Types Of Biofuels Research Articles

Suitability of papiNet-standard for straw biomass logistics

Abstract Multi-fuel solutions are an increasingly common set-up in CHP (Combined Heat and Power) plants. Many plants use different types of biofuels, such as wood or agricultural products. In Finland, the most prominent type of biofuel in CHP are forestry products, with agricultural biofuel playing a marginal part. This work investigates the use of the papiNet standard, originally designed for the forestry supply chain, as a possible data exchange format for a multi-fuel supply chain where forestry products are the dominant type of fuel. Two data models are described in this work: a data exchange model between different actors in the supply chain, and a data model for storing the required information. Furthermore, the application of the papiNet standard with these data models is explored. As a result, the papiNet standard is found to be suitable for use with some provisions.

Methane and Ethanol Ignition Behind Shock Waves

Toughening environmental standards for concentration of emitting greenhouse gas (GHG) and soot particulates in combustion of the hydrocarbon fuels initiate development of new fuels. One of the perspectives for development is the partial or complete replacement of fossil fuels with biofuel. Alcohols and, in particular, ethanol are the promising types of biofuel. A number of publications experimentally show the use of ethanol as an additive to the traditional fuels in internal combustion engines with forced ignition and self-ignition. The paper carries out an experimental study of the ignition of stoichiometric mixtures of methane / oxygen, ethanol / oxygen and methane / ethanol / oxygen behind shock waves. The experiments were conducted in a shock tube of standard construction behind reflected shock waves in the range of temperatures and pressures, respectively, 1140-1825 K and 4.82-5.98 bars. The temperature dependences of the ignition delays were measured for mixtures of 3.3% CH4 + 6.7% O2 + Ar, 2.5% C2H5OH + 7.5% O2 + Ar, 1.5% CH4 + 1.5% C2H5OH + 7.5% O2 + Ar. It is shown that the addition of ethanol to the methane / oxygen mixture reduces a value of the ignition delays. A kinetic simulation of the ignition process of the combustible compositions under study was carried out. The experimental data were used to try out the kinetic mechanisms from the literature. For one mechanism, we failed to reach a good agreement with experimental data for all three variants of the mixtures studied. The paper analyses the change in the kinetic ways of ethanol consumption and formation in combustion of the ethanol-methane mixture and shows a disagreement between the existing kinetic mechanisms. The new experimental data obtained in the paper can further help when developing the kinetic mechanisms of combustion of various traditional fuel mixtures with alcohols, in particular, with ethanol.

Microbial Growth Kinetics in Isobutanol Production by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Renewable sources of fuels are important for environmental sustainability. Biofuels are produced from renewable feedstocks through biological processes and can be found in the form of liquid, gas and solid. Isobutanol, a branched chain butanol isomer, is a type of biofuel that can be produced through the fermentation of biomass using microorganisms. In an aerobic fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) produced certain amount of isobutanol as by-product during the degradation of valine through the Ehrlich pathway. In the fermentation process, the determination of growth kinetics gives a better explanation regarding the relationship between specific growth rate and the concentration of a substrate. Kinetic coefficients are useful in providing information regarding the progression of either the chemical or biological reaction occurring in a system. In this study, the microbial growth kinetics, glucose utilisation and isobutanol productivity were investigated. The growth kinetics coefficients were determined by the Monod's model while the Ledeuking-Piret's model were used in investigating the parameters involved in substrate's consumption and product's formation. The maximum specific growth rate, μmax and the substrate saturation constant, Ks were determined from the slope and interception point (a plot between 1/μ and 1/S) during 48 h of fermentation period. The value of μmax and Ks obtained were 0.74 h-1 and 57 g/L. The isobutanol yield (YP/S), biomass yield (YX/S) and the correlation between isobutanol production and yeast growth (YP/X) were found to be 4.79 mg/g, 0.1 g/g and 49.4 mg/g. The Monod's and Leudeking-Piret's models were found to be suitable to represent the experimental data of growth kinetics and product's formation kinetics in this study.

Size Distribution of Inorganic Elements in Bottom Ashes from Seven Types of Bio-Fuels across Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China

ABSTRACTA total of fifty-six bottom ash (BA) samples from the indoor burning of seven bio-fuels (BFs) using a zaotai stove were collected from eight sampling sites across the Beijing-TianjinHebei (BTH) region from April till December in 2016. Each one was divided into six parts as PM+148, PM93–148, PM67–93, PM53–67, PM40–53 and PM–40 using a vibrating screen. The three parts containing the smallest particles, consisting of PM53–67, PM40–53 and PM–40, were selected for analysis of 39 inorganic elements (IEs) using ICP-MS and ICP-OES. The firewood–walnut (WAL) sample had the lowest ash yield as 34.3 ± 3.55 g kg–1; the corresponding values for the 6 crop straws were millet (MIL) > sorghum (SOR) > sesame (SES) > corn (COR) > cotton (COT) > soybean (SOY). The ash yields, in general, positively correlated with the particle sizes of the BAs for all seven BFs. The top eight elements (TEs), namely Si, Ca, Mg, K, P, Al, Na and Ti, dominated in all BAs regardless of their fluctuation among the BFs, and Ʃ8TEs were well correlated with Ʃ39IEs (R2 = 0.99, p < 0.001). The Ʃ39IEs were not correlated with the particle size of the BA due to the significant fluctuation of these TEs. The trace elements, namely Sc, Li, P, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Sb, As, Y, Cs, Bi, Tl, Th, Sn, Cd, La, Ce, Sm, W and U, were negatively well correlated with the particle sizes of the BAs, while the TEs, except for Al, did not display this trend. The heavy metal (HM) profiles were similar between any two sizes of BA for all BFs based on lower values of the coefficient of divergence (CD); with higher CD values, 6 out of 21 pairs of BFs had different HM profiles. All 7 BFs produced higher levels of Zn, Cu, Pb, V, Cr and Ni than other HMs. The content of V in BAs from COR was beyond the limit designated by European countries for BAs used as soil conditioner. The enrichment factors (EFs) of 12 HMs were not correlated with the particle sizes of the BAs, due to the fluctuation of Al, which was used as a reference element among differently sized BAs. The HMs Cu, Zn, Cd and Sn had higher EFs (more than 10), indicating that they were significantly influenced by human activities.

A Piece of Writing: Future Prospect of Biofuels

Biofuels are one class of fuel prepared from living things or from the waste they generate. Biofuels may be wood, wood chippings and straw pellets or liquids made from wood, biogas (like methane) from animals’ excrement, ethanol, diesel or other liquid fuels made from processing plant material or waste oil and others. Biofuels are generally in the form of alcohols, esters, ethers, alkenes and other chemicals produced from biomass. There are mainly two types of important biofuels: bioethanol and bio-diesel. Ethanol used for fuel is prepared through fermentation process; it is important to note that it is the same process which produces it in wine and beer. Bio-diesel is prepared by a diversity of chemical processes. Bioethanol, which is basically an alcohol, is frequently mixed with petrol. On the other hand, bio-diesel is either used on its own or in a mixture. Pioneers such as Henry Ford and Rudolph Diesel designed cars and engines to run by biofuels.

Safety risks of biofuel utilization in aircraft operations

Abstract The paper deals with the influence of the selected type of biofuel on the reliability of the operation of aircraft engines. The use of the alternative fuels becomes an indispensable part of all types of transport. However, the different chemical composition of the biofuels can cause undesirable defects in the fuel systems of older transport vehicles. Especially the aviation is very sensible area to any types of defects determining operational safety. Based on the results of the experiments conducted with different concentrations of the FAME (Fatty Acid methyl ester) biofuels with Jet A-1 aviation kerosene, the degradation effect of FAME biofuel on the rubber seals used in the fuel systems of the aviation turbocompressor engines was clearly demonstrated. The degradation of the rubber seals in the fuel system of the experimental small jet engine MPM-20 resulted in a malfunction of the engine control system and fuel leakage, which immediately threatened the fire safety of the laboratory.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ РИНКУ БІОПАЛИВА В УКРАЇНІ

The features of the biofuel market development in Ukraine are studied. It was determined that Ukraine has sufficient resource potential for the production of such main types of biofuels as: rare types of motor fuel (biodiesel and bioethanol), biogas from the processing of agricultural waste and other organic waste, biomass for heat production. When choosing a location for production facilities, it is necessary to focus on the availability of raw materials. The demand for biofuels, both in Ukraine and in the world, exceeds the supply. Therefore, the market is characterized by positive dynamics. The main obstacles to the development of the market are the instability of supply and sales, underdeveloped infrastructure, insufficient investment, and problems with technical equipment. Analyzing the opportunities and threats to the development of bioenergy in Ukraine, it was determined that under the conditions of state support, the benefits of developing biofuels will exceed the possible risks. It is important to create a motivational environment for business entities, to create conditions for predicting the payback periods of investment projects in this area. Prospects for the development of the biofuel market associated with the formation of bioclusters, which will allow systematic interaction between suppliers, producers, sellers and consumers of biofuels. Clusters allow you to obtain synergies from the sharing of resources, production base and infrastructure. The development of the infrastructure of the market under consideration should take place with government assistance and be considered as a strategic direction for enhancing the country's energy security. The development of electronic exchanges for trading biofuel and resources for its production is promising. In this way, the problem of stability in the sale of finished products can be overcome.

Impact of Anthraquinone-2-sulfonic Acid on the MO Decolorization, Hydrogen Production and Energy Creation During Anaerobic Fermentation of Klebsiella oxytocaGS-4-08 with Sucrose

The effect of 0-0.5 mmol·L-1 anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid on anaerobic fermentation of Klebsiella oxytocaGS-4-08 was analyzed. By comparing bio-hydrogen production, carbon source degradation, and degradation products, the optimal concentration of 0.1 mmol·L-1 was acquired. Under this concentration, Klebsiella oxytocaGS-4-08 could decolorize 100% methyl orange within 10 h, degrade 92% sucrose within 25 h, meanwhile produce 0.117 mol·mol-1 ethanol, 0.116 mol·mol-1 acetic acid, 2.25 mol·mol-1 hydrogen. Besides, the promoting mechanism of AQS on MO decolorization and hydrogen production by Klebsiella oxytocaGS-4-08 was analyzed by comparing the experimental results and the literatures. The electron transfer and energy conversion are analyzed during the bacterial degradation process by converting the substances into COD; the optimal electron yield was 87.98% and the optimal energy generation rate was 802 kJ·mol-1, and both were achieved under 0.1 mmol·L-1 of AQS. Using Klebsiella oxytoca GS-4-08, at least two types of biofuels could be produced via fermentation process, which showed prospects in future applications.

The interaction between EU biofuel policy and first- and second-generation biodiesel production

We build a tractable partial equilibrium model to study the interactions between the EU biofuel policies (mandate and double-counting of second-generation biofuels) and first- and second-generation biodiesel production. We find that increasing the biodiesel mandate results in a higher share of first-generation biodiesel in total diesel fuel, but leads to a lower share of second-generation biodiesel. The double-counting policy supports the production of second-generation biodiesel at the expense of a lower share of first-generation biodiesel, and increases the consumption of fossil diesel as compared to treating first- and second-generation biodiesel equally. Finally, improved collection of used cooking oil reduces the price of oilseeds and oils thereof, the prices of both biofuel types, and negligibly also the consumer fuel price.

The Evolution and Versatility of Microalgal Biotechnology: A Review.

Microalgal biotechnology has emerged due to the health-promoting properties of microalgae related to their bioactive compounds and the great diversity of products that can be developed from algal biomass. Microalgal biomasses have been produced industrially for applications in different fields such as food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and animal feed industries. They can be cultivated either in open systems or in closed systems (photobioreactors). Another important area is the use of microalgal biomass for energy production. It has become obvious that petroleum-derived fuels are unsustainable, due to depleting world reserves and greenhouse gas emissions. Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuels. These include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass, biodiesel derived from trans-esterification of microalgal lipids, bioethanol produced from carbohydrate fermentations, and photobiologically produced biohydrogen. The idea of using microalgae as a source of fuel is not new. However, it is now being taken seriously because of increases in petroleum prices and, more significantly, the increasing concern about global warming as associated with burning fossil fuels. This review offers an update on information about microalgae, specifically emphasizing their biotechnological importance.

(Invited) Passivity and Localized Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Energy-Related Applications

In recent years, new types of environments related to energy technologies can provide new challenges for the passivity of traditional materials. Examples are different types of biofuels (ethanol, ethanol-gasoline blends, biodiesel). For instance, stress-corrosion cracking of steels can take place in ethanolic environments and Al alloys can show very fast degradation in ethanol-containing fuels at higher temperatures. This presentation will focus on passivity and localized corrosion of stainless steels in such new type of environments. Critical factors of localized corrosion were studied in different ethanol-gasoline blends, in presence of various corrosion-enhancing factors (such as H2O, chloride contamination). The influence of the different factors on occurrence of pitting corrosion and the morphology of growing pits was studied. In addition, XPS measurements were carried out, to explore the effect of the specific environment on the nature of the passive films. Other examples of the behavior of stainless steels in energy-related applications will be shortly discussed, such as passivity and localized corrosion in molten salts that can be used as heat transfer media in high temperarature applications.

Characteristics of Ash from the Combustion of Biomass in Fluidized Bed Boilers

AbstractWhen it comes to the production of energy from renewable sources, biomass is the main fuel, burned directly or co-fired with coal, used in the professional power industry. As in the case of coal, the use of biomass in the professional power industry is accompanied by the generation of by-products of the combustion process, primarily in the form of fly ash. These wastes significantly differ from those resulting from coal combustion. Their properties depend primarily on the burned biomass and boiler type. Due to the growing pressure on the use of energy from renewable sources resulting from the Energy Policy of Poland and the requirements imposed by the EU, more and more by-products are produced. Ashes from the co-firing of biomass are relatively well studied, especially when it comes to those resulting from the combustion in conventional boilers. The by-products of biomass combustion are of limited economic use due to their specific characteristics. The ashes resulting from the combustion in fluidized bed boilers are particularly problematic. The paper presents the research results on the basic properties of the three ashes generated from the combustion of biomass in fluidized bed boilers and one ash resulting from the co-firing of biomass with coal in pulverized coal boiler for the same biofuel type. The conducted analysis of the chemical composition has shown a high content of CaO and CaOw, SO3, and K2O and a low content of SiO2and Al2O3compared to ash from co-combustion of biomass. The elemental analysis indicates a high content of: P, S, Cl, K, and Ca and lower content of chromium and cobalt in the ashes generated from burning of biomass when compared with the ashes produced as a result of co-combustion. All the tested ashes have similar granulometric composition. Particular attention was paid to the leachability of pollutants, which is one of the most important factors determining the use of waste in mining technologies, using mainly the mixtures of fly ash and solid waste from calcium-based flue gas desulphurization (10 01 82). The pH of leachates from the analyzed ashes is the lowest for the ashes resulting from the co-combustion of biomass. The pH value of leachates was approximately 12 for all of the tested samples. The results have shown a high leachability of potassium and chlorides, which is characteristic for by-products resulting from the combustion of biomass, and a high leachability of sulphates due to the type of used boilers. The phase composition is dominated by calcium and potassium carbonates, quartz, K2SO4, halite, sylvite, CaO, MgO.

Experimental investigation of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with chicha oil biodiesel

As the decreasing availability of the fossil fuel is rising day by day, the search of alternate fuel that can be used as a substitute to the conventional fuels is rising rapidly. A new type of biofuel, chicha oil biodiesel, is introduced in this work for the purpose of fuelling diesel engine. Chicha oil was transesterified with methanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain chicha oil methyl ester (COME). The calorific value of this biodiesel is lower, when compared to that of diesel. The COME and their blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% with diesel were tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine and the performance, combustion and emission results were compared with diesel. The test result indicates that there is a slight increase in brake thermal efficiency and decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption for all blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel. The use of biodiesel resulted in lower emissions of CO and HC and increased emissions of CO2 and NOx. The experimental results proved that the use of biodiesel (produced from chicha oil) in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel.

Comparative profile of pollutants generated by a stationary engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol

Fossil fuel emissions derived from crude oil have a significant impact on the environment, climate change, air pollution, and others. Under these circumstances, there is a great interest in alternative energy resources, especially those that are able to reduce the emission of atmospheric pollutants. The aim of this study is to evaluate the burning emissions of the following binary mixture and biofuels: commercial diesel (diesel with 5% of biodiesel, B5), pure soy biodiesel (B100), additivated biodiesel (B100 adt) stored at 40°C for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and additivated ethanol (Ethanol adt). The burning emissions were evaluated by the levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and total particulate matter (TPM). The quality of the biofuels was given by oxidative stability during storage. The combustion products were originated from a diesel cycle stationary engine, operating in 1800rpm and 0% load. For a greater reliability in the results, some figures of merit were evaluated for the determination of BTEX by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and the particulate matter was determined by gravimetric analysis. Results show that operating time of the engine influences combustion efficiency. During the initial 15min, cold engine start, there was increasing in BTEX and TPM emissions, when comparing B100 and B5. Regarding to the storage period of 1–2 weeks, B100, B100 adt, and B5 showed reduction of approximately 36%, 16%, and 4% for TPM, respectively. Evaluating each component of BTEX, the benzene emissions were greater for biofuels, which is in agreement with previous studies. As observed for TPM, the storage time of 1–2 weeks was beneficial for the mitigation of aromatic emissions. A reduction about 60% percent was measured for benzene and ethylbenzene. However, these emissions can also be influenced by the engine operating conditions (load and speed), engine type, and characteristics of biofuels. Additivated ethanol also presented low emissions for these pollutants as well as the lowest percentage of emissions of TPM. It is noteworthy that Ethanol adt present the lowest percentage of benzene emission.

Second generation energy crops and farmland birds – Central and East European perspective

Abstract The development of cellulosic bioethanol and other second-generation (2G) biofuels has gone through various phases during the last few years. The prospect of technological breakthroughs stimulates extensive research on turning cellulose into bioethanol or biodiesel. Agricultural or forestry residues and some plants, referred to as ‘lignocellulosic energy crops’ or ‘second generation (2G) energy crops’ can provide feedstock for new types of biofuels. The impact of lignocellulosic energy crops on farmland birds has been relatively well studied. This is surprising since the technology of converting these crops into fuel has so recently been developed. However, we believe that some questions regarding potential bird use of 2G energy crops have still not been answered. In Europe, most research has been carried out in agricultural areas of Western Europe. However, Central &amp; Eastern Europe host the highest densities of farmland birds and, in general, the highest biodiversity. There is huge potential for 2G energy cropping due to large areas of mainly marginal land. We have outlined possible discrepancies between the results obtained from W. Europe and potential relationships between birds and 2G energy crops in Central Europe.

Life Cycle Analysis and Transportation Energy

As government actors and the private sector attempt to de-carbonize the economy, the role of life cycle analysis (also know as life cycle assessment or “LCA”) has become increasingly important. In this essay, we explore the use of life cycle analysis in the transportation sector to assess its influence in federal and state policy efforts to move to a low carbon energy future. We first define life cycle analysis and explain its use in evaluating the environmental impacts of all stages of a product, from production, to use, to disposal. We then review the use of life cycle analysis in considering the carbon emissions associated with different types of biofuels, primarily ethanol, which now makes up 10% of every gallon of gasoline sold in the United States as a result of federal mandates. This evaluation shows that life cycle analysis for ethanol has undermined many of the basic premises federal policymakers relied upon to enact significant mandates and, for many years, major tax benefits, to promote the production and use of ethanol for transportation fuel. We then discuss the increasing application of life cycle analysis to electric vehicles (EVs), which compares the GHG emissions associated with the production, use, and disposal of EVs with conventional automobiles, and evaluates the source of electricity used to power EVs in different parts of the country. Not surprisingly, the lifecycle GHG emissions associated with an EV driven in California, where electricity is generated primarily by natural gas and renewable energy, are far lower than the GHG emissions associated with an EV driven in West Virginia, which relies almost exclusively on coal-fired electricity. We conclude by reflecting on the ways life cycle analysis can be used effectively to guide policymakers to incentivize the development of environmentally beneficial products and technologies. For instance, if today’s life cycle analysis had been used to evaluate corn ethanol in the 1990s and early 2000s, policymakers may have paused before creating the significant incentives and mandates that exist today and that are now very difficult to eliminate. At the same time, however, there are risks in relying too heavily on life cycle analysis when information gaps exist in comparing alternative fuels and vehicles with traditional fuels and vehicles. Such information gaps may result in creating disincentives for potentially beneficial new products and technologies that, with sufficient support, may be critical to meeting de-carbonization goals in the transportation sector and the economy as a whole.

Growth medium standardization and thermotolerance study of the freshwater microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus—a potential strain for biofuel production

Microalgal biomass seems to be one of the potential alternative feedstocks for the production of various types of biofuel. In the present study, first of all, suitable growth media and harvesting time were determined for the freshwater chlorophyte microalga Acutodesmus dimorphus. Cultivation of A. dimorphus in BG-11 medium for 15 days resulted in the highest biomass productivity with 24.60 % lipid and 22.78 % carbohydrate contents. Further, thermotolerance property of A. dimorphus was evaluated by heat stressing the cells at 45 °C and 50 °C up to 24 h and determining the cell mortality and pigment composition along with lipid and carbohydrate contents. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of cells significantly increased after heat stress at 45 °C. Increasing the heat stress from 8 to 24 h increased the dead cells by 3–4 % at both temperatures, which shows the thermotolerance of A. dimorphus. Lipid content of 27 % and carbohydrate content of 26–28 % even after 24 h of heat stress at 45 and 50 °C suggest A. dimorphus as a potential feedstock for biofuel production.

Investigation On The Combustion Characteristics Of Alumina Nanoparticles Dispersed Longer Term stable Biodiesel Nanofluids

In this paper, the combustion characteristics of alumina nanoparticles dispersed jatropha biodiesel based nanofluids were investigated by dispersing the alumina nanoparticles having average size of ~13 nm in jatropha biodiesel with 0.1 volume fraction. Only longer duration having more than one year stable nanofluids were tested for the combustion characteristics such as evaporation time on a hot-plate test in the temperature range of 300 0 C to 600 0 C. The preliminary evaporation test results revealed that the evaporation time of one year older stable ~13 nm alumina nanoparticles dispersed nanofluids significantly improved and were comparable to that of the commercially available diesel fuel beyond 450 0 C. Such type of biofuel based nanofluids having longer term stability and improved combustion characteristics can be utilized directly as an alternate fuel for the future diesel engines.

Complete utilization of non-edible oil seeds of Cascabela thevetia through a cascade of approaches for biofuel and by-products

Lipid-rich biomass, generally opted for biodiesel production, produces a substantial amount of by-product (de-oiled cake and seed cover) during the process. Complete utilization of Cascabela thevetia seeds for biofuel production through both chemical and thermochemical conversion route is investigated in the present study. Various properties of biodiesel produced was characterized and compared with those obtained from similar oil seeds. The by-products of the chemical process were used as a feedstock for pyrolysis at different temperatures in a fixed bed reactor. Maximum bio-oil yields of 29.11% and 26.18% were observed at 500°C. The bio-oil obtained at optimum yield was characterized by CHN analyzer, NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The biochar produced was further characterized by SEM–EDX, XRD and FTIR along with elemental analysis to explore its utilization for various purposes. The present investigation depicts a new approach towards complete utilization of lipid-rich bio-resources to different types of biofuels and biochar.

Combined Production of Biofuels from Locally Grown Microalgae

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of combining the production of three types of biofuels (i.e., biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas) from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae. Cellulase enzyme, produced from Trichoderma viride fungi was used to convert algal hydrocarbons into sugars for bioethanol production and to improve lipids extraction for biodiesel production. The procedure for producing the three biofuels consisted of initially mixing predetermined quantities of cellulose with the algae to hydrolyze the complex hydrocarbons and produce sugars, followed by oil extraction from the hydrolyzed algae, and finally producing biogas through co-digesting the hydrolyzed and oil-extracted algae residual with wastewater treatment sludge. Without enzyme, the total sugar yield following hydrolysis for 6 hours with distilled water at 37°C and pH 5 reached 38 mg/g algae. Using the enzyme, total sugar production increased in the range of 42 mg/g algae to 74 mg/g algae with increasing enzyme use. Similarly, the reducing sugar production increased from 36 mg/g algae without enzyme to 60 mg/g algae with increasing enzyme dose. Following hydrolysis, the lipids yield reached 59% of the extracted algae weight, which represents almost all of the lipids in the algae. The residual algae mixed with sludge generated significant amounts of biogas in excess of the quantities generated by sludge alone. The results demonstrated the technical feasibility of producing three biofuels from algae; however the economic aspects of the process require significant further careful consideration.