Types Of Assets Research Articles

Conserving existing road pavements against aging: A new assessment method and evaluation of different techniques

Asphalt pavement is an important type of transport asset. Driven by traffic loading and aging-induced material deterioration, asphalt pavements are in bad condition in many places. Severely degraded pavements are often demolished and sometimes recycled. Alternatively, preventive maintenance can be applied to conserve the asphalt pavements. This would result in savings on costs, energy, resources and help mitigate negative environmental impacts. However, effective methods to evaluate the anti-aging performance of the preventative maintenance techniques are currently lacking. This study evaluated the feasibility of using the oxygen diffusion coefficient (Ds) of asphalt mixtures to quantitatively assess the oxygen-retarding efficiency of preventive maintenance techniques by examining the relationship between Ds and aging in surface-treated asphalt mixtures. Ds is found to be a very useful indicator to quantitatively represent the anti-aging performance of the preventive maintenance techniques. It is recommended to be used in future asphalt pavement conservation practices.

Research on systemic risk of China's bank-asset bipartite network

Systemic risk caused by banks due to common asset holdings serve as a significant contagion channel. In this study, we use empirical data from Chinese banks to construct a bank-asset bipartite network, employ the DebtRank algorithm for risk measurement, and incorporate asset price correlation into the DebtRank algorithm. Then we show the changes of the systemic risk in the Chinese banking system from 2018 to 2021. Furthermore, we analyze the systemic risk triggered by different types of banks and different industry assets and quantify the impact of each asset under different stress scenarios. We also conduct a validity analysis of asset price correlation, finding that the systemic risk considering asset price correlation is higher than that without considering asset price correlation. This study of financial systemic risk under the bank-asset bipartite network provides a new perspective for the regulation of systemic risk and is of significant importance for the prevention of systemic risk.

The importance of context in teacher educators’ professional digital competence

ABSTRACT Digital technologies permeate modern life, and schools are accordingly expected to help students develop related knowledge and skills. As a result, educators’ professional digital competence (PDC) has received substantial attention from school leaders, policymakers, teacher educators, and researchers. Theory and prior research suggest that educators’ PDC does not solely determine their technology use, with contextual factors, such as competing curricular demands and access to technology, influencing technology implementation and ongoing PDC development. While some prior research has addressed how PK-12 teachers’ contexts shape their digital technology use, few studies have explored similar matters with respect to teacher educators. Drawing on an established set of teacher educator technology competencies, we report results from an international survey of 336 teacher educators regarding their self-reported PDC and its development and enactment. Using qualitative coding, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and quantitative analysis, we find that teacher educators develop and enact their competencies in various ways including through informal endeavours as well as formal, institutionally supported, and/or led activities. Three types of assets and barriers (access, leadership, personal characteristics) present differently for participants in different contexts. These findings have implications for how institutions support teacher educators’ PDC development and technology integration in various settings.

A BIT of Protection for Non-Fungible Tokens: Digital Assets as a Catalyst for Economic Growth

Abstract An inevitable consequence of technological advancement is that it triggers regulatory challenges for law and policymakers. The regulation of digital assets has generated much debate in this regard. The central objective of this article is to examine the regulation of one particular type of digital asset, NFTs, through an international investment law lens. The international investment regime offers investors high levels of protection against breaches of obligations by host states for covered investments. The aim of the article is to determine whether NFTs can be considered as covered investments for the purposes of the application of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and treaties with investment provisions (TIPs), and further to examine whether that regime would provide an appropriate regulatory framework for investment in NFTs.

Review of Literature on Taxability of Cryptocurrency

Virtual Currency, Digital Currency, Crypto Asset, DLT(Distributed Ledger Technology) , Payment tokens, Virtual Asset, Bitcoin are some of the terms commonly used to denote the crypto currency without any standard common definition. These are all types of crypto assets developed initially in 2009. Bitcoin, Ethereum are some of the widely used crypto currencies. All around the world some countries have regularised this field, some are yet to regularise. The entire event is based on the concept of decentralisation or no need of a Central organ to control or monitor such currencies. The various articles published with different ideas regarding the taxability of such cryptocurrencies are analysed .

The influence of financial asset allocation on the innovation and investment of high-tech enterprises

This study's results suggest that financial asset allocation leads to increased innovation investment by high-tech enterprises. The allocation of different types of financial assets produces opposite impact results. Short-term financial assets inhibit innovation investment by high-tech enterprises, while the allocation of long-term financial assets promotes innovation investment. This finding remains robust after endogeneity and robustness tests. Further analyzing the channels through which it works shows that financial asset allocation promotes enterprises’ innovation investment by increasing their risk tolerance. Furthermore, a subregional sample regression finds that the above promotion is particularly pronounced in the eastern region.

Research on the impact of financialization of high-tech manufacturing listed companies on real investment

ABSTRACT As economic globalization deepens, financialization becomes a driving force for global economic development. Financialization in high-tech manufacturing companies optimizes capital allocation and enhances overall company value. However, it also poses risks by squeezing limited company resources, leading to a significant shift of industrial capital from the real sector to the virtual sector, impacting real investment levels. This study aims to investigate the impact of financialization on real investment, using a sample of 366 listed high-tech manufacturing companies in China from 2011 to 2020. Empirical analysis reveals that financialization of these companies exerts a crowding-out effect on real investment, leading to a reduction in real investment. Moreover, the influence of different types of financial assets on real investment exhibits variations. Besides, as macroeconomic policies become more lenient, the negative impact of financialization on real investment intensifies, while financial constraints reinforce the adverse relationship between financialization and real investment. Finally, this study provides recommendations to enhance comprehension and guidance of financialization activities among listed high-tech manufacturing companies, aiming to mitigate the detrimental effects of excessive financialization on the real economy.

Features of different asset types and extreme risk transmission during the COVID-19 crisis

Unlike the current extensive literature, which discusses which assets can avoid the risks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, this study examines whether the characteristics of different assets affect the extreme risk transmission of the COVID-19 crisis. This study explores the effects of COVID-19 pandemic–related risk factors (i.e., pandemic severity, pandemic regulations and policies, and vaccination-related variables) on the risk of extreme volatility in asset returns across eight assets. These eight assets belong to the following classes: virtual, financial, energy, commodities, and real assets. To consider the different possible aspects of the COVID-19 impact, this study adopts both empirical methods separately, considering variables related to the pandemic as exogenous shocks and endogenous factors. Using these methods, this study enabled a systematic analysis of the relationship between the features of different asset types and the effects of extreme risk transmission during the COVID-19 crisis. The results show that different types of asset markets are affected by different risk factors. Virtual and commodity assets do not exhibit extreme volatility induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. The energy market, including crude oil, is most affected by the negative impact of the severity of the pandemic, which is unfavorable for investment at the beginning of the pandemic. However, after vaccinations and pandemic regulations controlled the spread of infection, the recovery of the energy market made it more conducive to investment. In addition, this study explains the differences between the hedging characteristics of Bitcoin and gold. The findings of this study can help investors choose asset types systematically when faced with different shocks.

Connectedness between sustainable exchanged‐traded funds in the presence of the Ukrainian war: Does political risk matter?

AbstractThis paper analyses the connectivity between geopolitical risk (GPR) and several segments of exchanged‐traded funds, aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in order to understand the implications of risk associated with wars, political tensions and terrorist acts in the dynamics generated by this type of asset. We studied the behaviour of assets representative of 6 SDGs and 2 GPR indices, over a period of approximately 14 and a half years, characterized by several market phases, with special emphasis on the pandemic crisis and the war in Ukraine. Resorting to dynamic analysis, based on several multivariate models, it was possible to identify spillover effects in phases corresponding to turbulence in financial markets, in particular in the downward movements of prices of sustainable assets, generated from the geopolitical threat index. The results obtained are relevant for understanding the effect of GPR on sustainable investment, being of interest to various market actors.

Social valuation of biodiversity relative to other types of assets at risk in wildfire.

Environmental crises, such as wildfires, can cause major losses of human life, infrastructure, biodiversity, and cultural values. In many such situations, incident controllers must make fateful choices about what to protect-and hence what to abandon. With an online representative survey of >2000 adult Australians, we investigated social attitudes to this dilemma. We used best-worst scaling to assess preferences across a set of 11 assets representing human life, infrastructure, biodiversity, and cultural values. Survey respondents overwhelmingly prioritized a single human life (best-worst score of 6647 out of possible score ranging from -10695 to 10695), even if that choice resulted in extinction of other species. Inanimate (replaceable) objects were accorded lowest priority (best-worst scores of -4655 for a shed and -3242 for a house). Among biodiversity assets, respondents prioritized protecting a population of the iconic koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) (best-worst score of 1913) ahead of preventing the extinction of a snail (score -329) and a plant species (-226). These results variably support current policy in that they emphasize the importance the community places on protection of human life, but results diverged from conventional practice in rating some biodiversity assets ahead of infrastructure. The preference for protecting a population of koalas ahead of action taken to prevent the extinction of an invertebrate and plant species corroborates previous research reporting biases in the way people value nature. If noncharismatic species are not to be treated as expendable, then the case for preventing their extinction needs to be better made to the community. Given the increasing global incidence of high-severity wildfires, further sampling of societal preferences among diverse asset types is needed to inform planning, policy, and practice relating to wildfire. Other preemptive targeted management actions (such as translocations) are needed to conserve biodiversity, especially noniconic species, likely to be imperiled by catastrophic events.

A regional-scale approach to assessing non-residential building, transportation and cropland exposure in Central Asia

Abstract. Critical infrastructure has a paramount role in socio-economic development, and its disruption can have dramatic consequences for human communities, including cascading impacts. Assessing critical-infrastructure exposure to multiple hazard is therefore of utmost importance for disaster risk reduction purposes. However, past efforts in exposure assessment have predominantly concentrated on residential buildings, often overlooking the unique characteristics of critical infrastructure. Knowing the location, type and characteristics of critical infrastructure is particularly challenging due to the overall scarcity of data and difficulty of interacting with local stakeholders. We propose a method to assess exposure of selected critical infrastructure and demonstrate it for Central Asia, a region prone to multiple hazards (e.g., floods, earthquakes, landslides). We develop the first regionally consistent exposure database for selected critical infrastructure and asset types (namely, non-residential buildings, transportation and croplands), assembling the available global and regional datasets together with country-based information provided by local authorities and research groups, including reconstruction costs. The method addresses the main known challenges related to exposure assessment of critical infrastructure (i.e., data scarcity, difficulties in interacting with local stakeholders) by collecting national-scale data with the help of local research groups. The analysis also includes country-based reconstruction costs, supporting regional-scale disaster risk reduction strategies that include the financial aspect.

When two worlds collide: digital assets and your estate plan

Abstract With the digital world being forced to interact with the physical world when it comes to death and the transfer/succession of asset ownership, we currently have two very different worlds colliding. Even in our technology-focused world, people’s estate plans still only account for “traditional” assets, like a car, bank account, house, etc., whereas more and more individuals own digital assets. Planning for digital assets is much more involved than one may think; different laws and classifications of digital assets make planning for these types of assets very specialized, as you are working with a real risk that a digital asset may be lost forever.

Are intangible assets favoured in effective corporate taxation?

In the context of efficient taxation, the effective tax rate acts as an indicator to help prospective investors choose to which nation locate their investment. This raises the question of which type of assets is more tax-efficient for such investments. This paper aims to assess whether intangible assets are tax-advantaged compared to tangible assets. The analysis focuses on intangible assets, while tangible assets are represented by machinery and industrial buildings. It is conducted using average effective tax rates for the year 2022, with countries categorized into old (EU-15) and new (EU-12) Member States. The EU countries are categorized in the following cluster analysis based on how the average effective tax rate affects Slovakia’s share of equity participation in FDI. Conclusion evaluates those investors from 12 old EU Member States and 2 new EU Member States would find it more tax efficient to invest in intangible assets in Slovakia than in their home country.

Kinetic model for asset allocation with strategy switching

The kinetic theory is employed to study the changes in the amount of wealth invested in two types of risky assets when investors switch their trading strategies. Investors in the market are assumed to possess nonnegative wealth and opt to allocate a portion of their wealth into two types of risky assets. A Boltzmann model, which includes strategy switching and interaction probability, is utilized to investigate the evolution of the amount of wealth invested in risky assets and the number of investors using fundamentalist and chartist strategies. We employ the asymptotic procedure method to derive the Fokker-Planck equations from the Boltzmann model. The resulting stationary solution of these equations sheds light on the effects of strategy switching on the evolution of the amount of wealth invested in risky assets, as well as how investor interactions influence the number of investors employing different strategies.

The role of financial and physical assets as substitute or complementary to land as collateral in credit market: Evidence from Indian households

Land is considered as one of the most widely prevalent forms of collateral in credit markets of developing economies. It has also been observed that the landless segment do get loans. Using a nationally representative data for Indian households, the present study examines whether assets other than land, that is, physical and financial assets enable the landless to obtain loans. We also study if there is any association between different types of assets and purpose of loan, which represents immediate and direct return from projects. We introduce instrumental variables to tackle the issues of endogeneity in a Heckman Probit model (sample selection model). Results suggest that physical assets act as substitute to land not only in getting credit from any source but also particularly in getting formal credit. However, financial instruments serve dual roles: these are both substitutable and complementary to land in the formal sector. Further, a complementarity is observed between land and productive investments in formal sector. On one hand, our study explains why looking beyond land as collateral is important for households with limited immovable property while on the other hand some of our findings re-establish the dominance of land.

The Current Status of Compensation, Support, and Resettlement when the State Acquires Land for Socio-economic Development

Mechanisms and policies for compensation, support, and resettlement when the State acquires land for socio-economic development purposes are concretized by the 2013 Land Law, aiming to harmonize the interests of the parties. However, the report from the General Department of Land Management (in 2018) said that the adjusted documents on compensation and support have yet to cover all the problems arising in practice, leading to difficulties and confusion in implementation (Nhan, 2022).In essence, the land acquisition is within the competence of the State; in contrast to the types of assets established on the land, there must be a voluntary mechanism of agreement. In this case, the State should not use its power to impose compensation prices. Although the purpose is to acquire land for economic development, the law empowers the State to decide on the value of land assets, and set on the land is not standard. When comparing the same type of asset, but the value of each place has a difference, there is no uniformity. In many localities, the market price has changed several times but still set meager compensation prices for people. From the above issue, when conducting compensation when the State acquires land for socio-economic development purposes, in any case, it is necessary to correctly and fully calculate the damage caused by land acquisition to the subjects who are using land and assets attached to land, including related intangible and tangible damage. In addition, it is also necessary to delete the support policy because when the damage is fully estimated, there is no need for support-related regulations.

Assessing systematic weaknesses of DNNs using counterfactuals

With the advancement of DNNs into safety-critical applications, testing approaches for such models have gained more attention. A current direction is the search for and identification of systematic weaknesses that put safety assumptions based on average performance values at risk. Such weaknesses can take on the form of (semantically coherent) subsets or areas in the input space where a DNN performs systematically worse than its expected average. However, it is non-trivial to attribute the reason for such observed low performances to the specific semantic features that describe the subset. For instance, inhomogeneities within the data w.r.t. other (non-considered) attributes might distort results. However, taking into account all (available) attributes and their interaction is often computationally highly expensive. Inspired by counterfactual explanations, we propose an effective and computationally cheap algorithm to validate the semantic attribution of existing subsets, i.e., to check whether the identified attribute is likely to have caused the degraded performance. We demonstrate this approach on an example from the autonomous driving domain using highly annotated simulated data, where we show for a semantic segmentation model that (i) performance differences among the different pedestrian assets exist, but (ii) only in some cases is the asset type itself the reason for this reduction in the performance.

Research on the "Binary Structure" of Digital Collectibles: Supervision and Protection from the Dual Perspective of NFT Digital Assets and Intellectual Property Rights in China

Chinas NFT digital collectibles are a new type of digital asset with Chinese characteristics based on policies, technologies, platforms, and consumer demands. The transaction process involves a large amount of intellectual property rights and interests transfer content. Based on reading and sorting out archives and the intellectual property law, this paper draws the binary structure characteristics of digital collectibles, with a view to making more accurate judgments on the legal attributes of digital collectibles, to maximize the legal protection regarding different intellectual property rights of authors and buyers under different links and contract provisions of digital collectible transactions. At the same time, it aims to contribute to the regulatory compliance and judicial practice of the NFT commerce, promote the development of the digital economy, stimulate the digital collectible market, enhance cultural identity, etc., and eventually providing reference for relevant research on digital collectibles.

General Provisions of Digital Property Law and How to Categorize Digital Assets

This article deals with general provisions of digital property law and categorization of digital assets. Distributed data storage technologies and their applications have created a market for digital assets, forming a new intangible, digital type of property. The formation of digital property law, which is becoming increasingly important, is based on the functional approach of implementing digital assets as property into the law, which necessitates a rethinking and transformation of property law, similar to the transition from exclusively tangible objects of property rights to intangible objects such as intellectual property, as well as from securities and documents of title (bill of lading, bill of exchange) in paper form to fully dematerialized securities, electronic documents of title, and online accounts as property. The transformation of property law for the purposes of digital assets is based on the implementation of new, sui generis property rights and the extension of rules on property rights to objects that were not previously objects of law or were created for obligatory claims, as a result of which objects arising from actual or contractual relations acquire a in rem and quasi-in rem legal regime. Starting with an overview of the concepts of property law of digital assets, the article then discusses the concept of property, and then the concept of digital assets, their nature and classification of the main types of digital assets as property. The formation of digital property law inherent in modern law is a global trend characterized by the gradual recognition of certain types of digital assets as property and the creation of functional equivalents of possession, legal titles and remedies that are inherent in traditional property law, taking into account the intangible nature of digital assets. The author of this research starts with an overview of the general provisions of property law and digital property law, the article then discusses general provisions categorizing of digital assets, and categorizing types of digital assets.

КОМПЛЕМЕНТАРНІ АКТИВИ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В СИСТЕМІ ОБЛІКУ

Complementary assets ensure the emergence of a synergistic effect due to the formation of such combinations of innovative resources that contribute to the construction of the most effective chain of value creation and the maximization of economic benefits by increasing the level of marginal return from the separate use of such resources. The main reasons for the insufficient use of the concept of complementary assets in accounting have been analyzed. The directions for using the concept of asset complementarity in US GAAP and IAS/IFRS have been grounded. The main characteristics of complementary assets have been disclosed and analyzed. The basic provisions of the methodology of accounting for complementary assets according to GAAP US and IAS/IFRS have been analyzed. Two main approaches have been proposed for the development of the accounting system of complementary innovative assets of the enterprise: 1) accounting of complementary assets as a single asset (comprehensive assessment of one asset at fair value, in particular in cases of accounting for intangible assets during a merger of enterprises, accounting for minerals or oil and gas property for enterprises engaged in extractive activities, etc.); 2) parallel analytical accounting of complementary assets (improved assessment of the basic asset at fair value). Development directions for the evaluation of complementary innovative assets of the enterprise at fair value have been formed. The dependence of the amount of information on complementary assets to be disclosed and the level of protection of the enterprise's innovative capital is substantiated. The expediency of forming a comprehensive report on complementary innovative assets, which will reveal information about basic innovative assets (elements of the enterprise's innovative capital) and complementary tangible and intangible assets, is substantiated. Because different types of complementary assets play different roles in ensuring the effectiveness of the creation and use of basic innovation assets. Therefore, information about different types of complementary assets of innovative activity will have different relevance for users. The proposed report for the enterprise is an information basis for decision-making in the innovation management system.