Types Of Amino Acids Research Articles

Branched-chain amino acids and the risk of hypertension; a persian cohort-based study

BackgroundThe association of hypertension (HTN) and different types of dietary amino acids is not yet clear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of branch chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the prevention of HTN.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 4184 people aged 35 to 70 using data from the Sabzevar Persian cohort study in Sabzevar, Iran. Data on dietary intake of BCAAs including leucine, isoleucine, and valine were obtained using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariable logistic regression analysis assessed the link between HTN and BCAAs.ResultsThe results showed that participants with HTN had a higher total protein and BCAAs intake than participants with normal BP (P < 0.01). A marginally significant association was found between the risk of HTN with the total intake of BCAAs (OR = 1.018, CI95%: 1.001–1.035, P = 0.04), leucine (OR = 1.040, CI95%:1.002–1.080, P = 0.03), isoleucine (OR = 1.068, CI95%:1.001–1.140, P = 0.04), and valine (OR = 1.060, CI95%:1.003–1.121, P = 0.04). However, the association disappeared after adjusting the total protein and calorie intake.ConclusionsThe results indicated that the dietary intake of BCAAs may be associated with the risk of HTN. Future longitudinal research is warranted.

The effect of biofertilizers on nickel accumulation, nitrogen metabolism and amino acid profile of corn (Zea mays L.) exposed to nickel stress.

The issue of heavy metal pollution such as nickel poses a significant environmental concern, exerting detrimental effects on the growth and viability of plant life. Plants have various mechanisms to effectively manage heavy metal stress, including the ability to modify their amino acid type and content. This adaptive response allows plants to mitigate the detrimental effects caused by excessive heavy metal accumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on nickel accumulation, nitrogen metabolism and amino acid profile of corn (Zea maysL.) cv. 'PL438' exposed to Ni stress. After disinfecting and soaking in water for 24 h, corn seeds were primed with bacterial biofertilizers (T2: NPK + FZ), fungal biofertilizers (T3: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) + Trichoderma (T)), or a combination of them (T4: NPK + FZ + AMF + T) and were cultured by the hydroponic method in completely controlled conditions. Then, they were simultaneously exposed to nickel chloride at various rates (0, 75, or 150 µM) at the three-leaf stage. They were harvested two weeks later and were subjected to the measurement of Ni content, nitrate and nitrite content, nitrate reductase activity, and amino acid profile by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the application of Ni at higher rates increased Ni, nitrate, and nitrite contents and nitrate reductase activity. The study of Ni accumulation and TF revealed that Ni accumulated in the roots to a greater extent than in the shoots and TF was < 1 in all treatments. The shoot amino acid profile showed that the treatment of Ni+2 increased som amino acids such as aspartic acid, asparagine, serine, histidine, and glycine versus the control, whereas T4Ni+2 increased aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine and arginine. The change in amino acids in Ni-treated plants may play a key role in their adaptation to Ni stress. The findings indicate that biofertilizers played a crucial role in mitigating the negative impacts of Ni on corn plants through alterations in amino acid composition and decreased absorption and translocation of Ni.

Analysis of structural composition and antioxidant activity of traditional fermented sour meat peptides

Chinese traditional fermented sour meat has a unique flavor and nutritional value. The antioxidant activity of sour meat peptides is related to their molecular weights, amino acid compositions, and structural characteristics. Therefore, this study explores the relationships between them. The results indicate that sour meat peptides with molecular weights <1 kDa exhibit significant antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo. The smaller the molecular weights, the higher the content of typical amino acids with antioxidant activity (p <0.05), and the characteristic peaks of ultraviolet absorption decrease. The absorption peak at 284.5 nm blue-shifted, and the polarity of the microenvironment increased. The peak intensity and peak area of the Raman characteristic peaks of tyrosine residues and aliphatic amino acids were enhanced. In the secondary structure, there is a high content of β-turns and a low content of α-helix, which are closely related to the enhancement of antioxidant activity.

Metabolic profiling and biomarkers identification in cluster bean under drought stress using GC-MS technique.

The Cluster bean is an economically significant annual legume, widely known as guar. Plant productivity is frequently constrained by drought conditions. In this work, we have identified the untargeted drought stress-responsive metabolites in mature leaves of cluster beans under drought and control condition. To analyse the untargeted metabolites, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used. Supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis and heat map were used to identify the most significant metabolites for drought tolerance. The mature leaves of drought-treated C. tetragonoloba cv. 'HG-365' which is a drought-tolerant cultivar, showed various types of amino acids, fatty acids, sugar alcohols and sugars as the major classes of metabolites recognized by GC-MS metabolome analysis. Metabolite profiling of guar leaves showed 23 altered metabolites. Eight metabolites (proline, valine, D-pinitol, palmitic acid, dodecanoic acid, threonine, glucose, and glycerol monostearate) with VIP score greater than one were considered as biomarkers and three metabolite biomarkers (D-pinitol, valine, and glycerol monostearate) were found for the first time in guar under drought stress. In this work, four amino acids (alanine, valine, serine and aspartic acid) were also studied, which played a significant role in drought-tolerant pathway in guar. This study provides information on the first-ever GC-MS metabolic profiling of guar. This work gives in-depth details on guar's untargeted drought-responsive metabolites and biomarkers, which can plausibly be used for further identification of biochemical pathways, enzymes, and the location of various genes under drought stress.

Flavor-switchable scaffold for cultured meat with enhanced aromatic properties

Cultured meat is emerging as a new type of food that can provide animal protein in a sustainable way. Many previous studies employed various types of scaffolds to develop cultured meat with similar properties to slaughtered meat. However, important properties such as flavor were not discussed, even though they determine the quality of food. Flavor characteristics vary dramatically depending on the amount and types of amino acids and sugars that produce volatile compounds through the Maillard reaction upon cooking. In this study, a flavor-switchable scaffold is developed to release meaty flavor compounds only upon cooking temperature mimicking the Maillard reaction of slaughtered meat. By introducing a switchable flavor compound (SFC) into a gelatin-based hydrogel, we fabricate a functional scaffold that can enhance the aromatic properties of cultured meat. The temperature-responsive SFC stably remains in the scaffold during the cell culture period and can be released at the cooking temperature. Surprisingly, cultured meat fabricated with this flavor-switchable scaffold exhibits a flavor pattern similar to that of beef. This research suggests a strategy to develop cultured meat with enhanced sensorial characteristics by developing a functional scaffold which can mimic the natural cooking flavors of conventional meat.

Screening, identification, and characterization of molds for brewing rice wine: Scale-up production in a bioreactor.

Rice wine, well known for its unique flavor, rich nutritional value, and health benefits, has potential for extensive market development. Rhizopus and Aspergillus are among several microorganisms used in rice wine brewing and are crucial for determining rice wine quality. The strains were isolated via Rose Bengal and starch as a combined separation medium, followed by oenological property and sensory evaluation screening. The strain exhibiting the best performance can be screened using the traditional rice wine Qu. The strains YM-8, YM-10, and YM-16, which exhibited strong saccharification and fermentation performance along with good flavor and taste, were obtained from traditional rice wine Qu. Based on ITS genetic sequence analysis, the YM-8, YM-10, and YM-16 strains were identified as Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Aspergillus oryzae. The optimum growth temperature of each of the three strains was 30°C, 32°C, and 30°C, and the optimum initial pH was 6.0, 6.5, and 6.5, respectively. The activities of α-amylase, glucoamylase, and protease of YM-16 were highest at 220.23±1.88, 1,269.04±30.32, and 175.16±1.81 U/g, respectively. The amino acid content of rice wine fermented in a 20-L bioreactor with the three mold strains was higher than that of the control group, except for arginine, which was significantly lower than that of the control group. The total amino acid content and the total content of each type of amino acid were ranked as YM-16 > YM-8 > YM-10 > control group, and the amino acid content varied greatly among the strains. The control group had a higher content, whereas YM-8 and YM-16 had lower contents of volatile aroma components than the control group and had the basic flavor substances needed for rice wine, which is conducive to the formation of rice wine aroma. This selected strain, YM-16, has strong saccharification and fermentation ability, is a rich enzyme system, and improves the flavor of rice wine, thereby demonstrating its suitability as a production strain for brewing.

De novo atomic protein structure modeling for cryoEM density maps using 3D transformer and HMM

Accurately building 3D atomic structures from cryo-EM density maps is a crucial step in cryo-EM-based protein structure determination. Converting density maps into 3D atomic structures for proteins lacking accurate homologous or predicted structures as templates remains a significant challenge. Here, we introduce Cryo2Struct, a fully automated de novo cryo-EM structure modeling method. Cryo2Struct utilizes a 3D transformer to identify atoms and amino acid types in cryo-EM density maps, followed by an innovative Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to connect predicted atoms and build protein backbone structures. Cryo2Struct produces substantially more accurate and complete protein structural models than the widely used ab initio method Phenix. Additionally, its performance in building atomic structural models is robust against changes in the resolution of density maps and the size of protein structures.

The α-Substituent effect of amino acids on performance of N-Lauroyl amino acid surfactants

Synthetic soaps of N-lauroyl amino acid surfactants (LAAS) were synthesized in this work from lauroyl chloride and five typical amino acids with different α-substituents including α-alanine or α-aminobutyric acid with a hydrophobic α-substituent, serine with a hydrophilic α-substituent, and glutamic acid with an ionizable α-substituent normalized to Gly with the simplest α-amino acid structure to compare the α-substituent effect on physicochemical properties and application performance of LAAS. The surface adsorption, micellization, foamability, emulsification, wettability, and detergency of these LAAS were investigated. Experimental results indicate that the hydrophobic α-substituent of amino acid can reduce both critical micelle temperature and critical micelle concentration of LAAS, promote surface adsorption and general performance with respect to foamability, emulsifying power, and wetting power, while the hydrophilic α-substituent is on the contrary. Moreover, sodium lauroyl glycinate demonstrates the best overall detergency among five LAAS, and is the solely one performing better detergency than sodium laurate for all three standard soiled swatches, indicating the potential for detergents.

How kelch domain-containing protein 3 distinguishes between the C-end degron of herpesviral protein UL49.5 and its mutants – Insights from molecular dynamics

The C-terminal residues of proteins can function as degrons recognized by ubiquitin ligases for proteasomal degradation. Kelch domain-containing protein 3 (KLHDC3) is a substrate receptor for E3 ubiquitin ligase (Cullin2-RING ligase) that targets the C-terminal degrons. UL49.5 is 96 amino-acid type 1 transmembrane protein from bovine herpesvirus 1. Herpesviruses have evolved highly effective strategies to evade the antiviral immune response. One of these strategies is inhibition of the antigen processing and presentation pathway by MHC I, thereby reducing the presentation of the antigenic peptides on the surface of the infected cell. Recently, it has been demonstrated that UL49.5 triggers TAP degradation via recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase to TAP. Moreover, the mutagenesis revealed that the mutations within the UL49.5 C-degron sequence (93RGRG96) affect binding of UL49.5 to KLHDC3.In this work the molecular dynamics of KLHDC3 in complexes with the C-terminal decapeptide of the herpesviral protein UL4.95 and its three mutants has been employed to provide a framework for understanding molecular recognition of UL49.5 by KLHDC3. The findings of this study give insights into the interactions of the various degrons with KLHDC3. During the molecular dynamics, an active RGKG mutant adopts a conformation similar to that of the wild type decapeptide, whereas the conformations of two inactive mutants, KGRG and RGRD are significantly different. Both R93K and G96D mutations impair the interactions of the C-terminal glycine with KLHDC3.The findings of this study expand the existing knowledge about the mechanism of protein recognition by Cullin2-RING ligases thus contributing to the design of antiviral and anticancer drugs that can selectively promote or inhibit degradation of the proteins of interest.

Synthesis of homologous series of surfactants from renewable resources, structure–properties relationship, surface active performance, evaluation of their antimicrobial and anticancer potentialities

Sugar esters display surface-active properties, wetting, emulsifying, and other physicochemical phenomena following their amphipathic nature and recognize distinct biological activity. The development of nutritional pharmaceuticals and other applications remains of great interest. Herein, three novel homologous series of several N-mono-fatty acyl amino acid glucosyl esters were synthesized, and their physicochemical properties and biological activities were evaluated. The design and preparation of these esters were chemically performed via the reaction of glucose with different fatty acyl amino acids as renewable starting materials, with the suggestion that they would acquire functional characteristics superior and competitive to certain conventional surfactants. The synthesized products are characterized using FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Further, their physicochemical properties, such as HLB, CMC, Γmax, γCMC, and Amin, were determined. Additionally, their antimicrobial and anticancer efficiency were assessed. The results indicate that the esters' molecular structure, including the acyl chain length and the type of amino acid, significantly influences their properties. The measured HLB ranged from 8.84 to 12.27, suggesting their use as oil/water emulsifiers, wetting, and cleansing agents. All esters demonstrate promising surface-active characteristics, with moderate to high foam production with good stability. Notably, compounds 6-O-(N-dodecanoyl, tetradecanoyl cysteine)-glucopyranose (34, 35), respectively and 6-O-(N-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoyl cysteine)-glucopyranose (38) display superior foamability. Wetting efficiency increased with decreasing the chain length of the acyl group. The storage results reveal that increasing the fatty acyl hydrophobe length enhances the derived emulsion's stability for up to 63 days. Particularly, including cysteine in these glucosyl esters improves wetting, foaming, and emulsifying potentialities. Furthermore, the esters exhibit antibacterial activity against several tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. On the other hand, they show significant antiproliferative effects on some liver tumor cell lines. For instance, compounds 6-O-(N-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoylglycine)-glucopyranose (28), 6-O-(N-dodecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, 9-octadecenoyl and 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoylvaline)- glucopyranose (29, 31, 32 and 33), respectively in addition to the dodecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, 9-octadecenoyl and 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoyl cysteine glucopyranose (34, 36, 37 and 38), respectively significantly inhibit the examined cancer cells.

An enantioselective fluorescent probe for detecting arginine and glutamic acids

Amino acids are important chiral compounds in the human body, and are important basic components that make up the human body and play an important role in the human body. Among them, different enantiomers of an amino acid may have different roles, and different types of amino acids can be interconverted. However, the content of D-amino acids is much lower than that of L-amino acids, which is difficult to be detected. At present, many of the potential roles of D-amino acids, such as the conversion of D-amino acids to each other, have not yet been fully revealed. Hence, we synthesized fluorescent probe (R)-5 by condensation of 1,1’-Bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) and 2-(Aminomethyl)pyridine with Schiff base, which can recognize both D-arginine and D-glutamic acid at low concentrations. Meanwhile, (R)-5 can be applied to paper-based sensors for the detection of arginine and glutamate in living cells and for food amino acid detection.

Accelerating overall electrochemical water splitting at the heterogeneous interface of surface crystallized Chiral Amide-bonded CoIIporphyrins

Herein, a series of six chiral-amide bonded CoIIporphyrins containing L/D-alanine, phenylalanine and tryptophan were isolated and characterized. Interestingly, the surface crystallized CoIIporphyrins nanomaterials have the significant increase of the electrochemically catalyzed overall water splitting, and the tunable catalytic activities could be modulated by the enantiomeric isomers and the types of meso-substituted amino acids. Meanwhile, the surface crystallized CoIIporphyrins are stable in a wide range of medias which have provided the new insights of surface functionalization strategies towards enhanced overall water splitting.

#2565 Urine amino acid profiles enlighten new prediction models for renal Fanconi syndrome and its association with eGFR level

Abstract Background and Aims Renal Fanconi syndrome (FS) presented dysfunctions of renal proximal tubular (PT) transport with or without excessive urine amino acids (AAs) excretion, which might contribute to the progression of eGFR decline. This study aimed to explore the clinical benefit of 21 urinary AAs excretion patterns in renal FS and eGFR decline. Method Liquid chromatography-tandem Mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) is currently quantitative and detects over 21 types of amino acids in 157 patients with renal proximal tubular dysfunctions. To evaluate the diagnostic values of urine AAs in renal FS, we established a machine learning algorithm to perform binary classification using Random Forest Regressor in Python (version 3.8.8) with a training set and a testing set (8:2). We used Randomized search to find out the best model hyperparameters, calculated feature importance for contribution evaluation, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to evaluate the performance of classification algorithms. Results A model based on a machine learning algorithm of all urine AAs to diagnose renal FS established with sensitivity = 0.71, specificity = 0.73, and AUC = 0.83 (95% CI 0.648-0.957) (Fig. 1), with similar performance in combined six urine AAs (citrulline, asparagine, threonine, phenylalanine, ornithine, and proline) models. The urine proline level independently correlated with eGFR &amp;lt; 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (bias regression coefficient 0.84, P = 0.001, OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.41-3.80) when adjusted by age, etiology, gender, and blood urea nitrogen level. For the primary diseased diagnosis, the most susceptible urine AAs were citrulline (56.7%), proline (56.0%,) threonine (52.2%), and ornithine (45.9%) and the less susceptible ones were histidine (24.8%), aspartate (16.6%), and arginine (13.4%). Accordingly, the most common affected AA transporters were SLC6A19 (B0AT1) and etiology-specific urine AA atlas major in the eight urine AAs (isoleucine, glutamine, methionine, proline, alanine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine). Different from primary Sjӧgren syndrome patients (n = 26) with less susceptible, the patients with plasmacyte diseases (n = 8) showed elevations of almost all the urine AAs except glycine and aspartate. The connection between urine AAs excretion and hypouricemia showed gender differences, with 20 urine AAs significantly negatively correlating with serum uric acid levels in males but only five in females. Conclusion We first established a model based on the urine AA atlas detected by (LC-MS-MS) which contributed to differentiating the etiologies of renal tubular dysfunctions and associated well with eGFR. It shed light on the clinical practice in precision evaluation of tubule injury.

Enhancing bread anti-staling with glucose-derived Maillard reaction products: In-depth analysis of starches, gluten networks, and moisture status

In this study, six types of amino acids (Ala, Phe, Glu, Gly, Ser, and Lys) were combined with glucose to produce Maillard reaction products (MRPs) named G-Ala, G-Phe, G-Glu, G-Gly, G-Ser and G-Lys. The effect of MRPs on bread staling was evaluated through texture and sensory analyses during storage. Furthermore, the study comprehensively analyzed the anti-staling mechanisms of MRPs by examining moisture content, starches, and gluten network changes. The results indicated that G-Gly and G-Glu delayed bread staling, with G-Gly showing the most significant effect. Compared with control, the staling rate and starch crystallinity of G-Gly bread decreased by 24.07% and 7.70%, respectively. Moreover, G-Gly increased the moisture content (3.48%), weakly bound water mobility (0.77%), and α-helix content (1.00%) of bread. Component identification and partial least squares regression further confirmed the aldonic acid, heterocyclic acids and heterocyclic ketones in MRPs inhibit water evaporation, gluten network loosening, and starch degradation, thereby delaying bread staling.

Some Amino Acids Affect the Response of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Single Nodules In Vitro Multiplication

Organic nitrogen, which comes from amino acids, is absorbed and transported more rapidly than inorganic nitrogen by plant cells and tissues. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of some amino acids on the response of single nodes of grape Vitis vinifera L. Superior and Red globe cultivars were classified for in vitro multiplication to develop an efficient protocol for propagation of these two valuable species. The study included two experiments: first, the effect of adding three concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1) mg L-1 of Benzyl Adenine (BA) to the MS medium in the initiation stage. The second investigation utilized three amino acid types (glutamine, asparagine, and methionine) at five concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80) mg L-1 added to MS medium containing 2 mg L-1 of BA. Results indicated that the most significant newly initiated shoots (2.40 and 2.88) and the largest leaves number (7.90 and 5.88) for both cultivars, Superior and Red globe, respectively were obtained in a medium with 1 mg L-1 of BA. The multiplication results in eight weeks after cultivation showed that adding amino acid glutamine at 10 mg L-1 significantly increased the number of shoots/explant (6.60 and 6.00) and (29.50 and 38.30) leaves/explant for Red globe and Superior, respectively. The high amino acid concentrations (40 and 80) mg L-1 significantly reduced the studied growth parameters, especially the number of newly formed shoots. The results obtained from the present study exhibited the possibility of applying this modified protocol to the propagation of selected grape cultivars to encourage the expansion of the grape-growing industry in Iraq.

Application of enzymes in drug discovery research: A Review

Enzymes have effectively substituted many conventional chemical catalysts-reliant pharmaceutical drug manufacturing procedures. From this v-prospect, the use of enzymes in drug discovery research is quite encouraging. Numerous enzymes have been demonstrated to perform detoxification at the cellular level, for instance, the antioxidant enzymes, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). These enzymes work simultaneously to neutralize oxygen-free radical species. The enzyme-mediated pharmaceutical procedures include the synthesis of diverse semi-artificial antibiotics, dynamic enantiomers of medicines through kinetic determination, production of enantiomerically unadulterated types of amino acids, and others. Enzymes are being used to treat cancer and infectious disorders where antibiotics are no longer effective because of antibiotic resistance. Thus, the present article aims to review the diverse use of enzymes in the drug industries and discuss the features of enzymes that make them suitable drug candidates.

Predicting transcriptional activation domain function using Graph Neural Networks.

Analysis of factors that lead to the functionality of transcriptional activation domains remains a crucial and yet challenging task owing to the significant diversity in their sequences and their intrinsically disordered nature. Almost all existing methods that have aimed to predict activation domains have involved traditional machine learning approaches, such as logistic regression, that are unable to capture complex patterns in data or plain convolutional neural networks and have been limited in exploration of structural features. However, there is a tremendous potential in the inspection of the structural properties of activation domains, and an opportunity to investigate complex relationships between features of residues in the sequence. To address these, we have utilized the power of graph neural networks which can represent structural data in the form of nodes and edges, allowing nodes to exchange information among themselves. We have experimented with two kinds of graph formulations, one involving residues as nodes and the other assigning atoms to be the nodes. A logistic regression model was also developed to analyze feature importance. For all the models, several feature combinations were experimented with. The residue-level GNN model with amino acid type, residue position, acidic/basic/aromatic property and secondary structure feature combination gave the best performing model with accuracy, F1 score and AUROC of 97.9%, 71% and 97.1% respectively which outperformed other existing methods in the literature when applied on the dataset we used. Among the other structure-based features that were analyzed, the amphipathic property of helices also proved to be an important feature for classification. Logistic regression results showed that the most dominant feature that makes a sequence functional is the frequency of different types of amino acids in the sequence. Our results consistent have shown that functional sequences have more acidic and aromatic residues whereas basic residues are seen more in non-functional sequences.

Insights into heavy components evolution in the condensed volatiles from amino acids pyrolysis

Heavy components, comprised of molecules with a substantial molecular mass, are essential constituents within volatiles. Within these molecules, nitrogen-containing compounds have a tendency to undergo transformation into coke during thermal treatment, exerting a substantial impact on the efficient and secure utilization of biomass. Three amino acids- alanine with an aliphatic structure, phenylalanine with additional aromatic features, and tryptophan with an extra heterocyclic ring were selected as model compounds, individually subjected to pyrolysis within the temperature range of 450 to 650 °C. The evolution of heavy components and the associated reaction mechanisms were comprehensively explored through extensive characterization and network analysis. The results showed that alanine transformed into heavy components mainly through dehydration followed by dissociation of CH2 and CH. In contrast, phenylalanine and tryptophan tended to undergo fragmentation into C8H7N· and C12H10N2· derivatives, subsequently recombining to form heavy molecules. As the temperature increased, heavy components in alanine-derived volatiles monotonously decreased due to elimination reactions and the breaking of C–C bonds. Conversely, heavy components in phenylalanine and tryptophan initially increased and then decreased due to the enhanced cracked fragments, along with the competitive relationship between aromatization and polymerization reactions. For all three amino acids, there is a positive correlation among the average mass of heavy components, tar yield, and the intensity of permanent free radicals in the char. This implies that we may rapidly predict the evolutionary patterns of heavy components and tar through free radical detection. HCN dissociation is mathematically identified as a pivotal reaction in heavy component evolution, irrespective of amino acid type, possibly unveiling an important pathway for NOx formation. This study shows substantial theoretical significance for the eco-friendly and efficient conversion of nitrogen-rich biomass.

Amino Acids Profile in Children with Acute Brucellosis.

Many new cases of brucella infections are seen in Turkey every year, especially in March, April, and May, due to the consumption of local unpasteurized cheese. Amino acids profiles have not been studied in brucellosis so far. The amino acid profiles may be affected by infectious diseases. Our study aims to evaluate the plasma amino acid profile in the progression of acute brucellosis. Plasma amino acid profile was performed by an 8045 LC-MS / MS device (Shimadzu 8045, Japan) using JASEM amino acid kit. Analysis of 45 amino acid profiles was made and results profiles showed significant differences in concentrations and types of amino acids in brucella patients. We observed a significant difference in terms of alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, valine, alpha-aminoadipic acid, alpha-amino-pimelic acid, argininosuccinic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, thiaproline, 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine, hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, cystine, serotonin, ethanolamine, and taurine (p-value < 0.05 for each). No significant differences were determined regarding asparagine, citrulline, histidine, leucine, alloisoleucine, lysine, methionine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, anserine, alpha aminobutyric acid, beta aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, cystathionine, histamine, and 5-oh-trp (p-value > 0.05 for all). Patients with brucellosis have a specific profile of amino acids which may reflect sequelae of pathological and metabolic biochemical changes in the disease process due to the growth of Brucella spp. in the human body leading to an imbalance of amino acid levels.

Phytohormone and amino acid content in golden apple snail (Pomaceae canaliculata L.) extract which fermented at several effective microorganism 4 (EM4) concentrations

This study aims to determine the phytohormone and amino acid content of golden apple snail (GAS) extract fermented using several concentrations of EM 4 Active. GAS were taken from rice fields in Tegalgede Village, Jember. Analysis of phytohormone and amino acid content using LCMS at Bioscience laboratory, Politeknik Negeri Jember. EM4 was activated for 7 days using 5% sugar with distilled water as a solvent. The active EM4 results were taken in several concentrations: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% and fermented in GAS extract for 14 days. This research was designed using CRD non-factorial design, consisting of 6 Active EM4 concentrations and repeated 4 times. The results of the research showed that there was the phytohormone IAA (Indole Acetic Acid) with the highest concentration of 0.838% in GAS extract fermented using 25% active EM4, while fermentation without EM4 (0%) contained only 0.641% IAA. Other analysis results showed that 12 types of amino acids were detected, namely arginine, tyrosine, alanine, cysteine, glutamic acid, methionine, glycine, leucine-isoleucine, aspartic acid, proline, threonine and valine. The analysis results showed that the 0% (control) treatment had a higher average amino acid value than fermentation using EM4.