cancer. The preparation with a label was purified using C18 Sep-Pak cartridge and various types of cation exchangers. The reaction mixture was passed through the column after radiolabeling. The pure product of 177Lu-DOTAELA was eluted with ethanol and acetonitrile. The flushing was performed with distilled water and acetate buffer solution pH 5.0. The elution was performed using sterile vials. Ethanol was removed by heating at 80°C. The final product was diluted with physiological solution. According to the data obtained in experiments, 177Lu3+ cations and the 177Lu-DOTAELA complex are retained on the cartridge with C18 and filled with various cation exchangers. Standard implementation of purification with C18, which is usually effective for eliminating non-included 177Lu3+ ions, requires the use of a substances reducing the radiolysis effect (e.g., ascorbic acid) for maintaining radiochemical purity (RCP) of 177Lu-DOTAELAas well as the search for other eluents (e.g., trifluoroacetic acid) increasing the polarity of solvent.

Optimization of extraction conditions for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determination in smoked rice using the high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction technique was performed in order to measure the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked rice by the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FLD) device using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental work was designed using the central composite design (CCD) in order to investigate the effect of the type and volume of extraction solvent, type of clean-up cartridge, the type, and volume of clean-up solvent on the response (i.e., BaP recovery percentage). The data obtained from 72 experiment runs were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics. The results showed that the volume of extraction solvent, type of clean-up cartridge, and type and volume of clean-up solvent are significant in the extracted model. Desirability function was used to optimize the separation process. The optimal conditions were 24 ml acetonitrile extraction solvent, cartridge C18, and 0.856 ml mixture of dichloromethane/hexane solvent (50/50) for the clean-up. The BaP index was measured in smoked rice samples of Hashemi and local Domsiah using an optimized selective method. The contamination of the samples ranged from 0.1 to 1.1 μg−1 BaP. Contamination in all samples except two ones was below the maximum permitted level of the EU (i.e., 1 μg l−1).

Fatal wound from a PB-2 pistol of the OSA complex with a bullet of cartridge 18x45TD

Bullets without a metal core are almost the only ones currently produced for the OSA complex. In the available forensic literature there are small number of cases of the description of injuries using this cartridge. The article presents a case from practice when, in the course of forensic medical research, not only the type of cartridge used was established, but also the conclusion was drawn about the use of barrelless firearms of limited destruction, equipped with two cartridges at the same time - the PB-2 Egida pistol. This allowed police authorities to quickly identify the criminal person.

DETERMINATION OF THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING AMMUNITION WEAPONS

The article identifies the need to create basic requirements for the technological process of designing and manufacturing ammunition for small arms based on the analysis of the assets of previous years in our country and foreign countries. The basic principles of classification of ammunition for small arms are presented, the characteristics of the firing process that are necessary for further ballistic calculations are briefly analyzed, the necessary loading conditions are determined, the dynamic and ballistic characteristics of bullets are determined, their reliable functioning during firing is evaluated. The methods of calculations of the main parameters of extraction and durable characteristics of the cartridges are given. The design procedure is determined by the data on the construction and purpose of different types of cartridges, methods of testing and acceptance of products are considered. The processes of production of metal elements of ammunition for small arms are highlighted separately. It is known that the only source of supply of ammunition for small arms for the Armed Forces of Ukraine was the Luhansk Cartridge Plant, which apparently used sources and literature for the design and production of ammunition since the Soviet Union. Unfortunately, during the years of Ukraine's independence, both during the peacetime and during the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, attention was not paid to developing requirements for the design and production of not only small arms ammunition, but also of ammunition as a whole, which is why it becomes unclear, what modern private investors rely on and use, offering and already partially meeting the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with some types of ammunition. It is no secret that the scale of the cost of ammunition for small arms, even in peacetime, counts by the billions of pieces, which requires considerable material costs not only for their production, but also for transportation, storage, and testing. Accordingly, the purpose of the article is to determine the basic requirements for the basics of design and technological process of production of ammunition for small arms, taking into account the constant development and modernization of not only the cartridges themselves, but also small arms.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Motor Pressure Effect on Thermochemical Erosion of Graphite Nozzle in Solid Fuel Engines

Using heat shield, especially in throat area has a significant effect on combustion chamber pressure and thermal efficiency of solid fuel engines. Precise prediction of the regression of throat area for different pressures, will lead to optimal design of the motors, specifically for those of long burnout times. In this work, erosion of graphite nozzles employed in solid propellant motors with a specific composite propellant and variable pressures, is investigated. The numerical model utilized includes the Naiver-Stokes equations, chamber gas thermodynamic equations and thermochemical and heat conduction equations for the nozzle surface. In order to validate the numerical results, a cartridge type solid propellant motor with a graphite nozzle is experimentally tested. Using a 3D scanner in the experimental setup, the amount of inner surface regression for variable pressures (60, 90, 120 and 200 bars) is measured. Numerical and experimental results are in a proper conformity with each other. There is a direct relationship between convection heat transfer coefficient and the pressure. The overall erosion is the same for all four engine pressures. The erosion rate increases with increasing pressure. This rate for the fuel is about 0.21 mm/s for every 100 times the pressure up to 300 times. For a pressure higher than 300 times, a significant leakage occurs at the corrosion rate.

A mathematical model for the separation behavior of a split type low-shock separation bolt

Pressure cartridge type separation devices which are widely used in fairing, stage separations of space launch systems, and many other aerospace fields generate much lower pyroshock and produce no high-speed debris compared to frangible explosive separation devices. However, because the operation is completed in a few milliseconds and the releasing mechanism is complicated, their separation behavior is difficult to experimentally identify. This paper presents a mathematical model to simulate the separation behaviors for a split-type separation bolt, one of the pressure cartridge type separation devices. The mathematical model includes a combustion model, buckling resisting model, split behavior model related to static and dynamic friction, O-ring friction model, contact force model, and slip angle model. Each composing models are obtained by mathematical formulation or numerical analysis. An efficient contact model is constructed by using virtual penetration model appropriately for complex contact phenomenon. To validate the established model, separation experiments were performed; the results are then compared with the mathematical model. Present study show that complex mechanical behaviors coupled with combustion of solid propellant charge can be efficiently simulated by the mathematical model.

Comparison of sample preparation approaches and validation of an extraction method for nitrosatable pesticides and metabolites in human serum and urine analyzed by liquid chromatography – Orbital ion trap mass spectrometry

In the acidic environment of the stomach, nitrosatable pesticide residues may react with nitrite to form potentially carcinogenic pesticide-associated N-nitroso compounds (PANOCs). The objective of this study was to develop a method for the analysis of 10 nitrosatable pesticides and breakdown products in human serum and urine. Three sample preparation methods were evaluated for extraction of target analytes from the biomatrices. Deproteinization by methanol for 300-μL aliquots of serum with a final extract volume of 225 μL resulted in excessive ion enhancement of some analytes and suppression of others. Three types of solid-phase extraction cartridges were tested for optimal analyte retention from 200-μL aliquots of serum with a final extract volume of 400 μL; this approach resulted in significant analyte loss for some compounds. The Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe approach resulted in a suitable method for extraction of the analytes from each biomatrix. Biofluid samples (500 μL) were spiked to 100 μg L−1 with analytical standards and extracted using 500 μL of acetonitrile (ACN) with 4% acetic acid (AcOH) for serum and 0.1% AcOH in ACN for urine. For extraction, 200 mg magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and 50 mg sodium acetate were added for serum and 200 mg MgSO4 and 50 mg sodium chloride were added for urine. Final extract volumes for both biomatrices using the QuEChERS method was 400 μL after dilution. Samples were analyzed via ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography/high-resolution accurate mass orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. Mean recoveries for target analytes in serum and urine ranged between 74 and 120% (%RSD < 12) and 96 to 116% (%RSD ≤ 10), respectively. These methods may be used in large-scale biomonitoring studies to analyze PANNs and their parent compounds in human serum and urine.

Investigation on the impact of three different quaternary methyl ammonium cartridges on the radiosynthetic yields of [18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate.

Our recent investigations for the radiosynthesis of [18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate have highlighted that choice of quaternary methyl ammonium (QMA) cartridge used during the radiosynthesis can significantly impact the radiochemical yields. Often the details of the QMA cartridge used in fluourine-18 syntheses are not fully described. However, our studies demonstrate that the type, the size, and nature (method by which it has been conditioned) of the QMA cartridge used during the radiosynthesis can make a significant impact in the labelling efficiency. This paper investigates the use of three QMA cartridges and demonstrates that radiochemical yield (decay corrected) of [18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate can increase from 46% to 60% by simply changing the QMA cartridge (and leaving all other reagents and labelling conditions exactly the same). These learnings may be applied to improve the radiochemical yields of a number of [18 F]-fluorinated tracers (and synthons), where the labelling step is base-sensitive to increase the radiochemical yield, thereby significantly benefiting the radiochemistry and nuclear medicine community. This paper also highlights the necessity of the radiochemistry community to ensure the details of QMA cartridges used in fluorine-18 chemistry are fully and accurately described, since this will improve the translation of radiochemical methods from one laboratory to another.