Types Of Airplanes Research Articles

Study of the Impact of Past Extreme Solar Events on the Modern Air Traffic

AbstractThe ancient solar energetic particle (SEP) events of 774/775 CE and 993/994 CE were characterized thanks to radionuclide productions stored in environmental archives as ice cores or tree rings. Primary cosmic ray spectra deduced from these cosmogenic isotope data indicate that the impact of these extreme SEP events would have been much more significant than any of the ones observed during the modern era. However, the impact of these should be studied more accurately in the framework of the ambient dose equivalent impacting aircrew and passengers in the air traffic context by considering physical parameters such as time profile or anisotropy properties. In this study, the impact that 774/775 CE and 993/994 CE past extreme SEP events could have had on modern air traffic is discussed. Possible event spectra for these ancient events are derived from the spectra ground‐level enhancement (GLE) 5 and GLE 69, which have been observed during the modern era and have been widely studied/characterized using measurements. The investigations include the impact of the SEP activity on ambient dose equivalent, including detailed analyses considering route, airplane characteristics (departure, arrival, continent, airplane type), and the time occurrence of the SEP event. Statistical analyses show that additional dose levels can reach values on the order of 70 mSv, which is absolutely significant considering the current air traffic recommendations. The orders of magnitude of the ambient dose equivalent induced during past extreme SEP events raises a number of issues, both for aircrews and for avionics hardware. This study demonstrates that simulations can be useful for the evaluation of risks in case of extreme SEP events.

Design of Intelligent Test System of Navigation Equipment for a Type of Airplane

Design of Intelligent Test System of Navigation Equipment for a Type of Airplane

Concurrent Two-Factor Identify Verification Using Facial Identify and Facial Actions

Identity verification is ubiquitous in daily life. Its applications range from unlocking mobile device to accessing online account, boarding airplane or other types of transportation, recording times of arrival and leaving work, controlling access to a restricted area, facility, or vault, and many more. The traditional and the most popular identity verification is password authentication but with many challenges. Human biometric identifiers like fingerprint, retina scan, and 2D or 3D facial features have become popular alternatives. Some applications use two-factor or multi-factor authentication to increase system security, e.g., password and login code sent to a mobile device. All these identity verification methods have their challenges ranging from forgotten or stolen password to unaware or unintentional authentication and complexity and high costs. This paper presents a promising alternative that could be an improvement to the existing identity verification methods. This improved identity verification is a two-factor approach that concurrently analyzes facial features and unique facial actions. The user's facial features and facial actions must both match what have been stored in the system in order to pass identity verification. This two-factor verification requires only the frontal view of the face and authenticates facial features and facial actions concurrently. It generates an embedding of facial features and facial action in a short video for matching. We name this method Current Two-Factor Identity Verification (C2FIV). Two frameworks that use recurrent neural networks to learn the representation of facial features and actions. One uses an auto-encoder, and the other one uses metric learning. Experimental result shows that the metric learning model performs reliably with an average precision of 98.8%.

Adaptive Component Discrimination Network for Airplane Detection in Remote Sensing Images

Airplane detection and recognition in the high-resolution remote sensing images (RSIs) remain a challenging task due to the factors of multiple view angles, multiple scales, multiple orientations, etc. This article proposes an adaptive component discrimination network for airplane detection and recognition in RSIs, which focuses on various scales from global to local, making full use of the overall contour as well as the dominant component features of airplanes. First, a standardization processing module is proposed for image projection conversion and resolution uniform to alleviate the confusion of different types of airplanes in different resolution images. Second, the rotatable boundingbox-based pyramid network is utilized to extract candidate airplane coordinates and categories. Furthermore, an adaptive aircraft component discrimination method is established for confusing few-shot airplane targets recognition, which consists of a target orientation adaptive adjustment module (OAAM) and a component discrimination module (CDM). OAAM obtains airplanes with the same orientations by predicting the orientation of the slices and rotating them adaptively. All the uniformed slices are then fed into the CDM for dominant components detection, which corrects the target preclassification results, improving the classification performance. Experiments conducted on the 2020 Gaofen Challenge demonstrate the efficacy and superiority of the proposed method.

Porpoising instability study of the floatplane during take off operation on calm water

Floatplane is a type of airplane that can take-off and land on the surface of the water, for that it is equipped with a float that is installed under the fuselage to serve the buoyancy force. An important phenomenon that often occurs and should be avoided during a take-off operation is porpoising because it causes longitudinal instability of the float which has an impact on passenger safety and comfort. This paper describes the porpoising mechanism and the variables that can influence the occurrence of this phenomenon. The most dominant variables include the location of the longitudinal center of gravity (LCG) and the deadrise angle which are optimized by considering the take-off speed. A numerical arrangement based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques is proposed to simulate a three-dimensional fluid flow around a free-floating float in calm water. The accuracy of the simulation results shows a good fit compared to the previously published experimental and numerical results.

Multidisciplinary and Multi-Objective Optimization Considering Aircraft Program Cost and Airline Network

Aerial network routes and their flight frequencies are crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, which must choose optimum airplane types to improve revenue and/or reduce operating costs. In addition, aircraft manufacturers need to identify airplane configurations that better suit airline operations and establish list prices for their products as well as calculate the production and development costs of their products. To address these issues, the present study describes and applies a methodology to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the identification of the optimum fleet for that network, namely, an integrated design. In the optimization simulations carried out in the present work, the objectives are the maximization of the airline’s network daily profit and the minimization of the airplane fleet acquisition cost. Each fleet is composed of three types of airliners, selected according to their passenger capacity. Airplanes are designed with high-fidelity methods and realistic performance calculations and must obey a set of requirements, including some related to FAR 25 certification rules. Optimization for a Brazilian network considering 21 cities was carried out with the maximization of the network daily profit and the minimization of the fleet acquisition cost. A comprehensive airplane manufacturer program cost estimation model was implemented, enabling the calculation of net present value of a transport airplane program and financial parameters.

Virtual proving ground for aircraft structures

This paper presents an approach to development of complexes and programs of virtual experimental investigation in order to reduce full-scale testing in the design process of new products via state-of-the-art computer simulation techniques. Generally Virtual Proving Ground (VPG) is to be understood as integrating system for modeling strategies, solver settings, modules of automatic post-processing and load cases that match typical airplane tests and operating conditions. In the VPG environment has been developed a set Virtual Test Beds corresponding to tasks from various technical areas: ● VTB «Static structural strength» for virtual static strength tests to determine the stress-strain state of the structure and identify potentially critical places; ● VTB «Fatigue» for estimating fatigue life under the influence of a multi-cycle load; ● VTB «Durability» for simulating crack growth in the most critical places based on VTB «Fatigue» and «Static structural strength» data; ● VTB «Birdstrike» for simulating tests of bird collisions with aircraft panels; ● VTB «Hailstrike» for simulating tests of hailstones collisions with aircraft panels; ● VTB «Aerodynamics» for determining the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft. Preliminary estimation of structure is possible due to automatic post-processing module: visualization of virtual testing, documentation of results (graphs, pictures, key values) and union of all experimental data into a presentation. The application of presented approach is described on example of stringer panel of a real airplane.

Impact of Current Density and Cooling on the Weight Balance of Electrical Propulsion Drives for Aviation

Through applying an exemplary design study, the dependencies between current density, temperatures, and weight in an electrical drive system for a small range aircraft with conventional electrical fan or propeller drives are evaluated. This study applies a combined numerical (Finite Element Method FEM) and analytical approach to the machine design, calculation of temperatures, and cooling system design (cooler, pumps, piping). A design scenario was defined using start and climb flight in a warm tropical surrounding as the worst load case. The design has to move between two fixed temperature limits: The maximum allowable temperature in the machine insulation and the ambient temperature. The implemented method facilitates a comparatively fast-medium depth design of the drive system. The derived results show, in fact, a minimum of weight at a certain current density, which is one of the key interests for the designers of the electrical machine. The main influences on this minimum are the temperature drops in the machine, the heat transfer to the cooling fluid, the heat transfer to the cooler wall, and the remaining heat rejection to the ambient. Method and results are transferable to other types of airplanes with different ratings.

Salient object detection using task simulation as a new input

Saliency or the salient region changes in the human vision system depending on the type of its behavior and task. That is, the salient region in human vision system is not independent, but dependent on other parameters. If a saliency detection algorithm intends to work like the human vision system, it must have an input as its vision in order to detect that salient region or salient object according to that input. The proposed algorithm of this article (Salient Object Detection using Task Simulation based on Angle) is indeed the updated version of SOD-TS algorithm. In this method we have tried to simulate the task as an angle parameter in order to be able to detect the object independent of its size and rotation. In our proposed method, the algorithm detects the most salient object with regard to the applied task. This method can be used in detecting salient objects, detecting different types of ships, and different types of airplanes, and in edge detection. One of the most important advantages of this approach is its very high speed.

Fuzzy Energy Management Scheme for a Hybrid Power Sources of High-Altitude Pseudosatellite

HAPS (high-altitude pseudosatellites) are flight machines, airplane type, generally without pilot which fly in a definite zone at 18-22 km altitude, providing communication and surveillance services. These flight machines do not leave the atmosphere, and their purpose is to maintain a constant flight level for as long time as possible in the interest zone (e.g., five years) to fulfill their mission. HAPS energetic system proposed in this paper has to feed the electric propulsion system of HAPS (12.5 kW) and also to feed on-board equipment (navigation, data links, scientific equipment, etc.). On-board energy sources have to maintain HAPS in the interest zone for long periods. For this reason, it is used in the present solar power sources. A part of the generated energy is consumed on board; the rest is stored daytime and consumed nighttime. So, the system is provided with energy generation systems and also with storage and management systems. HAPS energetic system is a hybrid type, with two or more power sources. In this case, power sources are photovoltaic panels are used daytime and fuel cell are used nighttime, and also, a battery and/or a supercapacitor is used in transition periods from day to night and in peak load periods. In this paper, an electric power system used nighttime is designed and analysed. In this situation, the primary power source is the fuel cell and the secondary power sources are battery and/or supercapacitor. There are used numerical simulations models, developed in Matlab/Simulink, for all hybrid power source components: fuel cell stack, battery system, supercapacitors, conversion system, and fuzzy logic power management system. For a part of these components, there are used existing simulation models in Matlab/Simulink, adapted to these simulation requirements, and for others, there are designed and implemented simulation schemes according to these simulation requirements. An important component of the hybrid power source is the power conversion system which adapts the power sources parameters to consumer input requirements. A fuzzy logic power management system is designed.

A binary differential evolution algorithm for airline revenue management: a case study

In the current highly competitive airline market, many companies have failed due to their low revenue rates. For this reason, many of them have to develop strategies to increase their revenue. In this study, we develop revenue management (RM) strategy for the Iranian airline industry. More specifically, we present a mathematical model that considers some conditions not studied in previous research in order to provide a more realistic RM modeling of airlines that fits well for the special characteristics of Iranian Airways. A binary differential evolution algorithm is employed to solve the model due to the stochastic nature of data and the NP-hardness of the considered problem. To generate maximum revenue among the six types of airplanes that fly the four capital cities of Iran, the airline under investigation is advised to operate only 21 flights to those cities and cancel the rest of the flights.

The Design of Flow Proportional Control Valve Test Equipment

The basic working principle of the flow proportional control valve of a certain type of airplane is introduced in this article. The configuration, function and characteristics of flow proportional control valve test equipment are mainly introduced, and the automatic control system of which was designed by use of panel computer, PLC and frequency converter. Finally, the reliability and the practicability are validated by amounts of atopic experiments.

Classifying aircraft based on sparse recovery and deep‐learning

A hybrid CS-DL method for aircraft classification in complex electromagnetic environment is introduced. To classify aircraft from interfered radar echoes, the authors propose a novel classification method based on compressed sensing (CS) and deep-learning (DL). After recovering the spectrum polluted by jamming signals by using CS, they exploit sparse auto-encoder (SAE) to extract modulation features and then classify aircraft. The method is tested by 536 flights of three types of airplanes, and the results show that the correct classification rate reaches 75% even when 41% of the pulses are interfered.

Impact fatigue behaviour of GFRP mesh reinforced engineered cementitious composites for runway pavement

Concrete runway pavement faces a long term issue of cracking resulting in reduced durability and increased maintenance cost. This paper proposes a new type of runway pavement using engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) mesh reinforcements. This paper investigates the impact fatigue behaviour of the GFRP mesh reinforced ECC pavement through a series of cyclic impact tests. Five impact pressures were adopted considering the impacts induced by various types of airplanes. The number of impacts when the first crack appeared (N0) and at the failure (NC) were reported. The experimental results show that N0 of GFRP mesh reinforced ECC is increased by a maximum of 800 times comparing to that of concrete pavement. The GFRP mesh reinforced ECC could sustain 30,000 impacts without failure. Finally, a non-destructive health monitoring algorithm was proposed based on the ultrasonic testing method and validated using the experimental results. This method is able to assess the damage status, and predict the remaining impact fatigue life of the GFRP mesh reinforced ECC pavement.

AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE. PART 49: AIRCRAFT DESIGNER OLEG ANTONOV AND HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN AIRPLANE DESIGN

Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of domestic aircraft design, prominent Ukrainian aircraft designer O.K. Antonov. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, touching becoming and development of Soviet aviation and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is resulted about the prominent Ukrainian aircraft designer Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov, becoming one of founders of Soviet military cargo and civil aviation. Basic scientific and technical achievements of the glorified aircraft designer O.K. Antonov are indicated and team of headed them in the period of 1952-1984 of legendary Design Bureau 473 (Kyiv) in area of aircraft design, bringing a domestic aviation around to world heights. Basic tactical and technical descriptions are described created under his scientific and technical guidance of such types of passenger airplanes known in the world as An-2, An-10 and An-24, and also troop-carriers of type An-12, An-22 «Antaeus», An-26, An-30, An-32, An-72 and An-124 «Ruslan». Short information is resulted about tactical and technical descriptions of the largest in the world of heavy distant turbo-jet military cargo airplane type An-225 «Mriya», created in 1980-th years in Design Bureau named after O.K. Antonov. It is marked that under scientific and technical guidance of aircraft designer O.K. Antonov in the former USSR about 100 types of aircrafts of the military and civil aircrafts were developed and created. It is pointed out that Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Academy if Sciences the Ukrainian SSR and of the Academy of Sciences the USSR became a founder acknowledged in the world of Ukrainian aviation scientific school. Information, touching common to all mankind qualities of this great aircraft designer, is resulted, and also handed O.K. Antonov for merits before Homeland of governmental rewards, bonuses and other insignia, underlining his prominent contribution to development of domestic aircraft construction. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from scientific journals and other mass of scientific and technical materials media, touching becoming and development in the period of 20-21-th centuries of Soviet aviation and ponderable scientific and technical contribution to the military and civil aircraft design of the prominent Ukrainian aircraft designer O.K. Antonov. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineering, technical and scientific workers of scientific and technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development of Soviet aircraft design, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE DISTINGUISHED ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUE. PART 48: AIRCRAFT DESIGNER ANDREY TUPOLEV AND HIS ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN AIRPLANE DESIGN

Purpose. Preparation of a short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of world airplane design, prominent Soviet aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information regarding becoming and development of Soviet and world aviation and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is presented about a prominent Soviet aircraft designer Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev, becoming in the 20th century one of founders of Soviet and world aviation. Basic scientific and technical achievements of A.N. Tupolev indicated in area of airplane design, bringing Soviet military and civil aviation around to extraordinary world heights. Basic tactical and technical descriptions are described regarding created under his scientific and technical guidance of such known types of civil airplanes as ANT-25, Tu-104, Tu-134, Tu-154 and Tu-114, and also military airplanes of type Tu-2, Tu-16 and Tu-95. Short information is resulted about flying descriptions of the modern Russian supersonic strategic bomber of type Tu-160, created in 1980-th in the design bureau name after A.N. Tupolev. It is marked that under guidance of A.N. Tupolev over 100 types of airplanes of the military and civil setting were developed in the former USSR, 70 from which are produced by aviation industry of country serially. It is indicated that Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Colonel-General-Engineer A.N. Tupolev was a founder known in the world of aviation scientific school, preparing many famous Russian aircraft designers. Information, touching handed him domestic and foreign governmental rewards and other authoritative signs of confession of prominent merits of great aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev world scientific and technical public is resulted in airplane design. Originality. Certain systematization is executed known from scientific publications and other scientific and technical materials media regarding becoming and development of Soviet and world aviation and considerable scientific and technical contribution to the military and civil airplane design of prominent Soviet aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher schools, engineering, technical and scientific workers of scientific and technical knowledge in the field of history of becoming and development of Soviet and world airplane design, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

What factors predict the type of person who is willing to fly in an autonomous commercial airplane?

There has been much discussion and research lately highlighting autonomous commercial flight, with most of the focus on engineering design and legal issues. Some prior research has shown that many people are generally not willing to fly in fully autonomous aircraft; however, there is a significant proportion of society that is willing to use these types of airplanes. It is critical for the aviation industry to be able to identify these individuals as they will likely be the early adopters. The current study was designed with the purpose of determining what factors predict the type of person who would be willing to fly in fully autonomous commercial airplanes. We provided a hypothetical scenario to 1042 potential passengers from the United States and asked them to rate their willingness to fly in that situation. We also collected demographic data, along with ratings of various scales to determine what predictors were significant in a regression model. In Stage 1, we built the model from a dataset of 522 participants and determined that the significant factors were familiarity with autonomous flight, fun factor, general wariness of new technology, happiness, fear, age, and educational level. This model accounted for 85.9% of the variance in the data. In Stage 2, we tested the model with 520 participants and found excellent model fit. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these findings.

A többfunkciós katonai és polgári repülőeszközök alkalmazási lehetősége a hazai katasztrófavédelmi logisztikai feladatok végrehajtásában

Napjainkban a katasztrófák elleni védekezés feladatrendszerében kiemelt szerepet kapnak az új technikai eszközök, módszerek, ezen belül a többfunkciós katonai és polgári repülőeszközök, kezdve a levegőből történő tűzoltási feladatok végrehajtásától, a kutatás-mentési és a szállítási, deponálási feladatokon át a katasztrófavédelmi mentőegységek nagy távolságú komplex szállítási feladatáig. Célom, hogy ebben a cikkben bemutassam azokat a szervezeteket, amelyek a hazai katasztrófavédelmi feladatok végrehajtásában közreműködnek, és repülőeszközökkel rendelkeznek, vagy azokat üzemeltetnek. Továbbá ismertetem ezek alkalmazásának lehetőségeit és korlátait a katasztrófavédelmi logisztikai feladatok megvalósítása során, amelyeket hazai vagy nemzetközi területeken hajtanak végre.

Evaluation of Composite Material used in the Wings of Typical Airplane based on Stress Analysis

This research has focused on the evaluation of raw materials that used in the wings of modern airplane. These materials either would be fiberglass, carbon-fiber or aramid based composites like Kevlar. These common materials have been selected and evaluated depending on experimental data obtained from mechanical tests. These tests include: hardness, tensile strength and bending stress. The tests based on ASTM standards for mechanical properties. The results show increasing in the hardness value of graphite-epoxy by 9% comparing with that of fiberglass and by 18% comparing with that of Kevlar-epoxy. The results also show an increasing in the maximum tensile strength of graphite-epoxy by 2.9 times to that of fiberglass and by 5.5 times to that of Kevlar-epoxy. Furthermore, the results of bending stress test show increasing of the maximum strength of Kevlar-epoxy by 30% comparing to that of glass fiber and by 75% comparing to that of graphite-epoxy.

Evaluation of Composite Material used in the Wings of Typical Airplane based on Stress Analysis

This research has focused on the evaluation of raw materials that used in the wings of modern airplane. These materials either would be fiberglass, carbon-fiber or aramid based composites like Kevlar. These common materials have been selected and evaluated depending on experimental data obtained from mechanical tests. These tests include: hardness, tensile strength and bending stress. The tests based on ASTM standards for mechanical properties. The results show increasing in the hardness value of graphite-epoxy by 9% comparing with that of fiberglass and by 18% comparing with that of Kevlar-epoxy. The results also show an increasing in the maximum tensile strength of graphite-epoxy by 2.9 times to that of fiberglass and by 5.5 times to that of Kevlar-epoxy. Furthermore, the results of bending stress test show increasing of the maximum strength of Kevlar-epoxy by 30% comparing to that of glass fiber and by 75% comparing to that of graphite-epoxy.