Belt Type Research Articles

Synthesis, sintering and characterisation of TaON materials

Theoretical investigations predict that TaON is likely to possess a relatively high hardness, thus making it a candidate for application as an abrasive or cutting tool material [J.E. Lowther, Theoretical study of potential high pressure phases of TaON and quaternary ZrTaO 3N, in press]. TaON powder was produced by nitridation of amorphousTa 2O 5 powder in flowing ammonia in the 700–900 °C temperature range and an ammonia flow rate range of 40–50 cm 3/min. The resulting powders were characterised in oxidation resistance by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), phase purity by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface area by the BET method. The materials were densified under pressure using a belt type high pressure apparatus at 3–5.5 GPa in the temperature range of 920–1200 °C. The sintered samples were characterised in phase purity, Vickers macro-hardness and fracture toughness.

Orogenic Belts and Orogenic Sediment Provenance

By selecting a limited number of variables (westward vs. eastward subduction polarity; oceanic vs. continental origin of downgoing and overriding plates), we identify eight end-member scenarios of plate convergence and orogeny. These are characterized by five different types of composite orogenic prisms uplifted above subduction zones to become sources of terrigenous sediments (Indo-Burman-type subduction complexes, Apennine-type thin-skinned orogens, Oman-type obduction orogens, Andean-type cordilleras, and Alpine-type collision orogens). Each type of composite orogen is envisaged here as the tectonic assembly of subparallel geological domains consisting of genetically associated rock complexes. Five types of such elongated orogenic domains are identified as the primary building blocks of composite orogens: magmatic arcs, obducted or accreted ophiolites, neometamorphic axial belts, accreted paleomargin remnants, and accreted orogenic clastic wedges. Detailed provenance studies on modern convergent-margin settings from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean show that erosion of each single orogenic domain produces peculiar detrital modes, heavy-mineral assemblages, and unroofing trends that can be predicted and modeled. Five corresponding primary types of sediment provenances (magmatic arc, ophiolite, axial belt, continental block, and clastic wedge provenances) are thus identified, which reproduce, redefine, or integrate provenance types and variants originally recognized by W. R. Dickinson and C. A. Suczek in 1979. These five primary provenances may be variously recombined in order to describe the full complexities of mixed detrital signatures produced by erosion of different types of composite orogenic prisms. Our provenance model represents a flexible and valuable conceptual tool to predict the evolutionary trends of detrital modes and heavy-mineral assemblages produced by uplift and progressive erosional unroofing of various types of orogenic belts and to interpret petrofacies from arc-related, foreland-basin, foredeep, and remnant-ocean clastic wedges.

Gear transmission with meshed medium belt

A new type of gear transmission with meshed medium belt is developed. The proper tooth profile and tooth thickness calculation method of both the gear and its basic rack are presented. Tests are carried out on the closed electric power test-bed to contrast the performance of this new gear drive with inverlute gear drive, the former lubricated by oil and water separately. According to the tests results some types of medium belts are chosen and performance tests and endurance life tests are carried out. All these tests indicate that the flexible belt can improve the hydrodynamic lubrication of the gears, reduce noises and absorb shocks. The teeth profiles become less damageable, and the requirements on manufacture technics are reduced. Furthermore, this new drive can be lubricated by water.

301 ハイブリッドコードの屈曲疲労破損(OS12-1 ベルト・チェーンI)

The helical cord is a unique machine element with high tensile stiffness and low bending stiffness, and therefore is used in various types of rubber belts as a tension member. However, the fatigue failure initiation site of the rubber belts is often the inside of the helical cord. In this study, the fatigue failure mechanism of the hybrid cord, which consists of the carbon fibers and the glass fibers, was investigated caring out some experiments and the mechanical analysis. Especially, the failure morphology of the damaged cords was observed using a three-dimensional X-ray CT scan.

Organizational policy and other factors associated with emergency medical technician seat belt use

Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with seat belt usage among Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). Methods As part of biennial re-registration paperwork, nationally registered EMTs completed a survey on the safety and health risks facing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers. Respondents were asked to describe their seat belt use while in the front seats of an ambulance. They were categorized as “high” in seat belt use if it had been more than a year since they had not worn their seat belt or “low” in seat belt use if they had not worn their seat belt at least once within the past 12 months. A logistic regression model was fit to estimate the association between seat belt use, organizational seat belt policy, type of EMS organization worked for, EMT certification level, and the size of community where EMS work is performed. Results Of the 41,823 EMTs that re-registered in 2003, surveys were received from 29,575 (70.7%). A significant interaction between organizational seat belt policy and type of EMS organization was found to exist. Participants reporting no organizational seat belt policy had lower odds of seat belt usage when compared to individuals that do have a seat belt policy. Odds Ratios ranged from 0.20 (95% CI 0.10–0.40) for military organizations to 0.59 (95% CI 0.38–0.93) for private EMS organizations. Paramedics and those working in rural areas also had lower odds of seat belt use. Conclusion Several factors were found to be associated with seat belt usage among EMTs while in the front compartment of an ambulance. However, it appears that only one, organizational policy, is a modifiable characteristic.

アナログモデル実験で再現された付加体構造に対する反射法地震探査記録の合成

The aim of this study is to construct database of interpretation templates by synthesizing the seismic responses on the complex geologic structures reproduced by scaled analogue modeling. We combine such “analogue geological modeling” and “seismic modeling” to obtain clear seismic responses of complex geological structures.The procedure starts with an “analogue geological modeling” that uses granular materials to reproduce a three-dimensional geological model of thrust-and-fold belt type of deformation. Then the detailed digital structural geometry is reconstructed by digitizing the stratigraphic boundaries of the model sections. The 3D geometry is then used to execute “seismic modeling”, and the synthetic seismic record is obtained. The complex wave field recognized in the synthetic seismic sections shows the influence of the three-dimensional structure. Seismic data generated by the modeling are processed with 2D migration technique to make depth images. These sections can be adopted for investigation of the interpretation pitfall by comparing inline and cross line data sets.The features of the synthetic seismic sections are commonly observed on the actual seismic profiles at the Nankai Trough area. This fact suggests that the analogue model experiments are valid and our approach is effective. We are going to apply this approach to other geological structures, and construct data base of templates that can be used for the interpretation work in the future. Such database will help improving efficiency of petroleum explorations, which will be carried out in more and more complex geology.

Study on the slope break belts in the Jurassic down-warped lacustrine basin in western-margin area, Junggar Basin, northwestern China

The Junggar Basin is one of the large-scale petroliferous basins in northwestern China. During the Jurassic Age it was a down-warped continental basin. Different types of slope break belts with different origins have been identified in the basin, including the fracture, flexure, erosional and depositional slope break belts. Fracture and flexure slope break belts were mainly developed in the western-margin area of the Junggar Basin. Slope break belts can be further divided into two types, which are basin margin and inner basin according to their geographical locations. Tectonic movements are the important origin mechanisms controlling the development of the slope break belts, such as deep-seated thrust structure, inherited paleouplift and secondary fracture movement in the basin. Obviously slope break belts are developed in episodes, developed in multi-stages and are differential in movements and can be inherited and transformed due to the changes of tectonic movements in different periods and different areas. Detailed studies indicate that slope break belts obviously control the strata onlap, the vertical lithologic succession and the vertical and lateral distribution of depositional systems. Slope break belts can control the distribution of different non-structural traps.

김치용 총각무 삭피장치

This study was performed to design a peeling device for root crop that were considered of the three possible types such as blade belt type, brush type, and rotating blade type, and to inspect the characteristics of the experimented peeling methods based on the chonggag (altari) radish tests. The peeling performances by the blade belt type and brush type devices were not established so well with the troublesome like adhesion of the chip on the blades was occurred, and the difficulties to produce the blade parts were come out on these types of the peeling devices. But the peeling operations by the rotating blade type peeling device was completed without needs to clean blades, and it was concluded that it would be possible to practical mechanization of the root crop which shaped similar chonggag radish for it's constructional simplicity and feasibility.

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Conveyor Belt Type Animal Treadmill

A portable conveyor belt type animal treadmill has been designed and developed at CIAE, Bhopal for laboratory studies on work performance and fatigue of draught animals. The treadmill consists of a portable frame, conveyor belt, railings, advance variable speed control system, transport cum inclination changing wheels, a loading device for animal with suitable harnessing system and inclined platforms to help the test animal to climb up for the experiment. The speed of conveyor belt can be adjusted in the range of 0 - 2.5 km/h and draft load on the animals can be exerted from 0 -15% of body weight. The treadmill was tested for its performance with Malvi breed of bullocks on draft loads equivalent to 6, 6.5, 7 and 7.5 %body weight of bullock at belt speed of 1.6, 1.8,2. I and 2.24 km/h. The power requirement to operate the treadmill ranged from 1.1 to 2.70 kW at belt speed of 0.5 to 2.5 km/h with and without load respectively.

A Novel Ferrimagnetic Irido‐Cuprate: IrSr2GdCu2O8.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Community Composition and Structure of Soil Macro-Arthropods Under Agricultural Land Uses in the Black Soil Region of Jilin Province, China

Soil macro-arthropods in the black soil region in Jilin Province of China were investigated with the emphasis laid on the species richness and abundance in relation to the types of land-use, i.e., farm yard, farm land and Three-North Forest Shelter Belt. Soil macro-arthropods were hand-sorted in the field. A total of 2 357 soil macro-arthropod individuals was captured and fell into 70 families. The results suggested that type of land use affected the species richness and abundance of soil macro-arthropods. Agricultural practices had a strong impact on the soil macro-arthropods community, the conventional cultivations changed the vertical structure of macro-arthropods in the soil profile, and improved the richness and abundance of macro-arthropods in the lower soil layers especially in July. The results also showed that different groups of soil macro-arthropods had various responses to land use changes.

A novel ferrimagnetic irido-cuprate: IrSr 2GdCu 2O 8

We have performed an investigation of the structural, microstructural and magnetic properties of the new compound IrSr 2GdCu 2O 8. The sample was prepared under high temperature (∼1393 K) and high-pressure conditions (∼60 Kbars) in a Belt type apparatus. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that this irido-cuprate is isostructural with the corresponding Ru-1212 phase. Structurally, this material shows an interesting hierarchy of ordering phenomena, whose observation actually depends on the technique used to analyze the material: from a “simple” cell a p× a p×3 a p which is supported by XRD, through a “diagonal” one, ∼ 2 a p × 2 a p × 3 a p as seen by SAED, to a microdomain texture of this last one cell supported by HREM. A ferrimagnetic Ir IV–Gd III spin ordering is observed below 15 K. The iridium oxidation state seems to be +4.

The Effect of Seat Belt Use on the Cervical Electromyogram Response to Whiplash-Type Impacts

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a standard 3-point lap-and-shoulder seat belt and car seat on the electromyogram (EMG) response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity impacts in comparison with that of a rigid seat and 5-point restraint. Methods Seventeen healthy volunteers were subjected to rear, frontal, right and left lateral and bilateral anterolateral, and posterolateral impacts with an acceleration varying from 4.4 to 16.8 m/s 2 while in a car seat with lap-and-shoulder seat belt. Results For rear-end impacts, whether straight on, right posterolateral, or left posterolateral, all muscles generated 50% or less of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) EMG. In straight-on rear impacts, the sternocleidomastoid was symmetrically the most active; however, in posterolateral impacts, the sternocleidomastoid contralateral to impact direction was more active than its counterpart. For a right lateral impact, at the highest acceleration, the left splenius capitis generated 47% of its MVC and the left trapezius did 46% of its MVC. In a left lateral impact, the right splenius capitis generated 48% of its MVC and the right trapezius did 57% of its MVC. In a straight-on frontal impact, the left trapezius generated 35% of its MVC and the right trapezius did 48% of its MVC. In a left anterolateral impact, the right splenius generated 60% of its MVC and the right trapezius did 66% of its MVC. Similarly, in a right anterolateral impact, the contralateral splenius muscle increased its activity to 52% of its MVC and the left trapezius was at 52% of its MVC. Conclusions Compared with previously reported impact studies with a rigid seat and 5-point harness, the use of a 3-point lap-and-shoulder seat belt with a standard car seat did not appear to adversely affect cervical muscle response. In very-low-velocity and low-velocity impact experiments, seat belt and seat type may not significantly alter cervical EMG and kinematics.

The Effect of a 3-Point Harness Restraint and Car Seat in Whiplash-Type Lateral Impacts

Seventeen healthy volunteers were subjected to right and left lateral impacts 5.0, 6.8, 9.2, and 16.8 m/s acceleration while positioned in a Volvo car seat with lap and shoulder seat belt restraint in laboratory setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a standard 3-point lap and shoulder seat belt and Volvo car seat on the response of the cervical muscles to increasing low-velocity lateral impacts. A previous study of lateral impacts in a 5-point harness restraint with head and trunk in neutral posture suggests that the burden of impact is borne primarily by the splenius capitis muscle contralateral to the direction of impact. That study, however, used a nonstandard harness for automobiles, and other studies suggest that a lap-and-shoulder seat belt may increase the risk of whiplash injury. Triaxial accelerometers recorded the acceleration of the 1) sled, 2) torso at the shoulder level, and 3) head of the participant, while bilateral electromyograms of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis were also recorded. For participants experiencing a right or left lateral impact, the muscle responses increased with increasing levels of acceleration (P < 0.05). The time to onset and time to peak electromyogram for most muscles also showed a trend to progressively decrease with increasing levels of acceleration. The peak head accelerations relative to the sled ranged from 2.5 to 10.6 m/s. When the impact was a right lateral impact, at the highest sled acceleration, the left splenius capitis generated 47% of its maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and the left trapezius also 46% of its MVC; the left and right sternocleidomastoid, right splenius capitis, and right trapezius generated 29% or less of their MVC. For the highest level of acceleration in a left lateral impact, the right splenius capitis generated 48% of its MVC and the right trapezius 57% of the MVC, the left and right sternocleidomastoid, left splenius capitis, and left trapezius generated 29% or less of their MVC. In both directions of impact, the contralateral splenius capitis and trapezius showed a statistically significant difference in the EMG response compared with other muscles (P < 0.05). For participants experiencing a frontal impact, whether straight-on, right or left anterolateral, the muscle responses increased with increasing levels of acceleration (P < 0.05). The time to onset and time to peak electromyogram for most muscles also showed a trend to progressively decrease with increasing levels of acceleration. In a straight-on frontal impact, the trapezii (TRPs) muscles showed the greatest EMG response compared with the remaining muscles (P < 0.05). Compared with previously reported impact studies with a 5-point harness and rigid seat, the use of a 3-point lap and shoulder seat belt with car seat does not appear to adversely affect the cervical muscle response. In very-low- and low-velocity impact experiments, seat belt and seat type may thus not be particularly relevant to cervical EMG and kinematics.

Design of Compound CVT with 2K-H II Type Differential Gear

We designed the compound CVT (Continuously Variable Transmissions) by combining power circulation mode and power split mode, which have been proposed for connecting 2K-H II differential gear to the V- belt type CVU (Continuously Variable Unit), as an input coupled type. With the designed compound CVT, we carried out theoretical analysis and performance experiments. We proved that the compound CVT had a better performance than either of the power circulation mode or power split mode.

ベルトＣＶＴの効率向上と制御性能を両立するハイドロメカニカル変速制御機構の研究

A new-generation belt type Continuously Variable Transmission ranging up to 3.5 liter class engine is on the market. This CVT contributes to improvement in both efficiency and performance. This article describes a ‘control method’ newly developed for this CVT pulley ratio control. In the former control system, pulley ratio was controlled only by step-motor. Extra margin of line pressure was indispensable compared to primary pressure to accomplish target-ratio. If line pressure was not sufficient for primary pressure, pulley ratio couldn't be controlled accurately, and would be lower. On the other hand, in this new control, characteristics of hydro-mechanical shift system are utilized positively, and pulley ratio can be controlled by not only step-motor but also linear solenoid for line pressure. At this time, the most suitable line pressure is searched for by confirming the relation between command of step-motor and pulley ratio. In the result, line pressure can also be reduced a little less than primary pressure without causing unpleasant pulley ratio hunting.

Radiation belts in the Wendelstein-7AS stellarator

At high plasma density we find two types of radiation belts at the edge of the Wendelstein-7AS stellarator. The first one is observed in the inboard scrape-off layer (SOL) when the edge plasma is detached. It seems to be specific to the stellarator. The second one is found on closed flux surfaces and resembles the Marfe phenomenon known from tokamaks. They are experimentally characterized and modeling calculations are presented.

A case study on the abrasive surface finishing of aluminum flat sheet

A case study of a unidirectional abrasive metal removal process applied on aluminum flat sheet in manufacturing processes is presented. A series of tests were conducted using belt type abrasive media of varying equivalent grit sizes on both bare and clad aluminum flat sheet. Samples were processed through each media in the longitudinal, transverse and angular orientations with respect to the rolling direction to quantify and qualify the metal surface as well as the abrasive media. In clad aluminum, a layer of pure aluminum metallurgically bonded to a substrate by rolling process, is used for appearance and corrosion resistance in aircraft component applications. An optical microscope was used to investigate the relationship between the equivalent grit sizes of the abrasive media and the maximum penetration depth into the clad layer after the directional abrasive process. Measurements of groove depths on the edges of the 2024 clad aluminum sheet samples were conducted after processing through abrasive belt media of equivalent abrasive grit sizes, varying from 180 to 320. It was found that any abrasive belt media with equivalent grit size below 320 may be inappropriate to process clad aluminum sheet due to penetration of the abrasive into the clad layer which can expose the substrate aluminum alloy to the atmosphere.

The Effects of Suspension Composition on Defects in Aqueous Tape Casting of Alumina Ceramics

In aqueous tape casting of alumina slurry systems, the relationships between the suspension compositions and the defects of the dried tapes were discussed. The suspensions compositions were controlled with the ratios of the solids, water and organics binder contents. The effects of the thickness of dried tape and kinds of binder system were also examined. In the defect free region, the apparent viscosity showed nearly same value due to the count balancing effect of solid and organic binder content on the apparent viscosity. When water content was constant, increasing solid led to decrease of organic binder content. The defect free region was narrowed with increasing of casting thickness. When linear type acrylic emulsion binders system (D1000 and D1035) were used, defect free zone formed the belt type in the triangle of solid, water and organic binder content according to the line of constant water contents. However the defect free region was not found in the cross-link type emulsion binder system (D 1050).

Black Belt Types

AbstractAn essential component of the Six Sigma approach to business improvement, is the training of employees for the role of process improvement specialist. These people usually have the words ‘Black Belt’ in their job title. Their role varies from company to company, but it invariably involves extensive use of statistical techniques. We suggest that some of the time devoted to statistics training could usefully be spent considering the human dynamics of improvement projects. More specifically we explore the benefits for Black Belts of understanding personality types. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.